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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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The aim of the paper is to present the creative work of émigré painter Klemens Rodziewicz based on his letters to Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. In the analysed correspondence (137 autographs from the years 1858–1881), the author devotes a great deal of attention to his work, descriptions of created pieces, used artistic techniques and his perfecting the skills. Another theme is the business relationship between the painter and the writer. The material shows the workshop of the copyist painter and the circumstances in which individual pieces of art were created. Therefore, it can be treated as a base for further studies on the life situation and creative activity of the nineteenth--century Polish émigré artists. <br>
The aim of the paper is to review and verify assumptions about the origins of St Adalbert’s church in Kalisz present in the literature. The church was built in the area of the settlement located next to the stronghold; due to this location and the dedication researchers counted it among the oldest 11th-century parish churches in Kalisz. A new analysis of written sources has shown that the church was founded in the 12th–13th c. A more specific dating, after the mid-12th c., is possible thanks to analyzing the results of the newest as well as earlier excavations conducted in the church and around it, which prove that the church was built within a settlement that had functioned from the 10th c. to the turn of the 13th c.
The aim of the paper is to show the endeavours of the Good Order Commission in Kalisz, which was active from 1780 to 1788. I present the regulations and ordinances issued to achieve its goals by both the Commission itself and the municipal authorities in juxtaposition to the practice of their implementation and the impact that they had on everyday lives of Kalisz inhabitants. It provides an opportunity to discuss the Com-mission’s efficacy and to evaluate if and in what measure its original goals were achieved. Such assessment is, however, difficult and imprecise due to destruction of the town in great fire of 1792 and the Partition of Poland (1793).
The aim of the text is to present selected aspects of the diet of Elbląg citizens in the first half of the nineteenth century, based on the anonymous Elbląg woman’s diary titled Tagebuch einer Elbingerin (1825–1830). It was possible to extract and collate almost 150 mentions of various meals. Dinners were the most often recorded meals, while breakfasts were almost never mentioned. The diet was richest during spring and summer months, and the twelve days of Christmas. Sunday repasts were the commonest to be described. The composition of the meals indicate that the diarist belonged to well-situated bourgeois family. <br>
The aim of the text is to present the possible methods for reconstructing roadside inn’s network in the Old Polish period using the Lublin district, in its historical boundaries, as a case study. The authors characterise and evaluate the evidence provided by different sources and the applicability of various methodologies. The detailed research procedure for distinguishing the inns from public houses (establishments offering no lodging) and for identifying their locations is also proposed. It is based on comparison and correlation of information derived from written records with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century maps (varying in content, depiction precision and scale). Thereafter, the GIS tools are employed to analyse and verify the acquired data. <br>
The aim of this article is an anthropological reflection on the socio-cultural meaning of dreadlocks as a kind of non-verbal communication which can be an intentional or unintentional. The social perception of a given hairstyle may be the result of the intended goal or an opinion independent of the person wearing it. I argue that in the latter case, the hairstyle is perceived through the prism of stereotypical images. I believe that certain hairstyles, depending on the political, historical or cultural context, can constitute an important element of individual identity. The paper uses the concepts of identity (Ardener 1992), personality (Mead 1975), interaction (Goffman 2010) and the assumptions of the anthropology of communication (Winkin 2007) to present the results of ethnographic research among people wearing dreadlocks conducted in 2016–2017
The aim of this article is not to discuss the paradigms or the methods of the ‘free’ and the ‘Marxist’ archaeology in the post World War II period in Poland. The literature about this is quite abundant, and I would like to tell another story than the scientific side of Polish archaeology during the communist domination. I remember the reality of those fifteen years in the daily activity of young Polish archaeologists in the late ’70s and ’80s of the XX century, and I would like to give here my personal point of view about this time
The aim of this article is to analyse the political aspects of food and their significance as an object of study. The first author of the article has studied Polish society as an insider, while the other author had previously conducted research in other countries, before three years ago starting to explore Poland and Polish gastronomy, and thus finding himself in the role of outsider. The two scholars have recently been working together. The power relations between the societies and the academic worlds from which they come turned out to be crucial to the research dynamics and became one of the paper’s key interests. Two main topics provide the structure of the collaborative paper: 1) the question of the authors’ positionality; 2) the legitimacy issues related to the study of food within academia and to scholars’ engagement outside it. The authors agree that an inextricable connection of food and politics has not only an academic or theoretical dimension, but also impacts on the realities of people’s lives
The aim of this article is to deepen the discussion on the nature and mechanisms of culture change based on the analysis of newly acquired materials from the Targowisko settlement region. Three groups of materials were acquired (from narrow time horizons) related to the single-phase relics of Linienbandkeramik (Brzezie, site 40 and Targowisko, site 16) and Malice culture houses (Targowisko, site 14-15). The absolute chronology of the beginning of the late phase (III) LBK was established to be 5100-5000 BC, and the classic phase (Ib) of MC was dated to 4650-4550 BC. Selected threads of the cultural tradition (in the field of ceramic-making technology and ornamentation and flint-blade production technology) were passed on among families living in individual houses. Settlement analysis showed the relative instability of microregions, the increased mobility of small groups of people, and risky colonization attempts in Targowisko region. No evidence of direct, contemporaneous contact between the LBK and MC populations was found
The aim of this article is to present a fragment of the unpublished probate inventory of Mario Filonardi from 18 August 1644, held at the Archivio Doria Landi Pamphili in Rome. Mario Filonardi was a papal nuncio who resided in Poland in the years 1636–1643, who ended his mission as persona non grata. This article presents the findings concerning the course of this nunciature made to date. The source fragment quoted in this paper has been translated into Polish
The aim of this article is to present coping strategies used by people registered in Public Employment Services as unemployed and workers for whom experiencing poverty is characteristic. These strategies are practiced in the absence of adequate support from public institutions and non-governmental organizations dealing with the unemployed and working poor. They are an expression of everyday efforts to stabilize and improve one’s own situ-ation. The results of the presented research are based on qualitative field research conducted between 2013–2016 in Radom and Toruń. The typology of coping strategies presented in this article is part of the stream of research on agency and strategies used by people in their everyday lives. <br>
The aim of this article is to present further considerations on the technological and functional aspects of flint tools produced by the community of the Globular Amphora culture. These reflections are based on discoveries made in a cist grave from site 33 in Stefankowice-Kolonia (southeastern Poland). During the exploration of the funerary feature, a skeleton was found. It belonged to a man in the Maturus age. The body was accompanied by an abundant set of flint products composed of five blades and three axes (including one half-product). These artefacts were subjected to a technological analysis aimed at determining the techniques employed in the production of the blades and core tools. The analysis was complemented with microscopic examination performed in order to determine the functions of the discovered items.
The aim of this article is to present mutual relations between urban space and museum space in the former Soviet base of Borne Sulinowo. The notion of throwntogetherness is used to explore co-dependencies and cohabitation of diverse objects, persons and activities. In the text, the idea of throwntogetherness has been combined with (re)construction of the topography of (in)visibility
The aim of this article is to present on selected examples how walls, one of the simplest and best-known architectural elements, were used to create new sites of memory after World War II. The text undertakes a reflection concerning the creation of the architectural memory space in modern European and American cities in the context of tragic war events. It also examines reasons and ways of using the ambiguous symbolism of a wall as a fundamental or one of the main components in commemorative conceptions in postwar urban space
The aim of this article is to present the history of the foundation and decline of a Soviet mining settlement on Spitsbergen – Pyramiden. In this text, the space and everyday life of the settlement have been described from two different perspectives. The first one is the perspective of a former resident of the town who from his personal memories and videotapes has constructed the image of the communist mini-utopia of the past. The second perspective belongs to the Efterklang band whose members have come to the ghost town to complete a musical project. Thus, juxtapositions presented in the contemporary documentary “The Ghost of Piramida” breed questions about space and time
The aim of this article is to present the specificity of „thick participation”, a research method proposed by Hawaiian anthropologist Jaida Kim Samudra, which assumes deep, bodily immersion in the studied reality, a method particularly recommended for anthropologists and social scientists in general who are engaged in martial arts studies. I am interested in how this method works in the ethnographic research within Brazilian jiu-jitsu community in Warsaw. The paper can also be treated as a voice in the discussion on turning a private passion into a subject of systematic scientific investigation. The main conclusion is formulated as follows: although I cannot deny that “thick participation” may open up new fascinating paths it also creates new dilemmas and research doubts that the anthropologist has to face. In sum, “thick participation” is framed as a skill, practical experience and proper „training”
The aim of this article is to provide information on environmental changes in the Targowisko region in the Early Neolithic as a natural response to settlement and economic activity of the human population in that area. The discussion is based on lithological, geochemical, and palynological analyses, as well as the analysis of Cladocera within strata inside the TRG (Targowisko) core, located in a small wetland in the immediate vicinity of the eastern edge of the Neolithic settlement in the Targowisko region. Settlement analysis points to the absence of stable microregions and to the mobility of human groups. This is confirmed by the sequence of settlement episodes and economic activity, reflected in the stratigraphy of the core sediments, where episodes of significant human interference are followed by phases of almost complete regeneration of the environment. No differences have been noticed between the Linienbandkeramik and Malice culture communities as regards their impact on the environment
The aim of this article is to report on the remains of the first permanent Linear Pottery culture (LBK) settlement to be recorded in Eastern Pomerania, at a site in Kościelna Jania. Exceptional aspects of this discovery include the presence of what had very probably been longhouses, the large number of artefacts, the site’s far-northern location in relation to large LBK enclaves and the relatively early date to which it has been attributed – namely, the onset of the Notenkopf phase. The authors discuss the implications of this discovery on interpretations of the Neolithisation process in the southern Baltic coastal region. One of the key issues to resolve is where contact between farming societies and hunter-gatherer communities occurred and whether these encounters were sporadic or reasonably regular resulting, for example, from these groups living in close proximity to one another
The aim of this article is to rethink and simultaneously to enrich previous reflections about contexts and consequences of the literary, textual and interpretive turn, which took place in the history of socio-cultural anthropology re-oriented to the literary science and philological imagination. The text reconsid ers the ‘writing culture’ movement seen from the perspective of more than three decades, focusing on three aspects. Firstly, this is the so-called new sensitivity which continuation we can observe presently in the so-called new humanities, in the post-independence, postcolonial studies, as well as engaged anthropology and action research. Secondly, presenting the consequences of the emergence of literary imagination in the anthropology at the level of epistemology and theory, the text is calls for defining the discipline as a humanity in action. Thirdly, the text presents the influence of the ‘writing culture’ movement on remodelling research practices embedded in the empirical methods of qualitative research. Undertaking her reflections in the context of the crisis of socio-cultural anthropology launched at the turn of the 1960s and 70s, the author shows its political and social contexts. The significant aspect is that so-called experimental moment in anthropology has not been limited only to focusing by anthropologists on ‘literary undertaking’, but it has been a part of a permanent legacy of the discipline which has contributed to its critical self-reflection.
The aim of this article is to settle the origin of so-called antenna swords discovered in Poland. Here are discussed the antenna swords - also these new ones which were until now not published - and the X-ray and chemical tests of some artifacts. Due to these analyses we have got the more details knowledge of antenna swords production centers in Poland in the late bronze period
The aim of this article is to show relations between inhabitants of Polish lands to the western Hallstatt Culture in Hallstatt D3 phase and to early La Tene Culture in La Tene A and B phases. Author elaborates a collection of about 200 fibulae from this period and other 20 relics dated at La Tene period - importations and local products inspired by Hallstatt and early La Tene style. Their chronology in accordance with actual state of research and also directions of connection with Celtic area in various phases have been corrected. The local centres of fibulae production have been also located. Author tried to prove high level and invention of local workshops especially in the beginning of La Tene A phase
The aim of this article is to show the Wroclaw Equality March as an example of how a contemporary urban protest, whose main goal is to manifest the presence of the LGBT+ community in the urban space and more broadly in the public space, is adapted as a carnival. The reflection made here was inspired by Judith Butler’s performative theory of assembly and the concept of agency of political subjects in the public spheres of social and cultural life developed by Margaret Archer. The author shows carnivalisation as an expressive convention that allows to emphasize the negated power relations, creating a temporary space of expected normality; a state of equality and social inclusion
The aim of this article is to trace the history of the tobacco industry in Bydgoszcz from the mid-19th century until the establishment of the Polish Tobacco Monopoly in 1922. The research was conducted using the records of Commercial Register Records (Akta Rejestru Handlowego), the City of Bydgoszcz Records (Akta miasta Bydgoszczy), and the Construction Records of the City of Bydgoszcz (Akta budowlane miasta Bydgoszczy) from the years 1850–1925. Archival information was supplemented with data from the daily press from the years 1908–1924. The research topic was presented against the background of the political and economic situation of the city (until 1920 Bydgoszcz was under Prussian rule, and after 1920 returned to the territory of the Polish state). The activity of tobacco factories in the analysed period was an important element of both the local and state economy
The aim of this paper is to compare of how two different festivals stimulate specific norms and perceptions, and therefore to present the way in which the visions of the festival cities are reproduced by the festival audience based on the axio-normative orders contained in the missions of the events. Based on the shared symbols and life strategies promoted by festivals, participants (re)build their identity which they manifest in chosen cultural practices. The article attempt to answer the following question: what is shared by festival-goers? Are the main motivations for participating in the vent due to shared musical tastes or also specific values and lifestyles, and consequently a common identity? It has been shown that the values promoted during festivals are declared by their organizers – they are present in the visual identification, seminars, workshops, etc. Festivals create their narratives based on symbols such as logos, attitude smartphones, or festival slogans which contain condensed axio-normative systems that create the boundaries of the community. It influences the behavior of festival goers: the city’s vision, ways of spending free time, and their identity. The places where the fieldwork was conducted were: “Henryk Rasiewicz National Festival of Unbreakable and Independent Songs in Kraków”, “Ostróda Reggae Festiva” in Ostróda, and the “Song of Our Roots Festival” in Jarosław
The aim of this paper is to illustrate the material remains of epidemics that affected two parishes in the centre of Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries. The paper will present the preliminary results of research in archives (metrical books) compared with both the accounts of descendants of families who died as a result of the epidemics and prospecting with non-invasive methods (LIDAR)
The aim of this paper is to outline the interrelation between archaeological and ethnographical ways of „reading" rock art. In the history of this discourse two stages can be pointed out. First, connected with applying the structural methodology by archaeologists, showed that rock images can be perceived as an organised system, at least on the syntagmatic level, conveyinga given message. At the same time, however, by rejecting ethnographic perspectives it reduced the rock art grammar to linearity and two-dimensionality. The new tern of attentions to ethnography showed that „reading" should be understood mainly as a symbolic discourse where the crucial role to understand the message is metaphorical character of images. Thisapproach revealed also the importance of not only images but also the rock surface, which, especially in shamanic contexts, can create the third dimension of the rock art „text". Thus, the ethnographical perspective is one of stimulators of interpretative pluralism in the field of reading rock art
The aim of this paper is to present new data on the use of plants and on flint management by Funnel Beakersocieties. Studies of usewear and residues on flint tools from the Polwica-Skrzypnik site complex located in SW Poland included microscopic analyses of traces, starch and phytoliths, and adhesives. According to the usewear analysis, most of the tools were used as sickle inserts. The production of sickles was mainly based on goodquality imported flint material, but local groups also supplemented their needs with local flint. The identified phytoliths can be assigned to the grass and sedge families Poaceae and Cyperaceae, respectively, and to the subfamily Panicoideae of Poaceae. Microscopic traces indicate that inserts were re-sharpened during use and recycled by modifying them into other morphological and functional tools, such as hide scrapers. FTIR and GCMS analyses show that the resinous substance preserved on the surfaces of the flint tools is wood tar, obtained by a process of pyrolysis of the bark of Betulaceae trees.
The aim of this paper is to present the scope and the character of medical care provided at one of gentry manors in the second half of the nineteenth century, based on egodocuments created by Helena Ostrowska of Maluszyn. In Ostrowska’s private papers as well as in the family’s correspondence, there is plenty of information concerning everyday life of the manor, including the administered medical treatments. The analysis of the material allows to present the strategies of dealing with diseases, the range of medical assistance, emergency medical procedures, medicine cabinet supplies, and the functioning of the manor’s hospital for servants. <br>
The aim of this paper is to re-evaluate two megaliths — tomb 8 at Sarnowo and tomb 1 at Świerczynek. A starting point for analysis is the presentation of the conceptions of a palimpsest and perspectivism, which, in this case, are effective analytical tools. The general conclusion, resulting from the present work, is the long duration and variety of forms of the use of the megaliths
The aim of this short communication is to discuss a figurative and inscribed stamp on an Eastern Sigillata C/Çandarli Ware vessel fragment found recently by German archaeologists during the field survey in Elaia. A closer look at this find allowed the present authors to identify the stamp as a replica of a composition seen on the reverse of bronze coins struck in Pergamon under Antoninus Pius, showing the Capricorn with a globe and cornucopia, and an inscription nEPrAMH/NQN below. The presentation of this so far unparalleleddiscovery is preceded and followed by some comments on the character of Eastern Sigillata stamping, production of terra sigillata in and around Pergamon as well as on the Roman imperial iconography in the Pergameneand related coinage from the reign of Augustus until the Antonine period
The aim of this study is to present a full characterization and catalogue of the graves of the early medieval inhumation necropolis that was recently found at the edge of the loess uplands in the western part of Małopolska (Lesser Poland) – specifically, in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district. The second aim is to determine the matrilineal genetic structure and to present the first medieval population-level human DNA study from Małopolska.
The aim of this study was to locate and date extreme flood events and climate change using diverse evidence from the Middle Obra region. The study includes the results of archaeological and geoarchaeological research of the archeological sites from different periods of prehistory and historic times, using different methods. These results were compared with the earlier spatial analyses of prehistoric and historic settlements with regard to hydromorphometrical characteristics of the study area, as well as with multiproxy analyses of deposits from Lake Wonieść, the largest water body of the region
The aim of this work is to present the translation of professional terminology concerning tobacco pipes acquired by excavation methods, supplementing the already existing term base of concepts with a Polish-English translation, important in the context of the current research on this subject. This dictionary is a translation of the basic terms used in English-language works (also used in works of researchers from Central and Eastern Europe) concerning descriptions of tobacco pipe remains (based on finds of stub-stemmed pipes, one-piece clay pipes and porcelain pipes) in archaeological research, the production of such paraphernalia and elements of history of tobacco smoking, which were additionally supplemented with terms currently used in Polish archaeological literature. This dictionary should be treated as a contribution to further work on standardisation of European archaeological terminology, which should provide an aid for both specialists and enthusiasts reaching for professional literature on antique pipes
The Ainu is a small group of indigenous people now living mainly in Hokkaido. From the sixteenth century, they were in constant contact with the Japanese, often fighting with them. In the Meji period, beginning in 1868, the Japanese settlement on Hokkaido intensified. The Ainu were discriminated against and pushed to the margins, resulting in poverty following suit. As a consequence, Ainu culture began to regress and their language disappeared. This, however, did not result in the complete detachment of the community from tradition. Currently, although the Ainu do not lead a traditional way of life, they try to cultivate their culture based on ancestral rituals. The traditional culture of the Ainu people is known mainly due to the work of scientists, such as Bronisław Piłsudski. In the second half of the 20th century the renaissance of Ainuan culture flourished and the social activist and Ainu culture expert, Shigeru Kayano, played a major role in this. This article was prepared on the basis of available literature and interviews with the Ainu people as well as with Japanese authorities, researchers and museologists in 2015
All Saints’ Day (November 1) is a special moment for the residents of Kołobrzeg (Kolberg), a seaside resort in the so-called Recovered Territories, i.e. the region incorporated into Poland in 1945 after the Yalta Conference. On that day, most of them visit the only municipal cemetery in order to solemnize, together with their families, the memory of their relatives. By doing this, the residents also cultivate collective memory, as it has been at least since the 10th century, as noted by Jean-Didier Urbain, that – in addition to its individual character – a European cemetery has had a collective dimension; it has been a collective mourning space. The present paper discusses this interpretation of a cemetery as a place for practicing collective memory. Due to the limitations of the publication, the text is a description of a single yet fundamental elementof the mosaic of memory in Kołobrzeg, which is related to its cultural dimension. This element is the Battle of Kołobrzeg, won after long and fierce combat on March 18, 1945, by the First Polish Army – the event that despite the passage of years remains for some residents one of the crucial figures of thinking about the city’s past. On the day of the commemorative festival, the memory of those engaged in that battle, soldiers who died in combat, is taken out of the Kołobrzeg imagery and becomes the subject of collective commemoration
Almost one hundred years ago Waldemar Jochelson, a member of North Pacific Jesup Expedition to Siberia, wrote that Yukaghirs were on the edge of extinction. It seems however that “the edge of extinction” is quite flexible phenomenon, because more than a hundred years after his expeditions, Yukaghirs are still “dying out”. In this article I present how the discourse of “extinction” is being used by Yukaghir elite to construct the politics of identity. This discourse is being used to create the group image of Yukaghirs as the last truly honest and noble people of taiga or tundra. Drawing on the concepts of Anthony D. Smith and James Clifford I want to show that ethnic survival does not have to assume the continuity of genotype, culture and language. A group can survive even if it is of mixed descent, has lost its language and culture, as long as it remembers the past and treats adopted culture and language as its own. Many authors point-out the existence of so-called “specific ethnic elements” responsible for ethnic survival. On the one hand, we could say that Jochelson’s Yukaghirs are gone, they have all died out. On the other hand, there are still local indigenous groups who call themselves Yukaghirs. Ethnic identity was a rather abstractive idea brought to “primitive” societies by white people (Russians in this case). In the past Yukaghir speaking tribes lived among Eveny speaking and Chukchee speaking tribes. In tundra, these three groups used a common name – Khangai – tundra people. Those arguments show that assimilation, acculturation and creolization took place among Yukaghirs at every stage of their history. Apparently, purity of gens, blood and culture are myths or legends human societies are addicted in referring to, but have very little to do with ethnic survival. What matters is not the physical existence of a group, but its cultural characteristics. This allows us look at the “dying out” as a relative phenomenon
Although glass was manufactured in China as early as 2nd half of the 1st millennium BC and the locally developed technologies allowed the production of both opaque glass, resembling nephrite, and translucent glass, still the multicolor, made of translucent glass vessels originating from Mediterranean and Iranian workshops were highly valued among the Chinese elites, especially in the 1st half of the 1st millennium A.D. The Author discusses the finds of imported glass vessels on China territory in the context of the local glass production development, as well as problems related to glass distribution, its function and value.
Although Jan Kowalczyk’s work on the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB) did not particularly refer to western Lesser Poland, many of his general and detailed reflections on Neolithic archaeology can be utilized to better characterise this culture in this territory. The TRB appeared there c. 3750/3700 BC and existed until c. 2800 BC. “Funnel Beaker” acculturation of the late Lengyel-Polgár populations could play a large part in the origins of the local branch of this culture. For many years, the TRB seemed to be scarcely represented. This notion has changed since early 1970s onwards, due to more and more intensive investigations. Currently, western Lesser Poland is perceived as an equally important region of the TRB development as other the most important ones both in Lowland and Upland zones. The local TRB communities were characterised by varied patterns of settlement and economic behaviours. These patterns were correlated with ecological differences.
Although the notion that the past was populated by cultural spheres containing relatively homogenous populations is pervasive, nuanced considerations of intra-culture variability allow for the recognition of local or regional identities that were simultaneously connected to but distinct from an overarching cultural sphere. This requires the identification of multiple interrelated cultural constituents and the recognition of a kind of cultural layering in which the identity or identities salient for members of a particular group are conceptualized as con-sisting of variably articulating categories that interact with and depend upon each other. Our approach to cultural variability and identity construction is based on this view and posits that cultural spheres studied in archaeological contexts can be divided into distinct but related cultural subgroups or dialects based on variations in material cultural data and studied independently or comparatively
Although the study of prehistoric children’s burials is of great interest for historians, archaeologists, and anthropologists alike, many authors have pointed out the scarcity of anthropological research efforts in this area. However, this may be attributable not so much to limited preoccupation with children’s burials, as to objective difficulties. This report presents some anthropological considerations concerning the skeletal remains of children from early medieval Radom. The percentage of children’s burials in the studied site was determined to be lower than that found for other skeletal series from this period in history, which may be attributed to the fragility of children’s remains as well as to incomplete exploration of the burial ground. Still, it should be remembered that interdisciplinary analysis of even scant amounts of skeletal material may expand our knowledge about populations living not only decades, but millennia ago
Am Anfang der Kölner Brücken stand die Konstantinische Brücke über den Rhein bei Deutz aus dem Jahr 315. Sie wurde der Tradition nach von Erzbischof Bruno I. um 967 eingerissen oder deren Brückenpfeiler beseitigt. Erzbischof Reinald van Dassel beabsichtigte, wohl eine Brücke über den Rhein zu errichten, hat diesen Traum allerdings nicht verwirklichen können. Seine Nachfolger hatten entweder kein Interesse oder nicht die Möglichkeit eines Brückenbaus. Die Einwohner Kölns verweigerten einen Brückenschlag aus Gründen ihrer Selbständigkeit und Sicherheit. Erst im 19. Jahrhundert wurden dann in zunehmendem Maße Brücken über den Rhein gebaut
Amber treatment workshops of Rzucewo culture communities have been discovered in recent years at the mouth of the lower Vistula in the Żuławy depression. Following morphological, technological and raw material classifications of discovered amber relics, the author discussed ceramic, flint and stone finds. Reconstructions of the production process of various forms of amber ornaments from the late Neolithic in the lower Vistula region have been based on the author's findings and on experimental studies. A comparative analysis of relics with well investigated assemblages of the Rzucewo culture on the south coast of the Baltic made it possible to date the Żuławy sites to the end of the III and beginning of the II millennium. There occurred in those times significant climatic changes resulting in a rather rapid draining of areas so far covered by the Vistula Gulf. Its western bank line shifted several kilometers to the east. This created advantageous conditions for the development of seasonal settlement of Rzucewo culture groups arriving from morainic plateaus. An inviting factor was the relatively easy access to amber the popularity of which rose rapidly in those times in distant inland areas. This led to the development of an animated barter in amber
Amber was one of the key raw materials distributed in Bronze Age Europe. One of its varieties – succinite – was exchanged over a vast area stretching from its sources on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The chemical identification of Baltic amber significantly expands our knowledge of the dynamics and nature of the relationships connecting different regions of Europe in the first half of the second millennium BC. One of the most significant cultural-geographical areas reached by this amber was the Carpathian Basin. This text presents a summary of the current state of knowledge about the context, chronology, and the extent of amber occurrence in the Hungarian Bronze Age. At the same time, it supplements the catalogue of finds with artefacts acquired in recent years, providing new information regarding radiocarbon dating and spectral analysis of selected amber artifacts. <br>
Among numerous and various finds obtained during excavations on the Magdalenian culture site at Wilczyce near Sandomierz two mobile art works were distinguished - anthropomorphic schematic representations of a woman, described as Venus figurines. One of them is made of ivory, the other one of a massive flint flake. In respect of style the finds bear an evident resemblance to those known from many Magdalenian culture sites in Western and Central Europe
Among the leather shoes uncovered in late medieval towns, the special place take up the wooden-leather pattens which protected feet against the moisture and mud. In medieval Kołobrzeg a small amount of such shoes was found. These pattens are the same as the examples from many north-western Europe. They represent the same technology, form and decoration
Among the products of chocolate flint the precores and cores of exceptionally large size draw particular attention. These are carinated specimens with narrow flaking faces, striking platforms prepared usually only within active area, and with two flaking faces on two opposite sides of flint chunk being prepared for exploitation. Lateral sides are cortical, distal ends also either covered with cortex or natural. Although they were found in ambiguous cultural contexts, their morphometric characteristics allow to associate them with Eneolithic, the so-called post metric revolution stage of the development of prehistoric flint knapping. The following paper presents two specimens of this type that are firmly placed in the context of a Lublin-Volhynian culture settlement at site ‘Grodzisko I’ in Złota, Sandomierz district, which indirectly also clarifies cultural attribution of the remaining similar items
Among the Torghuts of Western Mongolia, some elaborated forms of rituals like wedding and funeral, although discontinued, are still remembered in detail, while their symbolism is forgotten. In the wedding games – being a set of five playful competitions between the bride givers and takers – the process of gradual acquisition of social roles of the bride/wife by the groom’s side is demonstrated, whereas the contested objects (a sheep tibia bone, a carpet, a goat skin etc.) are symbols of her kin group affiliation, her dowry, and her place in the new household, respectively. The games, being a series of mock-refusals and takeovers, with their intrinsic retardations, provide an embodied experience of a gradual passage of the bride, commemorating this event in the social memory
Among vessels used in the Early Medieval Ages in the area of western Lesser Poland, special attention should be paid to specimens made of ceramic fabric with a tempering agent composed of minerals containing calcium carbonate. Such vessels are usually labelled as Kraków “white” pottery. The “white” pottery from the area of the Nida Basin may be characterized on the basis of vessels made of clay with calcium carbonate admixture discovered in archaeological features. The most numerous materials derive from hillforts in Stradów and Szczaworyż. This pottery could have been some kind of a tribal emblem. For more than 200 years it was dominating among vessels in western Lesser Poland. The group producing vessels made of calcium carbonate fabrics may be the Vistulans mentioned in written sources.
An analogous perception of the grave as a “residence” for the deceased belongs to the archaic sphere within the traditional spiritual culture of many communities, not only within Europe. Even today, such an attitude can be observed in the behavior, imagination and reflection of our contemporaries, especially those belonging to the oldest generation. In the context of these ideas, such persons tend to prepare their own burial place even though they are still alive. The paper is focused on the current forms of preparing one’s own “residence” at a cemetery, and the attitudes attendant on this phenomenon. Presented material is based on the long-term ethnological research of the problems in the rural environment of Slovakia. It presents its genesis, analyzes the strategies of preparing burial site (alternatively: a place for the insertion of a urn), defining the motives of such behavior, and the individual forms of “occupying” the place at the cemetery even though the person in question is still alive
An analysis of map charts of Upper Silesia from the second half of the 18th century allows us to identify at least a few lost settlements and hamlets. There is no doubt that one such lost settlement existed upon the Bierawka river, in the vicinity of the present-day villages of Trachy (Althammer) and Tworóg Mały (Quarghammer). Regrettably, the exact location of this settlement has never been identified. An archival query and test excavations demonstrated that the settlement actually came into existence and developed as late as the Modern Period. A fragment of a stone and brick foundation that was uncovered in the course of excavations was the vestige of a hut or of a more professional industrial workshop, such as a finery or forge. It was equipped with a waterwheel. Unfortunately, the reasons behind the disappearance of the village are unknown. It may have been caused by one of the epidemics which affected the inhabitants of Upper Silesia in the 19th century or by another cataclysm. It cannot be excluded, however, that the disappearance may have been due to the economic transformations of the 19th century
An analysis of the source and interpretation base for the so-called masks from Opole is the prime objective of this article. These objects became a part of studies on the religion of the Western Slavs in pre-Christian times and quickly took on iconic status. However, the virtually uncritical acceptance of the identification of these two artifacts, proposed more than half a century ago Helena Cehak-Hołubowiczowa, is surprising at the very least. None of the later researchers questioned the findings, thus entrenching the research paradigm. The masks from Opole have also been used to develop a variety of ideas concerning pagan rites in Polish lands in early medieval times. The article undertakes a revision of currently accepted interpretations and a critique of theories put forward on their basis
An antler bolt or arrow shaft plane is a tool rarely found in the archaeological materials. Even if one is discovered, it is probably incorrectly interpreted as a part of a musical instrument (a recorder or a pipe). Furthermore, it is believed that apart from the bone, stone and antler arrow or bolt shaft planes were also made of hardwood, which have not been preserved until today. It is a reason why in Poland we know only a few examples of this type of tool – the one discussed from the stronghold in Muszyna and one from the collection of Royal Castle in Warsaw. Therefore, this paper attempts to explain how the planes look like, how they were used and how to distinguish them from a musical instrument in order to avoid misinterpretations in the future, and maybe, to start a bigger work based on a larger number of relicts
An archaeologist, just as every private person looking back to the past, creates its images on the basis of elements which are available in the present. In my opinion, nowadays, particularly in Polish archaeology, a discourse upon memory is taking place and the projecting identity is being formed on the basis of the memory. And an inclination for personifying of the past begins to dominate, also "in" and "through" popular culture/culture of pleasure (partly - theme parks, especially - archaeological fests). The interwar period, the times of J. Kostrzewski and of the discoveries in Biskupin as well as the period until the end of the 80s of the 20th century were periods when the discourse upon tradition was taking place and the identity, legitimizing for instance entitlement to specific lands, was formulated on the basis of archaeological discoveries. However, either then and now the meaning of the past and the need for the past have been investigated, though in a different way. The past of Biskupin was used and continues being used in the aforementioned discourses; "belonging" to all times, as a matter of fact it "does not belong" to anyone
An early neolithic LPC settlement was discovered at sites 17-20 in Kraków-Nowa Huta (former village of Pleszów). The oldest settlement traces come from the Gniechowice and Zofipole phase. In the “Notenkopf” phase a settlement developed at the edge of the Vistula terrace which was abandoned during the Želiezovce phase. Of this settlement only remains of a camp are left. Subsequently a more extensive settlement was set up ca 200 m east (ca 1.5 ha). The final LPC phase is represented by only one house. Analysis of settlement remains and associated ceramic and stone finds (mainly shoe-last implements) have been describedin relation to the whole settlement complex developing on the Vistula terrace near Cracow. Materials from Pleszów settlement correspond to the two earliest settlement phases identified in the palynological profile. Pollen levels in the profile have been fully synchronized with the development of the Neolithic settlement
An illustrious scholar in the field of the prehistory of Central Europe and North-eastern Africa, former Director of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, member of many international and Polish organizations, Professor Romuald Schild celebrates his eighty-fifth birthday in 2021. Since his retirement 14 years ago he has remained active in his field, actively participating in field research in Poland and leading a program for the protection of monuments of Neolithic culture from the Western Desert in Egypt. He has also published three comprehensive monographs of sites in Poland that are of crucial importance for the study of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods
An important role in the extraction and utilisation of siliceous rocks was played by the Udorka Valley region, situated in the south-eastern part of the Ryczów Upland. In this region, numerous outcropsof various siliceous rocks are located including outcrops of chocolate flint, and many sites with artefacts from chocolate flint dated from the Middle Palaeolithic. In Udorka Valley, in the area of chocolate flint outcrop, a number of small depressions in the ground with unfinished flint artefacts were encountered and which have been tentatively considered to be remnants of the activities of prehistoric miners. The area under scrutiny was investigated using airborne laser scanning methods (LiDAR, ALS). This paper presents the preliminary results
An increasingly important role in the study of prehistoric cultural landscapes is played nowadays by various methods of non-invasive archaeological prospection, such as aerial photography, remote sensing, airborne laser scanning and terrestrial geophysical surveying. In Polish archaeology, which has pioneered in many aspects the use of aerial photography and geophysical methods, investigations of this kind have a long history and can boast many successful applications, but the intensity of their use continues to be uneven. In the case of the region of Silesia (southwestern Poland), non-invasive prospection has been sporadic and hardly regular. However, recent projects have yielded data that will most likely increase the number of known Neolithic and Early Bronze Age sites in Silesia, especially ditch enclosures and other monuments. The implementation of modern archaeological prospection methods has often contributed to a better understanding of already recorded sites and has been beneficial not only in furthering knowledge about the past, but also in protecting the archaeological heritage
An interesting relation on the last years of Prof. Józef Kostrzewski - a prominent Polish archaeologist, co-founder of the Poznań University and explorer of the famous Early Iron Age fortified settlement at Biskupin - has been discovered recently at the Archives of Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań Branch. Its author - Professor's only daugther Maria Kostrzewska-Orlewicz, plentifully quotes her father's correspondence from 1953-1969
An overview of the methods used by the authors of Chapter 5 from a monograph on analysis of the Globular Amphorae culture remains from the Koszyce site 3 (M. Kuś, A. Ossowski 2013) suggests a series of methodological objections. DNA analysis of the same material performed in accordance with generally accepted rigors of ancient DNA research raises doubts about authenticity of the published sequences and their interpretation.
Analiza odkrycia w Blatnicy podważa dotychczasowy pogląd na temat charakteru tego znaleziska: nie jest to zespół grobowy, ale najpewniej skarb. Wynikają stąd określone konsekwencje dla problematyki blatnickiej, przede wszystkim obecnie można racjonalnie wyjaśnić rolę 3 zasadniczych elementów: awarskiego, zachodnioeuropejskiego i słowiańskiego. To z kolei spowodowało konieczność zmiany treści dotychczasowych pojęć związanych z problematyką blatnicką bądź wprowadzenia nowych terminów
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