@misc{Leśniak_Andrzej_Efekt_1974,
 author={Leśniak, Andrzej},
 editor={Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Ekologiczny},
 copyright={Creative Commons Attribution BY 3.0 PL license},
 address={Warszawa},
 howpublished={online},
 year={1974},
 language={pol},
 abstract={An attempt is made in this article at a synthesis of all available data in literature on the subject of manifestations and causes of group effect. This phenomenon has been defined as fellows: Group effect is increase in the biotic potential of insects (and also of other animals) caused by given intensification, specific to the given species, of contacts with individuals of the same or also certain other species. Group effect is a phenomenon of neuroendocrine origin expressed in a certain field of changes: ethological, morphological, biological and ecophysiological, anatomical, histological and biochemical. Group effect occurs when food requirements are fully satisfied. Manifestations of group effect — diffferences in individuals forming a group in comparison with isolated individuals — have been classified into six categories.These are as follows:1. Ethological — relating to differences in behaviour.2. Morphological — expressed in changes in colour or certain body demensions.3. Biological-ecophysiological — relating to different intensivity of metabolic processes, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors , viability and fecundity.4. Anatomical — in relation to the structure of internal reproductive organs and the alimentary tract — relating to differences in the haemolymph picture.Biochemical — relating to the level of occurrence of certain chemical components of the body. The causes forming the phenomenon of group effect have not as yet been fully explained. It is considered that these causes consist in the different activity of the glands of the neuroendocrine system, e.g. corpora allata, due to increase in the number of stimuli received from contacts between insects belonging as a rule to one species.},
 title={Efekt grupy w populacjach owadów},
 type={Text},
 URL={http://rcin.org.pl/Content/147203/PDF/WA058_105691_P3259-20-Eko-Pol-B.pdf},
 volume={20},
 number={1},
 journal={Wiadomości Ekologiczne},
 publisher={Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe},
 keywords={group effect, insects, Insecta, neuroendocrinology},
}