Caddisflies ( Trichoptera ) of the Ś wi ę tokrzyski National

This faunistic study was carried out in the period 2008–2014 in the Natura 2000 Łysogóry (PLH260002) area, which is situated entirely in the Świętokrzyski National Park (ŚPN). The study revealed the occurrence of 82 caddisfly species (Trichoptera). The insects were caught by light-trapping at 10 sites in the National Park and at one locality on its boundary. Five caddisfly species from the Polish Red List were found. Stenophylax vibex (Curtis, 1834), a rare species in Poland, has so far been found only in the ŚPN. Fifty-three species of caddisflies were found for the first time in the Świętokrzyski National Park, 19 of which are new to the Świętokrzyskie Mountains area. The study did not confirm the presence of sixteen species recorded previously but it has raised the total number of caddisfly species recorded in the Świetokrzyski National Park to 98.


INTRODUCTION
The state of knowledge of the caddisfly fauna, and indeed of most insects, in the Świętokrzyski National Park (ŚPN) is unsatisfactory.The caddisflies in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (ŚM) as a whole and in the ŚPN in particular were researched in 1919 (Pongrácz 1919), 1922 (Prüffer 1922(Prüffer ), 1960(Prüffer -1962(Prüffer , 1980(Prüffer -1985 (Riedel & Majecki 1989), 1984and 1986-1988 (Szczęsny 1990).Pongrácz and Prüffer jointly found a total of 18 species in the ŚM.Later work failed to confirm the presence of Rhyacophila vulgaris Pictet, 1834, Setodes punctatus (Fabricius, 1793) and Anabolia nervosa (Curtis, 1834), recorded by Pongrácz (1919), and Semblis phalaenoides (Linnaeus, 1767), found by Prüffer (1922).The lastmentioned species is tending to recede from Poland in a north-easterly direction: nowadays S. phalaenoides is only found in the Biebrza National Park (Czachorowski & Frąckiel 2003) and to the east of the city of Białystok (Górecki & Buszko 2014).41 species of caddisflies were found in the River Lubrzanka, to the north-west of the ŚPN (Majecki 1982, Bis et al. 1992).Riedel & Majecki (1989) reported 90 caddisfly species from the ŚM but only 24 from the ŚPN.Szczęsny (1990) found another 24 in the streams of the ŚPN, whereby he regarded the identification of one species -Athripsodes commutauts (Rostock, 1873) -as uncertain.Up to that time, a total of 48 caddisfly species had been recorded in the ŚPN.The state of knowledge of Trichoptera in other national parks in Poland is incomplete.Only in 10 out of the 23 national parks in Poland has the caddisfly fauna been fairly well investigated (Babia Góra National The study was carried out in 2008-2014.The catches were performed every three or four days from April to November.The insects were caught using actinic light traps deployed at ten sites within the ŚPN and at one in the Park's buffer zone (Fig. 1).The trapping localities were situated in various parts of the ŚM, at different altitudes and in different habitat types.These localities were as follows: 1. Chełmowa Góra (UTM: EB03, 300 m AMSL) -the protective zone in the south-eastern part of the Park in the Pokrzywiański Range.In the immediate vicinity of the forester's lodge, where the light trap was hung up, there are two rivers, the Słupianka and the Pokrzywianka.
2. Dąbrowa protective zone (UTM: DB94, 280 m AMSL) -the ecotone between a woodland and meadow in the western part of the Dębniański and Czarna Woda valley.This area is situated on the northern side of the Łysogóra Range.
3. Close to the village of Święta Katarzyna by the forester's lodge, in the protective zone of the same name (UTM: DB94).This zone is situated at the foot of the highest elevation in the ŚM -the Łysica (612 m AMSL), on the western side of the Łysogóra Range.The altitude of the locality itself was 360 m AMSL.6. Podgórze, by the forester's lodge near the confluence of the Czarna Woda stream (UTM: DB94).This locality was in the eastern part of the Klonowski Range in the "Podgórze" protective zone (altitude 340 m AMSL).
7. The land around the forester's lodge near the village of Psary-Kąty (Gajówka Kąty) (UTM: DB94), at an altitude of 320 m AMSL.This locality was in the central part of the Klonowski Range, at the western foot of the Psarska mountain (415 m AMSL).
8. The land around the forester's lodge near the village of Hucisko (UTM: EB03).This is the only locality not lying within the ŚPN but on its boundary (altitude ca 270 m AMSL).
9. The Miejska Góra locality lies at the foot of the mountain of the same name (424 m AMSL) in the eastern part of the Klonowski Range (UMT: DB94) (altitude 390 m AMSL).
10.The land around the forester's lodge near the village of Kakonin (UMT: DB93) (altitude 400 m AMSL).The trapping site itself was on the southern side of the Łysogóra Range at the foot of the Agata (608 m AMSL) and Łysica (612 m AMSL) mountains.
11.This locality, referred to as Las Serwis, was on ŚPN land near the village of Serwis (UMT: EB03).This, like the Chełmowa Góra protective zone, is a small enclave of the ŚPN, in the north-eastern part of the national park.The southern boundary of the enclave is the River Pokrzywianka.The trapping site lay at an altitude of 260 m AMSL.
The species diversity was estimated by Shannon index and Pielou's evenness index (Magurran 2004).To compare the similarity of the species composition at the several trapping localities, a Bray-Curtis dendrogram was drawn using the Ward' method in the R software package (R Core Team 2013).The statistical analysis covered only the number of individuals identified to species level.
In addition, the entire caddisfly fauna of the ŚM was compared with that from other parts of Poland using Jaccard's formula.

Species composition
A total of 7161 caddisflies (82 species from 11 families) were caught (Table 1).The most numerous family was Limnephilidae (5759 individuals) with 39 species.The results of this study have increased the number of caddisfly species known from the ŚPN by 53.We found 19 species new to the ŚM.The following overview of these species is limited to rare species and to those from the Red List species (Szczęsny 2002).

Ecnomus tenellus (Rambur, 1842)
This limnobiont occurs principally in lakes and large rivers, but has also been recorded in peat bog pools.Seven females were caught at Chełmowa Góra from late June through July to early August 2008.Elsewhere in Poland it has been recorded mainly in lowland regions (Czachorowski 1998a, Czachorowski et al. 2002, Żurawlew et al. 2015).

Stenophylax vibex (Curtis, 1834)
The species is recently confirmed as new to Poland (Górecki & Czachorowski 2010).In the ŚPN single specimens were caught at almost all the localities except Podgórze and Las Serwis in late May and June.Large swarms were observed in September and October, and some specimens were caught as late as November.The largest number of individuals was trapped at Dąbrowa (133♂, 10♀) in 2008.A total of 456 specimens were caught.To this day S. vibex has not been recorded anywhere else beyond the boundaries of the ŚPN.It frequently comes to light, but all the very many attempts to attract it to light traps in other parts of Poland have failed.In Germany the species is endangered and is listed in that country's Red Data Book (Klima 1998).In one of the German Länder -Sachsen-Anhalt -it is found only in the Harz Mountains, in streams with stony or gravelly beds (Hohmann et al. 2004).

Ylodes simulans (Tieder, 1929)
A limnoxen.Caught at Chełmowa Góra in late July 2008 (1♂).Fairly rare in both Poland and elsewhere in Europe, it has a northern and central-European distribution.Imagines were recently caught in Poland in the River Nysa Łużycka (Lubuskie province) (Rychła & Buczyńska 2013) and in the River Wrześnica in the province of Wielkopolska (Górecki, unpublished data).A Red List species (Least Concern -LC) (Szczęsny 2002).
http://rcin.org.plPhenological characteristics of the material The largest numbers of caddisflies were caught in September (2145) (Fig. 2), and the highest number of species ( 12) was also caught in this month.On average, one species fewer (11) was caught in June, when the number of caddisflies trapped was less than half that in September.There is a similar dependence between the months of July and October.On average, 9 species were trapped in each month, but the overall number of individuals trapped in July was less than half the number caught in October.The large number of species in June-July and September-October is the result of the caddisflies' development and their main flight times.The large numbers of caddisflies caught in September and October comprised mainly L. sparsus and L. griseus.Although these species were occasionally caught from May to August, they flew in very large numbers in September and October.Typical autumnal species include Halesus digitatus (Schrank, 1781), H. tesselatus (Rambur, 1842) and Ironoquia dubia (Stephens, 1837).Some species like: S. permistus, L. griseus, L. auricula and L. flavicornis produce a single generation with two distinct peaks in June and again in September.In the Pieniny, Bieszczady and Tatra Mountains the largest numbers of individuals and species were caught in July and August; none of these species are known to have produced two generations in one season (Riedel 1962(Riedel , 1966(Riedel , 1978)).
Considering the material trapped during this study, the caddisfly fauna of this region is not abundant.Less than five specimens each were caught of more than one third (34.4%) of the species.The most frequent and most numerous species were from the family Limnephilidaemore than 81% of all the caddisflies trapped.Limnephilus sparsus Curtis, 1,834 was trapped in the largest numbers (1,415 specimens): it was present at all the localities.The largest number of L. sparsus individuals was caught at Dąbrowa in 2008 -over 57% of all the specimens of this species trapped.In later years, however, only small numbers of this species were trapped at this site.L. sparsus was also quite numerous at Gajówka Kąty in 2011 (13.8%) and at Chełmowa Góra in 2008 (7.3%).Riedel & Majecki (1989), too, caught quite a large number (82) of this species, both with the sweep net and the light trap.Elsewhere in Poland L. sparsus, a Palaearctic species, is regarded as fairly rare (Czachorowski 1998a).In mountainous areas, it inhabits small pools of water in woodland.
Another species frequently trapped was Limnephilus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758) (801 specimens).It, too, was present at all the localities.The largest numbers of L. griseus were trapped at the Święty Krzyż site in all three years; indeed, more than 67.7% of L. griseus individuals were caught there.Also a Palaearctic species and thought to be a post-glacial relict, it is widespread in Poland.In mountainous areas it is found in small woodland pools and in the source regions of rivers.In the study by Riedel & Majecki (1989) L. griseus was the most frequent caddisfly species at the light traps (66 specimens).In the Mazurian and Pomeranian Lake Districts, L. griseus, like L. sparsus, colonizes astatic water bodies that dry out in summer.In the Karkonosze Mountains, by contrast, these species were caught in mountain tarns, peatbogs, ditches and springs.Mountain habitats are probably close to the ecological optimum of these species (Czachorowski 1991).
The third species -Stenophylax permistus McLachlan, 1895 -was also quite numerous (639 specimens); it occurred at all the trapping sites.The largest number was caught at Dąbrowa in 2008 (241 specimens), but less than half as many ( 116) were caught at Chełmowa Góra in 2008.An Eurasian, rheophilic species, it was also come across in bodies of standing water.
The diversity (Shannon index) values ranged between 2.03 and 2.94, with relatively high values appearing quite frequently (Fig. 3).This was due to the large number of species and the numerical dominance of one of them.Species like Limnephilus sparsus, L. griseus and Stenophylax permistus attained abundance levels that were much higher than the others at all the collection sites.The Shannon index implementation (J', Pielou index) of 94.4% indicates that the distribution of particular species was similar to the log-normal distribution (Weiner 2012).
The largest number of species was caught at the Chełmowa Góra locality (44), while the poorest in species was the site at Święta Katarzyna (18).Similarity analysis of the species composition indicates that the Bray-Curtis distances were the shortest between the localities at Święty Krzyż and Gajówka Kąty (Fig. 4).There is a similar such distance between these localities and Podgórze.The similarity between the localities at Święty Krzyż (37 species) and Gajówka Kąty (33 species) arises from the 27 species they have in common.Gajówka Kąty and Podgórze (24 species) have 20 species in common, while Święty Krzyż and Podgórze have 19 such species.One species that was caught only at Gajówka Kąty and Święty Krzyż was Holocentropus dubius (Rambur, 1842).Oligotricha striata (Linnaeus, 1758), on the other hand, was also caught at Podgórze.These species are associated with small peatbogs (Czachorowski 1998a), such as those situated mainly in the valley of the spring section of the Czarna Woda, not far away from the Gajówka Kąty and Podgórze localities.Moreover, the localities at Trzcianka (26 species) and Kakonin (23 species) -with 18 species common to both -are quite closely connected with respect to species.The Trzcianka and Kakonin localities are on the southern slope of the Łysogóra Range, where there are few surface waters.The similarity of the various localities was characterized above all by their close proximity and the number of species.The caddisfly fauna of both the ŚPN and the ŚM as a whole does not have any species unique to this region: most of the species are also found in lowland and upland regions all over Poland.This statement is confirmed by the faunistic similarity indices calculated using Jaccard's formula.The faunistic similarity index between the ŚM and lowland regions of Poland was relatively high, above 50% (Pomeranian Lake District -51, Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowland -63, Masurian Lake District -61).The faunistic similarity between the ŚM and upland regions of the country ranged from 54% (Małopolska Upland) to 21% (Lublin Upland).The similarity index was the lowest for mountain regions (Sudetens -30%, Tatras -34%, Pieniny Mts.-28%, Bieszczady Mts.-27%).The checklist of caddisflies in the ŚPN should not be treated as closed.The record of a species new to Poland (Stenophylax vibex), hitherto occurring exclusively in the ŚPN, as well as the record of 53 species new to the ŚPN and 19 new to the ŚM, are indications that the state of knowledge of this very specific environment is still far from satisfactory.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Location of the collection sites in the Świętokrzyski National Park.

4.
Święty Krzyż (UTM: EB03) -at the foot of the Łysa Góra (594.3 m AMSL), in the eastern part of the Łysogóra Range.The light trap was deployed near the ŚPN building.The altitude of ca 550 m AMSL was the highest elevation of all the trapping sites.5.A forest hamlet in the ŚPN near the village of Trzcianka (UTM: EB03).The locality was on the south-eastern slopes of the Łysogóra Range at an altitude of 370 m AMSL.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Mean number of species and number of individuals of caddisflies caught in the Świętokrzyski National Park in different months.

Fig. 3 .
Fig. 3. Values of the Shannon diversity index and the evenness index (expressed in percentage) for caddisflies collected in the study sites of the Świętokrzyski National Park.

Fig. 4 .
Fig. 4. Dendrogram showing the dissimilarity of caddisfly fauna from the study sites in the Świętokrzyski National Park (based on Bray-Curtis index and obtained by Ward's linkage method).

Table 1 .
Caddisflies recorded in the period 2008-2014 in the area of the Świętokrzyski National Park; N -total number of collected individuals, D -index of dominance [%], * -the species new to the ŚPN, !-the species new to the ŚM region, # -Red List species.The numbering of study sites like in the Fig. 1. http://rcin.org.pl

Table 2 .
Trichoptera species, whose occurrence in the Świętokrzyski National Park was not confirmed in the current studies.