Pattern in diversity; Grime’s Grave and Krzemionki, understanding commonality in flint mining across Europe

Bączkowski, Jon; Werra, Dagmara H.

doi:0081-3834

- ris
- BibTeX
- EndNote
- Csv

Pattern in diversity; Grime’s Grave and Krzemionki, understanding commonality in flint mining across Europe Bączkowski, JonWerra, Dagmara H.

Object structure

Pattern in diversity; Grime’s Grave and Krzemionki, understanding commonality in flint mining across Europe

Archaeological Reports ; Archäologische Berichte

Bączkowski, Jon ; Werra, Dagmara H.

Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk

archaeology ; Neolithic ; Early Bronze Age ; flint mining ; axeheads ; Britain ; Poland

Across Europe, in the late 19th century, deep-flint mines dating to the Neolithic period were discovered. Since their discovery, it has been noted that the mines, located many kilometres apart, share common traits. Despite these connections, little research has compared the pan-European mining phenomenon. It is beyond this paper to review the numerous European mines, rather, two sites will be detailed: Krzemionki, southeast Poland, and Grime’s Grave, eastern England. The comparison of these two prehistoric mines, located c. 1500km apart, expands knowledge of a mining methodology likely to have started in the mid-5th millennium BCE and spread across Europe, becoming associated with large and enduring complexes.

Allen M. J., Gardiner J. and Sheridan A. 2012. Is there a British Chalcolithic? People, place and polity in the later 3rd millennium (= Prehistoric Society Research Paper 4). Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Armstrong A. L. 1923. Discovery of a New Phase of Early Mining at Grime’s Graves, Norfolk. Percy Sladen Fund Excavations: Preliminary Report. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia 4/1, 113-125.
Bąbel J. T. 1980. PL 6 Krzemionki, Gemeinde Bodzechów, Wojw. Kielce und Gemeinde Boria, Wojw. Tarnobrzeg. In G. Weisgerber, R. Slota and J. Weiner (eds), 5000 Jahre Feuersteinbergbau. Die Suche nach dem Stahl der Steinzeit. Bochum: Deutsche Bergbau-Museum, 586-596.
Bąbel J. T. 1997. Technical flint knapping skills in Neolithic mining societies. In R. Schild and Z. Sulgostowska (eds), Man and Flint: Proceedings of the VIIth International Flint Symposium, Warsaw-Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, September 1995. Warszawa: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology PAS, 167-169.
Bąbel J. T. 2014. Krzemionki. Historical Monument Reserve, Museum. Prehistoric mines of striped flint. Warszawa: ENETEIA Publishing House.
Bąbel J. T. 2015. Krzemionki Opatowskie. Monument prahistorii Europy. Kopalnie krzemienia pasiastego. Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski: Muzeum Historyczno-Archeologiczne w Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim.
Bąbel J., Braziewicz J., Jaskóła M., Kretchmer W., Pajek M., Semaniak J., Scharf A. and Uhl T. 2005. The radiocarbon dating of the Neolithic flint mines at Krzemionki in central Poland. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 240, 539-543.
Bączkowski J. 2014. Learning by Experience: The Flint Mines of Southern England and Their Continental Origins. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 33/2, 135-153.
Bączkowski J. 2022. Re-working the Past: Evidence for Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Flint Extraction at the Early Neolithic Mines of Sussex. Archaeologia Polona 60, 61-86.
Bańdo C., Dagnan-Ginter A., Hole S. K., Kozłowski J. K., Montet-White A., Pawlikowski M. and Sobczyk K. 1992. Wołowice, province of Kraków (Flint extraction and processing site). In J. K. Kozlowski and J. Śliwa (eds), Recherches archéologiques de 1990. Kraków: L’Institut d’Archéologie de l’Université de Cracovie, 5-24.
Balcer B. 1975. Krzemień świeciechowski w kulturze pucharów lejkowatych. Eksploatacja, obróbka i rozprzestrzenienie. Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.
Balcer B. 1995. The relationship between a settlement and flint mines. A preliminary study of the Eneolithic workshop assemblages from Ćmielów (Southern Poland). Archaeologia Polona 33, 209-221.
Balcer B. 2002. Ćmielów, Krzemionki, Świeciechów. Związki osady neolitycznej z kopalniami krzemienia. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN.
Balcer B. and Kowalski K. 1978. Z Badań nad Krzemieniem Pasiastym w Pradziejach. Wiadomości Archeologiczne 43/3, 127-146.
Barber M., Field D. and Topping P. 1999. The Neolithic Flint Mines of England. London: English Heritage.
Barga-Więcławska J. 2016. Krzemionki „przyrodniczym archiwum” neolitycznego górnictwa krzemienia. In B. Furmanik, K. Piotrowska-Nosek and A. Wawrzyńczuk (eds), Historyczne kopalnie. Dzieło przyrody sztuka człowieka. Warszawa: Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa, 28-35.
Becker C. J. 1959. Flint Mining in Neolithic Denmark. Antiquity 33(130), 87-92.
Berggren A., Högberg A. Olausson D. and Rudebeck E. 2016. Early Neolithic flint mining at Södra Sallerup, Scania, Sweden. Archaeologia Polona 54, 167-180.
Bishop B. J. 2012. The Grime’s Graves Environs Survey; Exploring the Social Landscapes of a Flint Source. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of York.
Booth T., Brück J., Braace S. and Barnes J. 2021. Tales from the Supplementary Information: Ancestry Change in Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age Britain Was Gradual with Varied Kinship Organisation. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 31, 379-400.
Borkowski W. 1995. Prehistoric flint mines complex in Krzemionki. Archaeologia Polona 33, 506-524.
Borkowski W., Migal W., Sałaciński S. and Zalewski M. 1991. Possibilities of investigating Neolithic flint economies, as exemplified by the banded flint economy. Antiquity 65(248), 607-627.
Borkowski W. and Budziszewski J. 1995. The use of striped flint in prehistory. Archaeologia Polona 33, 71-87.
Bostyn F. 2023. The Neolithic flint mine at Jablines, ‘le Haut-Château’ (Seine-et-Marne, France). In F. Bostyn, J. Lech, A. Saville and D. H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 355-365.
Bostyn F. and Lanchon Y. 1992. Jablines Le Haut-Château (Seine-et-Marne): Une minière de silex au Néolithique (= Sciences de l’Homme. B. Documents d’Archéologie Française 35). Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme.
Bostyn F., Saville A., Lech J. and Werra D. H. eds 2023. Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology.
Bradley R. 2022. Maritime Archaeology on Dry Land; Special Sites along the Coast of Britain and Ireland from the First Farmers to the Atlantic Bronze Age. Oxford and Philadelphia: Oxbow Books.
Bradley R., Haselgrove C., Vander Linden M. and Webley L. 2016. The Later Prehistory of Northwest Europe: The evidence of development-led fieldwork. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brace S., Diekmann Y., Booth T. J., van Dorp L., Faltyskova Z., Rohland N. et al. 2019. Population replacement in Early Neolithic Britain. Nature and Evolution 3, 765-771.
Budziszewski J. 2006. Flint Economy in Chalcolithic Societies of East-Central Europe. In G. Körlin and G. Weisgerber (eds), Stone Age – Mining Age. Montanhistorische Zeitschrift DER ANSCHNITT Beiheft 19 (= Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Bergbau-Museum Bochum 148). Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 315-327.
Budziszewski J. and Włodarczak P. 2010. Kultura pucharów dzwonowatych na Wyżynie Małopolskiej. Kraków: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN.
Capote M., Castańeda N., Consuegra S., Criado C and Díaz-del-Río P. 2008. Flint mining in early Neolithic Iberia: a preliminary report on ‘Casa Montero’ (Madrid, Spain). In P. Allard, F. Bostyn, F. Giligny and J. Lech (eds), Flint Mining in Prehistoric Europe: Interpreting the Archaeological Records: European Association of Archaeologists, 12th Annual Meeting Cracow, Poland 19th-24th September 2006 (= BAR International Series 1891). Oxford: Archaeopress, 123-138.
Castańeda N. 2021 An Operative Sequences Network: The Technical Organization at Casa Montero Early Neolithic Flint Mine (Madrid, Spain). Open Archaeology 7, 986-999.
Castańeda N. 2018. Apprenticeship in early Neolithic societies. The transmission of technical knowledge at the flint mine of Casa Montero (Madrid, Spain), c. 5300-5200 cal. BC. Current Anthropology 59/6, 716-740.
Charraud F. 2019. Flint mining and blade management in the Blicquy/Villeneuve-Saint-Germain cul-ture through the earliest mines of Normandy and Northwest France settlements. In H. Collet and A. Hauzer (eds), Mining and Quarrying. Geological Characterisation, Knapping Processes and Distribution Networks during Pre- and Protohistoric Times, Proceedings of the 7th Interna-tional Conference of the USIPP Commission on flint mining in Pre- and Protohistoric Times. Mons and Spiennes, 28th Sept – 1st Oct 2016 (= Anthropologica et Praehistorica 128/2017). Brussels: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 119-123.
Collet H., Hauzeur A. and Lech J. 2008. The Prehistoric Flint Mining Complex at Spiennes (Belgium) on the Occasion of its Discovery 140 Years Ago. In P. Allard, F. Bostyn, F. Giligny and J. Lech (eds), Flint Mining in Prehistoric Europe: Interpreting the Archaeological Records: European Association of Archaeologists, 12th Annual Meeting Cracow, Poland 19th-24th September 2006 (= BAR International Series 1891). Oxford: Archaeopress, 41-77.
Collet H. and Collin J.-P. 2023. The Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes (Belgium). In F. Bostyn, J. Lech, A. Saville and D. H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 101-128.
Collin J.-P. 2016. Mining for a week or for centuries: Variable aims of flint extraction sites in the Mons Basin (Province of Hainaut, Belgium) within the lithic economy of the Neolithic. Journal of Lithic Studies 3/2, 1-17.
Consuegra S. and Díaz-del-Río P. 2018. Early Prehistoric Flint Mining in Europe: a Critical Review of the Radiocarbon Evidence. In D. H. Werra and M. Woźny (eds), Between History and Archaeology: Papers in honour of Jacek Lech. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1-8.
Davis V. and Edmonds M. 2011. Stone Axes Studies III. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Díaz-del-Río P., Consuegra S., Castańeda N., Capdevila E., Capote M., Criado C., Casas C. and Nieto A. 2023. The Flint Mine of Casa Montero (Madrid, Spain): Making Society in Early Neolithic Europe. In F. Bostyn, J. Lech, A. Saville, and D. H. Werra, Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 165-184.
Edinborough K., Shennan S., Teather A., Baczkowski J., Bevan A., Bradley R. and Schauer P. 2019. New Radiocarbon Dates Show Early Neolithic Date of Flint-Mining and Stone Quarrying in Britain. Radiocarbon 62/1, 75-105.
Edmonds M. 1999. Ancestral Geographies of the Neolithic: Landscapes, Monuments and Memory. London and New York: Routledge.
Fernandes D. M., Strapagiel D., Borówka P., Marciniak B., Żądzińska E., Sirak K., Siska V., Grygiel R., Carlsson J., Manica A., Lorkiewicz W. and Pinhasi R. 2018. A genomic Neolithic time transect of hunter-farmer admixture in central Poland. Scientific Reports 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33067-w
Felder P. J., Cor P., Rademakers M., Marjorie E. and de Grooth M. 1998. Excavations of Prehistoric Flint Mines at Rijckholt-St. Geertruid (Limburg, The Netherlands) by the ‘Prehistoric Flint Mines Working Group’ of the Dutch Geological Society, Limburg Section (= Archäologische Berichte 12). Bonn: Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH.
Fisher L. E., Knipper C., Harris S. K. and Schreg R. 2023. Neolithic Chert Extraction and Processing on the Southeastern Swabian Alb (Asch-Borgerhau, Germany). In F. Bostyn, J. Lech, A. Saville, and D.H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 267-282.
Gardiner J. 1990. Flint Procurement and Neolithic axe production on the South Downs: a re-assessment. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9, 119-140.
Ghesquiere E., Marcigny C. and Charraud F. 2021. La miničre de Ri (Orne): Extraction de silex et production de haches au Néolithique moyen (= Recherches archéologiques 20). Paris: INRAP, CNRS Éditions.
Greenwell W. 1870. On the Opening of Grime’s Graves in Norfolk. Journal of the Ethnological Society of London 2, 419-439.
de Grooth M. E. Th., Deeben J., Willem de Kort J. and Schreurs J. 2023. The mining complex at Rijckholt-St Geertruid (Eijsden-Margraten, Limburg NL). In F. Bostyn, J. Lech, A. Saville, and D. H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 57-99.
Gron K. J. and Sørensen L. 2018. Cultural and economic negotiation: a new perspective on the Neolithic Transition of Southern Scandinavia. Antiquity 92(364), 958-974.
Gurina N. N. 2000. Prähistorische Feuersteinbergwerke in der ehemaligen UdSSR (= Der Anschnitt Beiheft 12). Bochum: Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH.
Gutkowski J. 1998. Oxfordian and Kimmeridgian of the northeastern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, Central Poland. Geological Quarterly 42/1, 59-72.
Harding P. and Lord J. 2017. Thoughts on massive flint cores from Wiltshire and East Anglia, the movement of flint and its role in Late Neolithic Britain. The Antiquaries Journal 97, 49-63.
Healy F. 1996. The Fenland Project Number 11: The Wissey Embayment: Evidence for Pre-Iron Age settlement accumulated prior to the Fenland Project (= East Anglian Archaeology 78). Dereham: Field Archaeology Division, Norfolk Museums Service, Union House, Gressenhall.
Healy F. 1998. The Surface of the Breckland. In N. Ashton, F. Healy and P. Pettit (eds), Stone Age Archaeology: essays in honour of John Wymer (= Lithics Studies Society Occasional Paper 6 Oxbow Monograph 102). Oxford: Oxbow Books, 225-235.
Healy F. 2012. Chronology, Corpses Ceramics, Copper and Lithics. In M. J. Allen, J. Gardiner and A. Sheridan (eds), Is there a British Chalcolithic? People, place and polity in the late 3rd millennium (= Prehistoric Society Research Paper 4). Oxford: Oxbow Books, 144-164.
Healy F., Marshall P., Bayliss A., Cook G., Bronk Ramsey C., van der Plicht J. and Dunbar E. 2018. When and Why? The Chronology and Context of Flint Mining at Grime’s Graves, Norfolk, England. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84, 277-301.
Healy F., Topping P. and Varndell G. 2023. Grime’s Graves (England). In F. Bostyn, A. Saville, J. Lech and D. H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 131-164.
Högberg A., Berggren Å. and Brink K. 2023. Early Neolithic flint extraction in south-western Sweden: Transregional practices on a local scale. Antiquity 97(392), 331-347.
Immel A., Ţerna S., Simalcsik A., Susat J., Šarov O., Sîrbu G. et al. 2020. Gene-flow from steppe individuals into Cucuteni-Trypillia associated populations indicates long-standing contacts and gradual admixture. Scientific Reports 10, 4253. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61190-0
Jedynak A. and Kaptur K. 2008. Sprawozdanie z badan osady kultury amfor kulistych na stanowisku 63 w Krzczonowicach, pow. Ostrowiecki w roku 2006. Ostrowieckie Zeszyty Naukowe 1, 19-26.
Jedynak A. and Kaptur K. 2017. Krzemionki Prehistoric Flint Mines Folder. Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski: Muzeum Historyczno-Archeologiczne w Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim.
Jedynak A. and Wroniecki P. 2022. Non-invasive Investigation of Segment C of the Krzemionki Exploitation Field. Initial Research Results. Archaeologia Polona 60, 39-59.
Kadrow S. 2016. Exchange of People, Ideas and Things between Cucuteni-Trypillian Complex and Areas of South-Eastern Poland. In C. Preoteasa and C. D. Nicola (eds), Cucuteni Culture within The European Neo-Eneolithic Context (= Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis 37). Piatra Neamţ: Editura ‘Constantin Matasă’, 649-677.
Kadrow S. 2017. The Bronze Age. In U. Bugaj (ed.), The Past Societies 2000-500 BC, Vol. 3. Warszawa: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of Sciences, 10-385.
Kerig T., Edinborough K., Downey S. S. and Shennan S. 2015. A radiocarbon chronology of European flint mines suggests a link to population patterns. In T. Kerig and S. Shennan (eds), Connecting Networks: Characterising Contact by Measuring Lithic Exchange in the European Neolithic. Oxford: Archaeopress, 116-164.
Kowalewska-Marszałek H. 2019. The Funnel Beaker and Globular Amphora Cultures in the Sandomierz Upland in the Light of Settlement Research. Archaeologia Polona 57, 119-134.
Krukowski S. 1939. Krzemionki Opatowskie. Warszawa: Muzeum Techniki i Przemysłu.
Krzemionki… 2018. Krzemionki Prehistoric Striped Flint Mining Region. World Heritage Nomination. Poland. January 2018. Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski: Muzeum Historyczno-Archeologiczne w Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim.
Kolesnik A. 2020. Dobycha i obrabotka kremnia na Donbasse v neoliticheskuyu epokhu. Eminak: Scientific Quarterly Journal 1(29), 211-224.
Lech J. 1981. Flint Mining among the Early Farming Communities of Central Europe. Przegląd Archeologiczny 28: 5-55.
Lech J. 2012. The Late Neolithic flint and stone industries. In I. Longworth., G. Varndell and J. Lech, Excavations at Grimes Graves, Norfolk, 1972-1976 (= Fascicule 6: Exploration and Excavation Beyond the Deep Mines). London: British Museum Press, 90-144.
Lech J. 2023. Sąspów near Cracow (Poland). A Neolithic flint mine of the Danubian communities. In F. Bostyn, J. Lech, A. Saville, and D. H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 223-265.
Lech J. and H., Adamczak K. and Werra D. 2011. Extraction methods in the Bronze Age at the Wierzbica “Zele” flint mine site (Central Poland): a model. In M. Capote, S. Consuegra, P. Díaz-del-Río and X. Terradas (eds), Proceedings of the 2th International Conference of the UISPP Commission on Flint Mining in Pre- and Protohistoric Times (Madrid, 14-17 October 2009) (= BAR International Series 2260). Oxford: Archaeopress, 109-116.
Lech J., Piotrowska D. and Werra D. H. 2015. Between economy and symbol: flint in the Bronze Age in eastern Central Europe. In P. Suchowska-Ducke, S. Scott Reiter and H. Vandkilde (eds), Forging Identities. The Mobility of Culture in Bronze Age Europe, Vol. 1 (= British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1891). Oxford: Archaeopress, 221-229.
Lech J. and Werra D. H. 2023. Wierzbica ‘Zele’ (Poland). A flint mine from the Bronze Age. In F. Bostyn, J. Lech, A. Saville and D. H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 453-483.
Longworth I., Ellison A. and Rigby V. 1988. Excavations at Grimes Graves Norfolk 1972-1976 (= Fascicule 2: The Neolithic, Bronze Age and Later Pottery). London: British Museum Press.
Mercer R. J. 1981. Grime’s Graves, Norfolk Excavations 1971-72: Volume 1 (= Department of the Environment Archaeological Reports 11). London: Department of the Environment.
Mortimore R. N. and Wood C. J. 1986. The Distribution of Flint in the English Chalk, with Particular Reference to the ‘Brandon Flint Series’ and the High Turonian Flint Maximum. In G. de G. Sieveking and M. B. Hart (eds), The Scientific Study of Chert and Flint. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 7-42.
Nielsen S. V. 2017. Long blades and phantom cores: A case of long-distance stone tool refitting (Southern Norway). Lithic Technology 42, 1-12.
Nielsen S. V. 2021. From Foragers to Fisher-Farmers: How the Neolithisation Process Affected Coastal Fisheries in Scandinavia. Open Archaeology 8, 956-986.
Nobis A. 2018. Powrót krzemienia pasiastego. In B. Gediga, A. Grossman and W. Piotrowski (eds), Inspiracje i funkcje sztuki pradziejowej i wczesnośredniowiecznej. Biskupin, Wrocław: Muzeum Archeologiczne w Biskupinie, 151-166.
Nowak M. 2017. Ubiquitous settlers, consequent farmers, and monument builders. In P. Włodarczak (ed.), The Past Societies 5500-2000 BC, Vol. 2. Warszawa: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology PAS, 125-170.
Olalde I. S., Brace S., Allentoft M. E., Armit I., Kristiansen K., Booth T. et al. 2018. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature 555, 190-196.
Oliva M. 2018. Women´s Work? Findings from the Neolithic Chert Mines in the ‘Krumlovský les’, South Moravia. In D. H. Werra and M. Woźny (eds), Between History and Archaeology Papers in honour of Jacek Lech. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 43-48.
Oliva M. 2022. Tĕžební krajinou předků. O tajmném podzemí Krumlovského lesa (Mining landscape of Our ancestors. On the mysterious underground of “Krumlowský les”). Brno: Moravské zemské museum.
Parker-Pearson M., Sheridan A., Jay M., Chamberlain A., Richards M. and Evans J. 2019. The Beaker People: Isotopes, Mobility and Diet in Prehistoric Britain. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Pellegrin J. 2012. Conférence inaugurale: grandes lames de l’Europe néolithique et alentour / Large blades from Neolithic Europe and abroad. In J.-C. Marquet and C. Verjux (eds), L’Europe, déjà, à la fin des temps préhistoriques. Des grandes lames en silex dans toute l’Europe. Actes de la table-ronde internationale, Tours, Septembre 2007 (= Supplément à la Revue archéologique du centre de la France 38). Tours: Fédération pour l’édition de la Revue archéologique du Centre de la France, 15-43.
Pétrequin P., Errera M., Pétrequin A-M. and Allard P. 2006. The Neolithic quarries of Mont Viso (Piedmont, Italy). Initial radiocarbon dates. European Journal of Archaeology 9/1, 7-30.
Piotrowska D. 2014. Krzemień pasiasty i początki badań prehistorycznego górnictwa w Polsce. In D. Piotrowska, W. Piotrowski, A. Jedynak and K. Kaptur (eds), Górnictwo z epoki kamienia: Krzemionki – Polska – Europa. W 90. rocznicę odkrycia kopalni w Krzemionkach (= Silex et Ferrum 1). Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski: Muzeum Historyczno-Archeologiczne, 21-51.
Przybyła M. M., Szczepanek A. and Włodarczak P. (eds) 2013. Koszyce, stanowisko 3. Przemoc i rytuał u schyłku neolitu (= Ocalone Dziedzictwo Archeologiczne 4). Kraków, Pękowice: Wydawnictwo Profil-Archeo.
Sałacińska B. and Sałaciński S. 2022. Settlement base of the Neolithic banded flint mines in Krzemionki Opatowskie – an outline of the issues. Sprawozdania Archeologiczne 74/1, 67-104
Saville A. 1981. Grime’s Graves, Norfolk Excavations 1971-72: Volume 2, The Flint Assemblage (= Department of the Environment Archaeological Reports 11). London: Department of the Environment.
Schild R. 1995. Tomaszów, Radon Province. Archaeologia Polona 33, 455-465.
Schild R. 2023. The Chocolate Flint Mine of Tomaszów (Poland). In F. Bostyn, A. Saville, J. Lech and D. H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 185-221.
Schyle D. and Weiner J. 2023. The Late Neolithic opencast flint mining and axehead blank production on the Lousberg in Aachen (Germany). In F. Bostyn, J. Lech, A. Saville, and D. H. Werra (eds), Prehistoric Flint Mines in Europe. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology, 283-311.
Sørensen L. 2015. From hunter to farmer in Northern Europe: Migration and adaptation during the Neolithic and Bronze Age (= Acta Archaeologica 85/1-3). København: Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet.
Sudoł-Procyk M., Brandl M., Krajcarz M. T., Malak M., Skrzatek M., Stefański D., Trela-Kieferling E. and Werra D. H. 2021. Chocolate flint: new perspectives on its deposits, mining, use and distribution by prehistoric communities in Central Europe. Antiquity 95(383), e25. doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.48.
Szmyt M. 2010. Between West and East: People of the Globular Amphora Culture in Eastern Europe: 2950-2350 BC. Baltic-Pontic Studies 8.
Szmyt M. 2017. Collective graves, flint axes, and cows. The people of Globular Amphora culture on the Vistula and Odra. In P. Włodarczak (ed.), The Past Societies 5500-2000 BC, Vol. 2. Warszawa: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology PAS, 211-264.
Terradas X. and Ortega D. 2017. Flint quarrying in north-eastern Iberia: quarry sites and the initial transformation of raw material. Antiquity 91(359), e5. doi:10.15184/aqy.2017.167
Tarrińo A., López Tascón A., Hernández H., Hernandez H. H., Elorrieta I., Herrero-Alonso D., Aguirre M., Larreina D., Castaneda N. and Mahjuika A. 2022a. The Neolithic Flint Quarry of Pozarrate (Trevińo, Northern Spain). Open Archaeology 8, 273-86.
Tarrińo A., Elorrieta I., Alonso-Herrero D., López-Tascón C., Hernández-Hernández H., Castańeda N., Larreina D., Aguirre M. and Mujika J. A. 2022b. The Flint Quarry of Pozarrate (Trevińo, Spain) in the Context of Iberian and Early European Neolithic Mining. Archaeologia Polona 60, 127-147.
Tarantini M., Giacomo E., Monno A. M. and Italo M. M. 2016. Gargano Promontory Flint: mining practices and archaeometric characterisation. In A. Tomasssi, D. Binder, G. Martino, G. Porraz, P. Simon and N. Naudinot (eds), Ressources Lithiques, Productions et Transferts Entre Aples et Méditerranée, Actes de la Journée de la Société Française Nice 28-29 Mars 2013. Paris: Société Préhistorique Française, 257-275.
Tassi F., Vai S., Silvia G., Lari M., Modi A., Pilli E., Brunell A., Susca R. R., Budnik A., Labuda D., Alberti F., Lalueza-Fox C., Reich D., Caramelli D. and Barbujani G. 2017. Genome diversity in the Neolithic Globular Amphorae culture and the spread of Indo-European languages. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 284, 1-9.
Topping P. 1997. Structured deposition, symbolism and the English flint mines. In R. Schild and Z. Sulgostowska (eds), Man and Flint: Proceedings of the VIIth International Flint Symposium, Warszawa – Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, September 1995. Warszawa: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology PAS, 127-132.
Topping P. 2021. Neolithic Stone Extraction in Britain and Europe: An Ethnoarchaeological Perspective. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Uzarowicz-Chmielewska A. and Sałacińska B. 2013. Osady neolityczne w Stryczowicach, woj. świętokrzyskie. Materiały Starożytne i Wczesnośredniowieczne 10, 5-250.
Werra D. H. and Kerneder-Gubała K. 2021. ‘Chocolate’ flint mining from Final Palaeolithic up to Early Iron Age – a review. In F. Bostyn, F. Giligny and P. Topping (eds), From Mine to User: Production and Procurement Systems of Siliceous Rocks in the European Neolithic and Bronze Age Proceedings of the XVIII UISPP World Congress (4-9 June 2018, Paris, France) Volume 10 Session XXXIII-1&2. Oxford: Archaeopress, 42-56.
Werra D. H. and Woźny M. eds 2018. Between History and Archaeology. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology.
Wheeler P. 2011. Ideology and context within the European flint-mining tradition. In A. Saville (ed.), Flint and Stone in the Neolithic Period (= Neolithic Studies Groups Seminar Papers 11). Oxford: Oxbow Books, 304-315.q
Whittle A. 1995. Gifts from the earth: symbolic dimensions of the use and production of Neolithic flint and stone axes. Archaeologia Polona 33, 247-256.
Witkowska B. and Włodarczak P. 2021. Relationships between Globular Amphora and Corded Ware occupation phases in Złota-Nad Wawrem site, Sandomierz Upland. Chronometric and stratigraphic evidence. Baltic-Pontic Studies 25, 117-158.
Zalewski M. 1996. Badania nad bezpośrednim zapleczem osadniczym kopalni krzemieni pasiastych w Krzemionkach (wyniki prac archeologicznych w rejonie tzw. ‘Kału Cebuli’). In W. Brzeziński, W. Borkowski and W. Migal (eds), Z badanì nad wykorzystaniem krzemienia pasiastego (= Studia nad Gospodarką i Surowcami Krzemiennymi w Pradziejach 3). Warszawa: Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie, 9-23.