Metadata language
Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences
Place of publishing: Date issued/created: Description: Type of object: Subject and Keywords:Lithuanian Liberation Army ; Lithuanian Partisan War ; military training ; Plokštinė Forest ; landscape ; campsites ; modern conflict archaeology ; metal detector survey
Abstract:
In recent years, fortified and open-type campsites of the Lithuanian Partisan War (1944–1953) have become the subject of archaeological research in Lithuania. The military training camp for soldiers of the Lithuanian Liberation Army (the so-called Vanagai, or Hawks) in Plokštinė Forest (Plungė District), Samogitia region, northwestern Lithuania was investigated by the author of this paper in 2019 and 2020. From 15 to 25 August 1944, in the face of the impending second Soviet invasion, the Plokštinė Forest camp was used to train the Samogitian youths in the basics of armed resistance. Archaeological field research carried out in the Plokštinė Forest allowed the determination of the exact location of the Vanagai military training camp and firearms training ground, the collection of archaeological data on the camp, its layout and equipment, as well as the everyday life of the Vanagai, and the weapons they used. This paper presents the results of the archaeological research of the Vanagai military training camp and their analysis. Based on the research data, the importance of the landscape in the selection of the campsite and firearms training ground, their spatial layout and the identification of activity areas are discussed.
Anušauskas, A. 2015. The terror (1944–1953). In A. Anušauskas (ed.), Lithuania in 1940–1991: The History of Occupied Lithuania, 244–269. Vilnius.
Asadpour, A. 2016. From landscape of conflict to landscape of defense. Concepts and relations of landscape to war. Manzar 34: 50–57.
Banks, I. 2011. Control or repression: contrasting a prisoner of war camp and a work camp from World War II. In A. Myers and G. Moshenska (eds), Archaeologies of Internment, 111–128. New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9666-4_7.
Beresnevičius, A. (ed.). 2012. Lietuvos laisvės armijos desantininkai Žemaitijoje: kovojusiems ir žuvusiems atminti. Panevėžys.
Brandišauskas, V. 1998. The June Uprising of 1941. Lithuanian Historical Studies 3: 49–72.
Brandišauskas, V. 2006. Anti-Soviet resistance in 1940 and 1941 and the Revolt of June 1941. In A. Anušauskas (ed.), The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States, 5th edition, 8–22. Vilnius.
Brandišauskas, V. 2015. The June Uprising and the Provisional Government. In A. Anušauskas (ed.), Lithuania in 1940–1991: The History of Occupied Lithuania, 129–138. Vilnius.
Bubnys, A. 2003. Nazi Resistance Movement in Lithuania: 1941–1944. Vilnius.
Bubnys, A. 2015. Anti-Nazi resistance. In A. Anušauskas (ed.), Lithuania in 1940–1991: The History of Occupied Lithuania, 207–219. Vilnius.
Camp, S. L. 2016. Landscapes of Japanese American internment. Historical Archaeology 50(1): 169–186. doi:10.1007/BF03377183.
Carr, G. 2009. Landscapes of occupation: a case study from the Channel Islands. In N. Forbes, R. Page and G. Pérez (eds), Europe’s Deadly Century: Perspectives on 20th Century Conflict Heritage, 35–43. Swindon.
Early, R. 2013. Excavating the World War II prisoner of war camp at La Glacerie, Cherbourg, Normandy. In H. Mytum and G. Carr (eds), Prisoners of War: Archaeology, Memory, and Heritage of 19th- and 20th-Century Mass Internment, 95–115. New York. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4166-3_6.
Gaffney, C., Gater, J., Saunders, T. and Adcock, J. 2004. D-Day: geophysical investigation of a World War II German site in Normandy, France. Archaeological Prospection 11: 121–128. doi: 10.1002/arp.233.
Gaškaitė, N., Kuodytė, D., Kašėta, A. and Ulevičius, B. 1996. Lietuvos partizanai 1944–1953 m. Kaunas.
Gaškaitė-Žemaitienė, N. 2006. The Partisan War in Lithuania from 1944 to 1953. In A. Anušauskas (ed.), The Anti-Soviet Resistance in the Baltic States, 5th edition, 23–45. Vilnius.
Gečiauskas, G. 2010. Lietuvos partizanų Žemaičių apygarda 1945–1953 m. In V. Grigoraitis, R. Masiulionytė, N. Maslauskienė, K. Remeika and T. Remeikis (eds), Lietuvos partizanų Žemaičių apygarda 1945–1953 m.: dokumentų rinkinys, 11–36. Vilnius.
Gilead, I., Haimi, Y. and Mazurek, W. 2009. Excavating Nazi extermination centres. Present Pasts 1: 10–39. doi:10.5334/pp.12.
Kasparas, K. 1994. Laisvės kovų pradžia antrosios rusų okupacijos metu (istorinės apžvalgos metmenys). Laisvės kovų archyvas 10: 51–70; 11: 47–55; 12: 65–74.
Kasparas, K. 1999. Lietuvos karas: antroji Sovietų Sąjungos agresija. Pasipriešinimas. Ofenzyvinės gynybos tarpsnis 1944 m. vasara – 1946 m. pavasaris. Kaunas.
Kasparas, K. 2002. Lietuvos Laisvės Armija. Kaunas.
Kasparas, K. and Paulauskaitė, M. 2008. Lietuvos laisvės armijos kovos Žemaitijoje, vol. 1. Plungė.
Kaunietis, R. (ed.). 2014. Laisvės kovotojų prisiminimai, vol. 9. Vilnius.
Kirby, M., Ross, A. and Anderson, S. 2013. The excavation of a World War II army camp at Mortonhall, Edinburgh. Journal of Conflict Archaeology 8(2): 106–135. doi:10.1179/1574077313Z.00000000021.
Klimas, A. (ed.). 2018. Kovojusiems ir žuvusiems atminti: prisimena įvykių liudininkai. Taip pat medžiaga iš archyvų. Plungė.
Konczewski, P. 2020. Searching for Living Ghosts: the archaeology of Communist repression in Poland. In J. Symonds and P. Vařeka (eds), Archaeologies of Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, and Repression: Dark Modernities, 125–147. Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-46683-1_7.
Kuodytė, D. 1995. Lietuvos laisvės armija ir jos reikšmė pokario pasipriešinimui. Laisvės kovų archyvas 14: 5–13.
Kuodytė, D. 2015. The Lithuanian Resistance Movement (1944–1953). In A. Anušauskas (ed.), Lithuania in 1940–1991: The History of Occupied Lithuania, 270–308. Vilnius.
Mikhajlov, A. V. and Podgornaia, R. G. 2018. Arkheologicheskie issledovaniia na territorii partizanskogo lageria Vtoroj Leningradskoj partizanskoj brigady [Archaeological research on the territory of a guerrilla camp of the 2nd Leningrad partisan brigade]. In N. V. Lopatin and E. V. Salmina (eds), Arkheologiia i istoriia Pskova i Pskovskoj zemli: Ezhegodnik Seminara imeni akademika V. V. Sedova, vol. 33, 221–226. Moskva–Pskov. doi: 10.25681/IARAS.2018.978-5-94375-278-0.221-226.
Mushynsky, J., McKinnon, J. and Camacho, F. 2018. The archaeology of World War II karst defences in the Pacific. Journal of Conflict Archaeology 13(3): 198–222. doi: 10.1080/15740773.2018.1583470.
Noreika, D. 2015. Šauliai, Birželio sukilimas ir partizaninis karas: Šiaurės rytų Lietuvos atvejis. Lituanistica 61(3): 221–234. doi:10.6001/lituanistica.v61i3.3193.
Passmore, D. G., Tunwell, D. C. and Harrison, S. 2013. Landscapes of logistics: the archaeology and geography of WWII German military supply depots in Central Normandy, North-west France. Journal of Conflict Archaeology 8(3): 165–192. doi:10.1179/1574077313Z.00000000025.
Passmore, D. G., Tunwell, D. C. and Harrison, S. 2016. World War II conflict and post-conflict landscapes in Northwest France: an evaluation of the aerial photographic resource. In B. Stichelbaut and D. Cowley (eds), Conflict Landscapes and Archaeology from Above, 185–204. Farnham.
Patamsis, R. 2015. Paskutinis iš Žemaičių legiono štabo: biografinė istorinė apybraiža, 2nd ed. Klaipėda.
Petrauskas, G. 2020a. Lietuvos partizaninio karo archeologijos dešimtmetis: tyrimų kryptys ir ateities perspektyvos. Acta Historica Universitatis Klaipedensis 40: 97–139. doi:10.15181/ahuk.v40i0.2131.
Petrauskas, G. 2020b. Lietuvos partizaninio karo vietų žvalgymai Žemaitijos nacionaliniame parke. In G. Zabiela (ed.), Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2019 metais, 449–461. Vilnus.
Petrauskas, G. 2021. Lietuvos laisvės armijos „Vanagų“ šaudymo pratybų vietos žvalgymai Plokštinės miške. In G. Zabiela (ed.), Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2020 metais, 624–635. Vilnus.
Petrauskas, G. and Petrauskienė, A. 2018. Blinstrubiškių miško partizanai: istorija, archeologija ir paveldosauga. In A. Astramskas and D. Juzėnas (eds), Iš Panevėžio praeities: Miško broliai. XX konferencijos pranešimai, 54–72. Panevėžys.
Petrauskas, G. and Petrauskienė, A. 2020. Archaeology of the Lithuanian Partisan War: case of the partisan bunker in Daugėliškiai Forest. In J. Symonds and P. Vařeka (eds), Archaeologies of Totalitarianism, Authoritarianism, and Repression: Dark Modernities, 149–170. Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-46683-1_8.
Petrauskas, G. and V. Vaitkevičius, V. 2020. Partizaninio karo vietos Pasvalio ir Radviliškio rajonuose. In G. Zabiela (ed.), Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2019 metais: 461–467. Vilnus.
Petrauskas, G., Vaitkevičius, V., Petrauskienė, A. and Kuckailis, E. 2018. Lietuvos partizaninio karo vietų žvalgymai. In G. Zabiela (ed.), Archeologiniai tyrinėjimai Lietuvoje 2017 metais, 641–653. Vilnus.
Petrauskienė, A., Petrauskas, G. and Vaitkevičius, V. 2017. Partizanų bunkeris Daugėliškių miške: kompleksinių tyrimų studija ir šaltiniai. Raseiniai.
Petrauskienė, A. and Vaitkevičius, V. 2017. Atrandant partizaninio karo paveldą. Nepriklausomybės sąsiuviniai 3(21): 62–71.
Price, N. and Knecht, R. 2012. Peleliu 1944: the archaeology of a South Pacific D-Day. Journal of Conflict Archaeology 7(1): 5–48. doi: 10.1179/157407812X13245464933786.
Reinsone, S. 2016. Forbidden and sublime forest landscapes: narrated experiences of Latvian national partisan women after World War II. Cold War History 16(4): 395–416. doi:10.1080/14682745.2014.986108.
Schriek, van der M. 2020. The interpretation of WWII conflict landscapes. Some case studies from the Netherlands. Landscape Research 45(6): 758–776. doi:10.1080/01426397.2020.1776231.
Schriek, van der M. and Beex, W. 2017. The application of LiDAR-based DEMs on WWII conflict sites in the Netherlands. Journal of Conflict Archaeology 12(2): 94–114. doi:10.1080/15740773.2017.1440960.
Saunders, N. J. and Cornish, P. (eds). 2021. Conflict landscapes: materiality and meaning in contested places. London and New York.
Seitsonen, O. 2021. Archaeologies of Hitler’s Arctic War: heritage of the Second World War German military presence in Finnish Lapland. London and New York.
Shepherd, E. J. 2016. Mapping unexploded ordnance in Italy: the role of World War II aerial photographs. In B. Stichelbaut and D. Cowley (eds), Conflict Landscapes and Archaeology from Above, 205–217. Farnham.
Souza, R. A. 2019. Landscapes of resistance and counterinsurgency in Brazil: an archaeology of the Araguaia guerrilla (1972–1975). World Archaeology 51(5): 778–793. doi:10.1080/00438243.2020.1745681.
Theune, C. 2010. Historical archaeology in national socialist concentration camps in Central Europe. Historische Archäologie 2: 1–14.
Tunwell, D. C., Passmore, D. G. and Harrison, S. 2015. Landscape archaeology of World War Two. German logistics depot in the Forêt domaniale des Andaines, Normandy, France. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 19: 233–261. doi:10.1007/s10761-015-0287-4.
Woodward, R. 2014. Military landscapes: agendas and approaches for future research. Progress in Human Geography 38(1): 40–61. doi:10.1177/0309132513493219.
Zikaras, K. (ed.). 2013. Žymiausi Lietuvos mūšiai ir karinės operacijos. Vilnius.
0066-5924 ; doi:10.23858/APa61.2023.3324
Source:IAiE PAN, call no. P 357 ; IAiE PAN, call no. P 358 ; IAiE PAN, call no. P 356 ; click here to follow the link
Language: Rights:Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license
Terms of use:Copyright-protected material. [CC BY 4.0] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license, full text available at: ; -
Digitizing institution:Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Original in:Library of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Access: