@misc{Migula_Paweł_Heavy_2000,
 author={Migula, Paweł and Augustyniak, Maria and Szymczyk, Artur and Kowalczyk, Katarzyna},
 editor={Polska Akademia Nauk. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii},
 copyright={Rights Reserved - Restricted Access},
 address={Warszawa},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2000},
 language={eng},
 language={pol},
 abstract={Black-headed Gulls breeding in the central part of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (Katowice-Szopienice) in Southern Poland were compared with the colony from the less polluted area (Świerklaniec) situated in a distance of 23 km. Heavy metals: Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu were determined in various organs of nestlings, fledglings and mature birds as well as egg yolks. Resting metabolism rates, hatching success and eggshell thickness were used as biomarkers of environmental exposure to industrial pollutants. The clutch size (2.97 versus 3.61) and hatching success (81.5% versus 87%) were lower in the colony from the more polluted site. Relatively high metal contents in yolks indicate only a partial protection of the offspring from toxic compounds. Gulls were able to regulate body contents of essential metals Zn and Cu, but Pb and Cd accumulated rapidly in the liver, kidneys, and lungs of developing birds. Cd also accumulated in the ovaries at the similar levels as in the kidneys. Cd and Pb may have affected earlier stages of development when parents were foraged in a close vicinity of heavily polluted area and once the young gulls had reached a maturity they then foraged in distant areas. During this period they were exposed to pollutants in a similar way as the gulls from a less polluted site. There was no growth impairment identified in gulls from the more polluted area, and their resting metabolism (RMR) calculated per unit of body weight was lower, indicating that energetic costs for detoxification were not as high.},
 title={Heavy metals, resting metabolism rates and breeding parameters in two populations of black-headed gull Larus ridibundus from the industrially polluted areas of Upper Silesia, Poland},
 type={Text},
 volume={35},
 number={2},
 journal={Acta Ornithologica},
 publisher={Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN},
 keywords={Black-headed Gull, effects of heavy metals, heavy metals, Poland, Silesia, Upper, hatching success, resting metabolism, industrial pollution, gulls, birds, Larus ridibundus, Laridae, Aves},
}