Object structure
Title:

Drapieżce bezkręgowe w ekosystemach trawiastych

Subtitle:

Invertebrate predators in grasslands

Creator:

Kajak, Anna

Contributor:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Ekologii

Publisher:

Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Date issued/created:

1977

Description:

Strony 132-178 ; 24 cm ; Bibliografia na stronach 169-176 ; Streszczenie w języku angielskim ; 24 cm

Type of object:

Czasopismo/Artykuł

Subject and Keywords:

łąki ; trawy ; zbiorowiska roślinne ; zwierzęta łąk ; bezkręgowce drapieżne ; zwierzęta drapieżne

Abstract:

Data are given on the number of predators in different types of grassland ecosystems. In unutilized ecosystems predators form 5—46% of the fauna biomass in the above ground layer, i.e. 0,6—80 mg dry weight/m2. The percent of predators are smaller in the ground layer and soil, being only 0,4—12%, although the biomass of these animals is far greater, Teaching a value of 8—3000 mg of dry weight/m2 (Tables I, II).The amount of plant production determines the biomass of fauna, this including the biomass of predators. A relation was found between the amount of plant production (living or dead) and the biomass of predators. There is also a relation between the biomass of potential food of predators (herbivores and saprovores) and the biomass of predators (Figs. 1, 2). The regression function of the relations described above was found to be statistically significant.The biomass of predators aboveground is relatively small and is concentrated chiefly in the ground layer and the upper layer of soil. 38% of the total biomass of predators is present in the thin layer scarcely 1 cm thick, soil-litter interface (Table III). < {The material contained in a large number of studies has shown that human activities in meadows usually bring about reduction of predator biomass and reduction in the proportion of predators in the community (Tables IV—XI). Even treatments stimulating the abundant development of fauna, such as organic fertilization, usually lead to reduction in the biomass of predators. The effect on predators of such treatments as grazing, hay harvest, fertilization and also transformation of steppe into cultivated land is examined. The reverse process — increase in biomass of predators — takes place when cultivation cease.The suggestion has been made that it is chiefly predatory polyphages which disappear from cultivated meadows, whereas predators with specialized food preferences may become more important. This exchage may cause intensification of fluctuations in numbers of animals, since polyphagous predators may bring about effective reduction in the moderate increasing prey population size. The specialized predators act intensively, but with a considerable delay in time in relation to the increase in the numbers of their prey.Studies on the reduction and on control of numbers are most often concerned with pests. Data given in the text on the effect of predatory polyphages on the numbers of their prey have therefore been obtained from this literature. ; Data have also been given on the exploitation rate of the herbivore and saprophage trophic level by predators in grassland ecosystems (Table XIX). The data are scarce however and should be regarded with caution. The consumption efficiency of invertebrate predators (ratio of predators consumption to production of the previous trophic level, as can be concluded from this comparison, varies within wide limits from several to about 100%. After excluding the highest values, which are undoubtedly over-estimated, average predator consumption efficiency is 38%. Consumption efficiency of predators is higher than that found in these ecosystems for plant feeding invertebrates.Comparison of exploitation rate by predators in different ecosystems gives grounds for assuming that there is more intensive exploitation of prey by predators in poor than in fertile ecosystems and that it is greater in the below than above ground layer (Table XIV).It has been shown that habitats with slow litter decomposition rate lasting several years are characterized by a relatively high percentage of predators (Table XV). The proportion of predator to saprophage respiration gradually decreases as transition to ecosystems with rapid turnover of matter proceeds- (Fig. 4). Results are given of experiments showing that predators of the soil- litter interface may exert an inhibiting effect on mineralization processes (Table XVI and Fig. 5). This is of course an indirect, the result of the exploitation of saprophages.Data on the bioenergetics of common predatory species are given in the final section. The efficiency of certain energetic transformations in predator populations is discussed in relation to transformations in populations of animals living on food of plant origin. The data given in Tables XVII—XX may prove useful in calculating energy flow through the trophic level of predators.

References:

Anderson J. 1970 — Metabolic rates of spiders — Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 33: 51—72.
Andrews R., Coleman D. C., Ellis J. E., Singh J. S. 1974 — Energy flow relationship in a shortgrass prairie ecosystem — Proc. Ist int. Congr. Ecol. Pudoc, Wageningen, 22—28.
Andrzejewska L. 1971 — Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. VII. Production and population density of leafhopper (Homoptera-Auchenorrhyncha) communities — Ekol. pol. 19: 151—172.
Andrzejewska L. 1976 — The effect of mineral fertilization on phytophagous fauna of a meadow — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 93—109.
Andrzejewska L., Kajak A. 1966 — Metodyka entomologicznych badań ilościowych na łąkach — Ekol. pol. B, 12: 241—261.
Athias E., Josens G., Lavelle P. 1974 — Le peuplement animal des sols de la savanne de Lamto (In: Les organismes endoges) — Publ. Lab. Zool. E.N.S., n° special. Lamto 5: 45—55.
Bourliere F., Hadley M. 1970 — The ecology of tropical savannas — Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1: 125—153.
Breymeyer A. 1971 — Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. XIII. Some regularities in structure and function of the ecosystem — Ekol. pol. 19: 249—260.
Breymeyer A., Gałecka B., Kajak A., Łuczak J. 1964 — Różne aspekty oddziaływania drapieżcy na liczebność ofiar i warunki modyfikujące to działanie — Pol. Pismo Entomol. B, 1/2: 79—87.
Brian M. V. 1973 — Feeding and growth in the ant Myrmica — J. Anim. Ecol. 42: 37—53.
Byzova J. B. 1973 — Dychanie pocvennych bezpozvonocnych (In: Ekologija podvennych bezpozvonocnych ,ed. Gilarov) — Izd. Nauka, Moskva, 3—40.
Cesar J., Menault J. C. 1974 — Analyse d’un ecosysteme tropical humide: la savane de Lamto (Cote d’Ivoire) (In: Le peuplement vegetal) — Publ. Lab. Zool. E.N.S., n° special. Lamto 2, 161 pp.
Cherrett I. M. 1964 — The distribution of spiders on the Moor house National Nature Reserve, Westmoorland — J. Anim. Ecol. 33: 27—48.
Chew R. M. 1974 — Consumers as regulators of ecosystems: An alternative to energetics — Ohio J. Science 74: 359—370.
Chłodny J. 1968 — Evaluation of some parameters of the individual energy budget of the larvae of Pteromalus puparum (L.) (Pteromalidae) and Pimpla instigator (Fabr.) (Ichneumonidae) — Ekol. pol. A, 16: 505—514.
Crossley D. A. Jr., Howden H. F. 1961 — Insect-vegetation relationships in an area contaminated by radioactive wastes — Ecology 42: 302—317.
Dąbrowska-Prot E., Łuczak J., Tarwid K. 1968 — Prey and predator density and their reactions in the process of mosquito reduction by spiders in field experiments — Ekol. pol. A, 16: 773—819.
Dąbrowska-Prot E., Karg J., Ryszkowski L. 1974 — An attempt to estimate the role of invertebrates in agrocenotic economics (In: Ecological effects of intensive agriculture, ed. L. Ryszkowski) — Pol. Sc. Publ. Warszawa: 41—62.
Delchev Kh., Kajak A. 1974 — Analysis of a sheep pasture ecosystem in the Pieniny mountains (the Carpathians). XVI. Effect of pasture management on the number and biomass of spiders (Araneae) in two climatic regions (The Pieniny and the Sredna Gora mountains) — Ekol. pol. 22: 693—710.
Dempster J. P. 1970 — Some effects of grazing on the population ecology of the Cinnabar Moth (In: 11th Symp. Brit. Ecol. Soc. The Scientific Management of Animal and Plant Communities for Conservation, eds. E. Duffey, A. S. Watt) — Blackwell Sc. Pub., Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Melbourne, 517-526.
Dondale C. D. 1971 — Spiders of Heasman’s field, a mown meadow near Belleville, Ontario — Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 101: 62—69.
Duffey E. 1962 — A population study of spiders in limestone grassland. Description of study area, sampling methods and population characteristics — J. Anim. Ecol. 31: 571—599.
Duncan A., Klekowski R. Z. 1975 — Parameters of energy budget (In: Methods for ecological bioenergetics, eds. W. Grodziński, R. Z. Klekowski, A. Duncan) — IBP Handbook No. 24, 97—148.
Dunger W. 1968 — Produktionsbiologische Untersuchungen an der Collembolen — Fauna gestorter Boden — Pedobiologia 8: 16—22.
East R. 1974 — Predation on the soil dwelling stages of the winter moth at Wytham Woods, Berkshire — J. Anim. Ecol. 43: 611—626.
Edgar W. D. 1971 — Aspects of ecological energetics of the wolf spider Pardosa (Lycosa) lugubris (Walckenaer) — Oekologia 7: 136—154.
Edwards C. A., Reichle D. E., Crossley D. A. Jr. 1970 — The role of soil invertebrates in turnover of organic matter and nutrients (In: Analysis of temperate forest ecosystems, ed D. E. Reichle) — Springer—Verlag, Berlin— Heidelberg—New York, 147—172.
Ellstrom M. A., Watts J. G. 1974 — Populations and trophic structure of a grassland invertebrate community — US/IBP Grassland Biome Tech. Rep. No. 248, 106 pp.
Gałecka B. 1966 — The role of predators in the reduction of two species of potato aphids, Aphis nasturtii Kalt. and A. frangulae Kalt. — Ekol. pol. A, 14: 245—274.
Gillon Y. 1974 — Analyse d’un ecosysteme tropical humide: la savane de Lamto (Cote d’Ivoire). Conclusions. (In: Les invertebres epiges) — Publ. Lab. Zool. E.N.S., n° special. 3: 147—150.
Gillon Y., Gill on D. 1974 — Analyse d’un ecosysteme tropical humide: la savane de Lamto (Cote d’Ivoire). Traits generaux du peuplement des Arthropodes non sociaux de la savane de Lamto (In: Les invertebres epiges) — Publ. Lab Zool. E.N.S., n° special. Lamto 3: 3—23.
Grum L. (w druku) — Mortality rates of the mobile and immobile stages in the life-cycle of carabids — Proc. XV int. Congr. Entomology (Washington, D. C. 1976).
Gyllenberg G. (w druku) — Bioenergetic parameters of the main group of herbivores (In: Grasslands, systems analysis and man. I. Grasslands processes and productivity, eds. A. Breymeyer and Van Dyne) — Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hagstrum D. W. 1970 — Physiology of food utilization by the spider Tarentula kochii (Araneae: Lycosidae) — Ann Ent. Soc. Amer. 63: 1305-1308.
Haukioja E., Hakala T. 1975 — Herbivore cycles and periodic outbreaks. Formulation of a general hypothesis — Rep. Kevo Subarctic Res. Stat. 12: 109.
Hillbricht-Ilkowska A. 1977 — Trophic relations and energy flow in pelagic plankton — Pol. ecol. Stud. 3.
Holling C. S. 1959 — The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of a European pine sawfly — Can. entomol. 91: 293—320.
Horn-Mrozowska E. 1976 — Energy budget of an experimental nest of Formica pratensis Retzius (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 55—98.
Huffaker C. B. 1958 — Experimental studies on predation. II. Dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations — Hilgardia 27: 343—383.
Huffaker C. B., Kennett C. E. 1956 — Experimental studies on predation and cyclamen mite populations on strawberries in California — Hilgardia 26: 191—222.
Huffaker C. B., Kennett C. E. 1966 — Studies of two parasites of olive scale, Parlatoria oleae (Colvee), through the compensatory action of two introduced parasites — Hilgardia 37: 283—335.
Huffaker C. B., Messenger P. S., DeBach P. 1971 — The natural enemy component in natural control and the theory of biological control (In: Biological control, ed. C. B. Huffaker) — Phenum Press, New York, 16—67.
Ito Y., Miyashita K., Sekiguchi K. 1962 — Studies on the predators of rice crop insect pests using the insecticidal check method — Jap. J. Ecol. 12: 1-11.
Kabacik-Wasylik D. 1975 — Research into the number, biomass and energy flow of Carabidae (Coleoptera) communities in rye and potato fields — Pol. ecol. Stud. 1: 111—121.
Kaczmarek W. 1969 — Liczebność populacji a obfitość pokarmu w zrównoważonych łańcuchach troficznych — Ekol. poi. B, 15: 71—76.
Kajak A. 1962 — Porównanie fauny pająków łąk sztucznych i naturalnych — Ekol. pol. A, 20: 1—20.
Kajak A. 1965 — An analysis of food relations between the spiders Araneus cornutus Clerck and Araneus quadratus Clerck and their prey in meadow — Ekol. pol. A, 13: 717—764.
Kajak A. 1967 — Productivity of some populations of web spiders (In: Secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems, vol. II, ed. K. Petrusewicz) — PWN, Warszawa—Kraków, 807—820.
Kajak A. 1971 — Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. IX. Production and consumption of field layer spiders — Ekol. pol. 19: 197—211.
Kajak A. 1974 — Analysis of a sheep pasture ecosystem in the Pieniny mountains (the Carpathians). XVIII. Analysis of the transfer of carbon — Ekol. pol. 22: 711—732.
Kajak A., Breymeyer A., Pętal J. 1971 — Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. XI. Predatory arthropods — Ekol. pol. 19: 223—232.
Kajak A., Breymeyer A., Pętal J., Olechowicz E. 1972 — The influence of ants on the meadow invertebrates — Ekol. pol. 17: 163—171. Kajak A., Jakubczyk H. 1975 — Experimental studies on spider predation — Proc. VIth int. Arachn. Congr. 1974, 82—85.
Kajak A., Jakubczyk H. 1976 — Experiments on the influence of predatory arthropods on the number of saprophages and disappearance rate of dead plant material — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 219—229.
Kajak A., Jakubczyk H. (w druku) — Experimental studies on predation in soil-litter interface (In: Soil organisms as components of ecosystems, eds. U. Lohm, T. Persson) — Proc. VI int. Soil Zool. Colloquium, Ecol. Bull. 25 (Stockholm).
Kajak A., Olechowicz E., Pętal J. 1972 — The influence of ants and spiders on the elimination of Diptera on meadows — Proc. XIIIth int. Congr. Entomol. vol. III, Moscov, 364—367.
Kayashima I. 1960 — Studies on spiders as natural enemies of crop pests. I. Daily activities of spiders in the cabbage fields establishments of spiders liberated in the fields and evolution of the effectiveness of spiders against crop pest — Sci. Bull. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ. 18: 1—24.
Kazimirov N. I., Morozova R. M. 1973 — Biologiceskij krugovorot. vescestv v elnikach Karelii — Izd. Akad. Nauk, Leningrad, 175 pp.
Kiritani K., Kakiya N. 1975 — An analysis of the predator-prey system in the paddy field — Res. Popul. Ecol. 17: 29—38.
Kiritani K., Kawahara S., Sasaba T., Nakasuji F. 1972 — Quantitative evaluation of predation by spiders on the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps Uhler, by a sight-count method — Res. Popul. Ecol. 13: 187—200.
Klomp H. 1962 — The influence of climate and weather on the mean density level, the fluctuations and the regulation of animal populations — Arch. neerl, Zool. 15: 68—109.
Kot J. 1964 — Experiments in the biology and ecology of species of the genus Trichogramma Westw. and their use in plant protection — Ekol. pol. A, 12: 243—303.
Kozlovsky D. G. 1968 — A critical evaluation of the trophic level concept. I. Ecological efficiencies — Ecology 49: 48—60.
Lavelle P., Schaefer R. 1974 — Les sources de nourriture des organismes du sol (In: Les organismes endoges) — Publ. Lab. Zool. E.N.S., n° special. Lamto, 5, 27—38.
Lavigne R. I., Rogers W. E. 1970 — Effect of insect predators and parasites on grass feeding insects. Pawnee site — US/IBP Grassland Biome Tech. Rep. No. 20, 39 pp.
Lavigne R. I., Rogers L. E., Chu I. 1971 — Data collected on the Pawnee site relating to western harvester ant and insect predators and parasites — US/IBP Grassland Biome Tech. Rep. No. 107, 96 pp.
Lewis J. K. 1971 — The grassland biome: A synthesis of structure and function (In: Preliminary analysis of structure and function in grasslands, ed. N. R. French) — Range Sci. Dept. No. 10, Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins,. 317-387.
Lloyd J. E., Kumar R., Grow R. R., Leetham J. W., Keith V. 1973 — Abundance and biomass of soil macroinvertebrates of the Pawnee site collected from pastures subjected to different grazing pressures, irrigation, and/or nitrogen fertilization 1970—71 — US/IBP Grassland Biome Tech. Rep. No. 239, 157 pp.
Łuczak J. 1975 — Spider communities of the crop-fields — Pol. ecol. Stud. It 93-110.
Macfadyen A. 1963 — The contribution of the microfauna to total soil metabolism (In: Soil organisms, eds. J. Doeksen, J. van der Drift) — North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 3—16.
Makulec G. 1976 — The effect of NPK fertilization on the population of enchytraeid worms — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2.
Manga N. 1972 — Population metabolism of Nebria brevicollis (F.) (Co1eoptera: Carabidae) — Oecologia Beri.) 10: 223—242.
McBrayer J. F., Reichle D. E., Witkamp M. 1974 — Energy flow and nutrient cycling in a cryptozoan food-web — Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp.
McDaniel B. 1971 — The role of invertebrates in the grassland biome (In: Preliminary analysis of structure and function in grasslands, ed. N. R. French) — Range Sci. Dept. No. 10, Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins,. 267-315.
McNeil S., Lawton J. H. 1970 — Annual production and respiration — Nature, Lond. 225: 472—474.
Menhinick E. F. 1967 — Structure, stability and energy flow in plants and arthropods in a Sericea Lespedeza Stand — Ecol. Monogr. 37: 255—272.
Miyashita K. 1969 — Effect of locomotory activity, temperature and hunger on the respiratory rate of Lycosa T-insignita Boes. et Str. (Araneae: Ly- cosidae) — Appl. Entomol. Zool. 4: 105—113.
Mochnacka-Ławacz H. (w druku) — Skład chemiczny bezkręgowców na łące mineralnie nawożonej NPK — Pol. ecol. Stud. 3.
Morris R. F. 1963 — The dynamics of epidemic bud worm populations — Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 31: 1—332.
Morris M. G. 1968 — Differences between the invertebrate faunas of grazed and ungrazed chalk grassland. II. The faunas of sample turves — J. appl. Ecol. 5: 601—611.
Moulder B. C., Reichle D. E., Auerbach S. I. 1970 — Significance of spider predation in the energy dynamics of forest floor arthropod communities — OAK Ridge Nat. Lab. US Atomic Energy Commission, ORNL — 4452, 170 pp.
Myrcha A., Stejgwiłło-Laudańska B. 1970 — Resting metabolism of Araneus quadratus (Clerck) females — Bull. Acad. pol. Sci. Cl. II, 18: 257-259.
Myrcha A., Stejgwiłło-Laudańska B. 1973 — Changes in the metabolic rate of starved Lycosidae spiders — Bull. Acad. pol. Sci. Cl. II, 21: 209—213.
Naess S. J., Steigen A. L., Solhoy T. 1975 — Standing crop and calorific content in invertebrates from Hardangervidda (In: Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. Animals and Systems analysis, ed. F. E. Wielgolaski) — Springer—Verlag, Berlin—Heidelberg—New York, 151—159.
Nagamine M., Teruya R., Ito Y. 1975 — A life table of Mogannia iwasakii (Homoptera: Cicadiidae) in sugarcane field of Okinawa — Res. Popul. Ecol. 39—50.
Nielsen M. G. 1972 — An attempt to estimate energy flow through a population of workers of Lasius alienus (Fdrst) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) — Natura Jutlandica 16: 99—107.
Nowak E. 1975 — Population density of earthworms and some elements of their production in several grassland environments — Ekol. pol. 23: 459—491.
Nowak E. 1976 — The effect of fertilization on earthworms and other soil macrofauna components — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 195—207.
Odum E. P. 1971 — Fundamentals of ecology — Saunders Co., Philadelphia,. London, Toronto, 557 pp.
Olechowicz E. 1970 — Evaluation of number of insects emerging in meadow environment — Bull. Acad. pol. Sci. Cl. II, XVIII. 389—395.
Olechowicz E. 1971 — Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. VIII. The number of emerged Diptera and their elimination — Ekol. pol. 19: 183—195.
Olechowicz E. 1976 — The effect of mineral fertilizing on insect community of the herbage in a mown meadow — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 129—136.
Petrusewicz K., Grodziński W. 1975 — The role of herbivore consumers in various ecosystems (In: Productivity of world ecosystems, eds. D. E. Re- ichle, I. F. Franklin, D. W. Goodall) — National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 64—70.
Petrusewicz K., Macfadyen A. 1970 — Productivity of terrestrial animals. Principles and methods — IBP Handbook 13, 190 pp.
Pętal J. 1967 — Productivity and consumption in Myrmica laevinodis population (In: Secondary productivity, of terrestrial ecosystems, ed. K. Petrusewicz) — PWN, Warszawa—Kraków, 841—857.
Pętal J. 1972 — Methods of investigating of the productivity of ants — Ekol. pol. 20: 9—22.
Pętal J. 1974 — Analysis of a sheep pasture ecosystem in the Pieniny mountains (the Carpathians). XV. The effect of pasture management on ant population — Ekol. pol. 22: 679—692.
Pętal J. 1976 — The effect of mineral fertilizing on ant populations in mown meadows — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 209—218.
Pętal J. (w druku) — Role of ant in the ecosystem (In: Ants and termites. Their significance in ecosystem dynamics, ed. M. V. Brian) — Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Pętal J., Andrzejewska L., Breymeyer A., Olechowicz E. 1971 — Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. X. Role of the ants as predators in a habitat — Ekol. pol. 19: 213—222.
Pętal J., Breymeyer A. 1968 — Reduction of wandering spiders by ants in Stellario-Deschampsietum meadow — Bull. Acad. pol. Sci. Cl. II, 17: 239—244.
Phillipson J. 1960a — A contribution to the feeding biology of Mitopus morio (F.) (Phalangida) — J. Anim. Ecol. 29: 35—43.
Phillipson J. 1960b — The food consumption of different instars of Mitopus morio <F.) (Phalangida) under natural conditions — J. Anim. Ecol. 29: 299—307.
Phillipson J. 1962 — Respirometry and the study of energy turnover in natural systems with particular reference to harvest spiders (Phalangida) — Oikos 13: 311-322.
Phillipson J. 1963 — The use of respiratory data in estimating annual respiratory metabolism, with particular reference to Leiobunum rotundum (Latr.) (Phalangiida) — Oikos 14: 212—223.
Pomianowska-Pilipiuk I. 1976 — The contribution of saprophages to disappearance of plant residues on Bródno meadow — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 287—297.
Rafes P. M. 1968 — Rol’ i znaćenie rastitelnojadnych nasekomych v lesu — Izd. Nauka, Moskva, 233 pp.
Reichert S. E. 1974 — Thoughts on the ecological significance of spiders — BioScience 24: 352—356.
Reichle D. E. 1968 — Relation of body size to food intake, oxygen consumption, and trace element metabolism in forest floor arthropods — Ecology 49: 538—542.
Reichle D. E. 1971 — Energy and nutrient metabolism of soil and litter invertebrates (In: Productivity of forest ecosystems, ed. P. Duvigneaud) — Proc. Brussels Symp. 1969, Paris, 465—477.
Ryszkowski L. 1975 — Energy and matter economy of ecosystems (In: Unifying concepts in ecology, eds. W. H. van Dobben, R. H. Lowe-McConnell) — W. Junk, Wageningen, 109—126.
Salt G., Hollick F. S. J., Raw F., Brian M. V. 1948 — The arthropod population of pasture soil — J. Anim, Ecol. 17: 139—150.
Sasaba T., Kiritani K. 1972 — Evaluation of mortality factors with special reference to parasitism of the green rice leafhoppers — Neophotettix cincticeps Uhler (Hem. Deltocephalidae) — Appl. Ent. Zool. 7: 83—93.
Sasaba T., Kiritani K. 1975 — A system model and computer simulation of the green rice leafhopper populations in control programmes — Res. Popul. Ecol. 16: 231-244.
Sasaba T., Kiritani K., Urabe T. 1973 — A preliminary model to simulate the effect of insecticides on a spider-leafhopper system in the paddy field — Res. Popul. Ecol. 15: 9—22.
Sims P. L., Singh J. S. 1971 — Herbage dynamics and net primary production in certain ungrazed and grazed grasslands in North America (In: Preliminary analysis of structure and function in grasslands, ed. N. R. French) — Range Sci. Dept No. 10, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 59—127.
Slobodkin L. B., Richman S. 1961 — Colories/g in species of animals — Nature 191: 107.
Smolik J. D. 1974 — Nematode studies at the cotton-wood site in Grassland Biome — Tech. Rep. 251, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, 80 pp.
Southwood T. R. E., Emden van H. F. 1967 — A comparison of the fauna of cut and uncut grasslands — Z. angew. entomol. 60: 188—198.
Steigen A. L. 1975a — Respiratory rates and respiratory energy loss in terrestrial invertebrates from Hardangervidda (In: Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. 2. Animals and Systems analysis, ed. F. E. Wielgolaski) — Springer-Verlag, Berlin — Heidelberg — New Work, 122—128.
Steigen A. L. 1975b — Energetics in a population of Pardosa palustris (L.) (Araneae, Lycosidae) on Hardangervidda (In: Fennoscandian tundra ecosystems. 2. Animals and Systems analysis, ed. F. E. Wielgolaski) — Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 129—144.
Traczyk T. 1971 — Productivity investigation of two types of meadows in the Vistula Valley. I. Geobotanical description and primary production — Ekol. pol. 19: 93—106.
Titova E. V., Zavoronkova T. N. 1965 — Vlijanie raspaski celinnoj stepi na sostav i cislennost’ v populacijach zuzelic (Carabidae) — Trudy vsesojuzn. ent. Obsc. 50: 103—120.
Trojan P. 1967 — Investigations on production of cultivated fields (In: Secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems, ed. K. Petrusewicz) — PWN, Warszawa—Kraków, 545—558.
Turnbull A. L. 1962 — Quantitative studies of the food of Linyphia triangularis Clerck (Araneae, Linyphiidae) — Can. Ent. 94: 1233—1249.
Turnbull A. L. 1966 — A population of spiders and their potential prey in an overgrazed pasture in eastern Ontario — Can. Ent. 44: 557—583.
Turner F. B. 1970 — The ecological efficiency of consumer populations — Ecology 51: 741—742.
Van Hook R. I. 1971 — Energy and nutrient dynamics of spider and orthopteran populations in a grassland ecosystem — Ecol. Monogr. 41: 1—26.
Van Rhee J. A. 1963 — Earthworm activities and the breakdown of organic matter in agricultural soils (In: Soil Organisms, eds. J. Doeksen, J. van der Drift) — North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 55—59.
Varley G. C., Gradwell G. R. 1960 — Key factors in population studies — J. Anim. Ecol. 29, 399—401.
Varley G. C., Gradwell G. R. 1963 — The interpretation of insect popopulation changes — Proc. Ceylon Assoc. Advan. Sci. 18: 142—156.
Varley G. C., Gradwell G. R. 1971 — The use of models and life tables in assessing the role of natural enemies (In: Biological Control, ed. C. B. Huffaker) — Plenum Press, New York, 93—112.
Varley G. C., Gradwell G. R., Hassell M. P. 1975 — Insect population ecology, an analytical approach — Blackwell Sci. Publ. Oxford, 212 pp.
Vinberg G. G. 1972 — Oboznacenija, edinicy izmerenija i ekvivalenty vstrecaemye pri izucenii produktivnosti presnych vod — Leningrad, 35 pp.
Wallwork J. A. 1970 — Ecology of soil animals — McGraw Hill, London, 283 pp.
Wallwork J. A. 1975 — Calorimetric studies on soil invertebrates and their ecological significance — Progress in Soil Zoology, Proc. Vth int. Col. Soil. Zool. Prague 1973, 231—240.
Wasilewska L. 1974 — Analysis of a sheep pasture ecosystem in the Pieniny mountains (the Carpathians). XIII. Quantitative distribution, respiratory metabolism and some suggestions on predation of nematodes — Ekol. pol. 22: 651—668.
Wasilewska L. 1976 — The role of nematode in the ecosystem of a meadow in Warsaw environs — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 137—156.
Wasilewska L., Paplińska E. 1975 — Energy flow through the Nematoda community in a ryecrop in the region of Poznań — Pol. ecol. Stud. 1: 75-82.
Wiegert R. G., Evans F. C. 1967 — Investigations of secondary productivity in grassland (In: Secondary productivity of terrestrial ecosystems, vol. II, ed. K. Petrusewicz) — PWN, Warszawa—Kraków, 499—518.
Willard J. R. 1974 — Soil invertebrates. VIII. A summary of populations and biomass — Tech. Rep. 56, Matador Project, Univ. Sask. Press, Saskatoon, 110 pp.
Walcott G. N. 1937 — An animal census of two pastures and a meadow in northern New York — Ecol. Monogr. 7: 1—90.
Zeuthen E. 1953 — Oxygen uptake as related to body size in organisms — Quart. Rev. Biol. 28: 1—12.
Zlotin R. I. 1966 — Zonalnye osobennosti naselenija nazemnych zivotnych (In: Opyt charakteristiki naselenija nazemnych clenistonogich na syrtach vnutrennogo Tian-Shania) — Izd. Nauka, Moskva, 92—127.
Zlotin R. I. 1969 — Sravnenie pocvennych biocenozov nekotorych estestvennych i selskochozjajstvennych ugodij srednej lesostepi (In: Sinantropizacija i do- mestikacija zivotnogo naselenija, eds. J. A. Isakov, W.. K. Rachlin) — Moskva, 94—97.
Zlotin R. I. 1975 — Zizn v vysokogorjach — Izd. Mysl, Moskva, 225 pp.
Zlotin R. I., Chodasova K. S. 1974 — Rol’ zivotnych v biologiceskom krugovorote lesostepnych ekosistem — Izd. Nauka, Moskva, 199 pp.
Żyromska-Rudzka H. 1974 — Analysis of a sheep pasture ecosystem in the Pieniny mountains (the Carpathians). XIV. The occurrence of Oribatid mites, intermediate hosts of Cestodes — Ekol. pol. 22: 669—678.
Żyromska-Rudzka H. 1976 — Response of Acarina-Oribatei and other mesofauna soil components on mineral fertilizing — Pol. ecol. Stud. 2: 157—182.

Relation:

Wiadomości Ekologiczne

Volume:

23

Issue:

2

Start page:

132

End page:

178

Resource type:

Tekst

Detailed Resource Type:

Artykuł

Resource Identifier:

ISSN 0013-2969

Source:

MiIZ PAN, sygn. P.3259 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

pol

Language of abstract:

eng

Rights:

Licencja Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 3.0 Polska

Terms of use:

Zasób chroniony prawem autorskim. [CC BY 3.0 PL] Korzystanie dozwolone zgodnie z licencją Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 3.0 Polska, której pełne postanowienia dostępne są pod adresem: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Original in:

Biblioteka Muzeum i Instytutu Zoologii PAN

Projects co-financed by:

Program Operacyjny Polska Cyfrowa, lata 2014-2020, Działanie 2.3 : Cyfrowa dostępność i użyteczność sektora publicznego; środki z Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego oraz współfinansowania krajowego z budżetu państwa

Access:

Otwarty

×

Citation

Citation style: