Predation of Eurasian lynx on roe deer and red deer in Bialowieza Primeral Forest, Poland - Okarma, H.; Jedrzejewski, W.; Schmidt, K.; Kowalczyk, R.; Jedrzejewska, B. (1997)
Patterns of lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) predation on ungulates were studied in the Polish part of Białowieża Primeval Forest (580 km2) from scats and prey remains of lynx between 1985-1996, and radiotracking of 18 lynx between 1991-1996.
Keywords: Capreolus capreolus; Cervus elaphus; Lynx lynx; kill rate; Poland; predation; prey selection; ungulates; Białowieża Primeval Forest

Badger density and distribution of setts in Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland and Belarus) compared to other Eurasian populations - Kowalczyk, R.; Bunevich, A. N.; Jędrzejewska, B. (2000)
Distribution and occupancy of setts by badgers Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) were surveyed in Białowieża Primeval Forest (1450 km2), one of the best preserved temperate lowland forests in Europe, in 1946-1961 and 1979-1999.
Keywords: Belarus; Białowieża Primeval Forest; density; distribution; geographic variation; Meles meles; Palearctic Region; Poland; population density; sett occupancy

The roles of predation, snow cover, acorn crop, and man-related factors on ungulate mortality in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland - Okarma, H.; Jędrzejewska, B.; Jędrzejewski, W.; Krasiński, Z. A.; Miłkowski, L. (1995)
The relative importance of various mortality factors was studied in populations of European bison Bison bonasus, moose Alces alces, red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, and wild boar Sus scrofa in the expoited and protected parts of Białowieża Primeval Forest, eastern Poland.
Keywords: Białowieża Primeval Forest; Bison bonasus; Canis lupus; Lynx lynx; Cervidae; climatic condition; predation; Poland; Sus scrofa; ungulate mortality; żubr; Puszcza Białowieska; śmiertelność; kopytne

Variation in daily activity of the free-living Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx ) in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland - Schmidt, K. (Wiley-Blackwell, 1999)
Keywords: Białowieża Primeval Forest; Eurasian lynx; Forest; Lynx lynx; Poland

Maternal behaviour and juvenile dispersal in the Eurasian lynx - Schmidt, K. (1998)
Lynx Lynx lynx maternal behaviour and dispersal pattern were studied by radio-telemetry in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, E Poland from 1992-1995.
Keywords: behaviour; dispersal; juvenile; Lynx; Poland; Białowieża Primeval Forest

Winter home ranges and movements of polecats Mustela putorius in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland - Brzeziński, M.; Jędrzejewski, W.; Jędrzejewska, B. (1992)
Polecats Mustela putorius Linnaeus, 1758 inhabiting a 4.5-km stretch of Orłówka stream in the Białowieża National Park, were studied by live-trapping in autumn and winter 1989-91. Ten polecats (6 males and 4 females) were captured.
Keywords: Białowieża Primeval Forest; Poland; winter home ranges; movements; livetrapping; Mustela putorius; Tchórz zwyczajny; zimowy arał osobniczy; Polska

Speed and actual distances travelled by radiocollared wolves in Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland) - Musiani, M.; Okarma, H.; Jędrzejewski, W. (1998)
The relationship between the straight line distances (SLD), obtained from telemetry locations, and actual distances travelled by wolves Canis lupus (ADT), measured by snowtracking, was investigated in BIałowieża Primeval Forest, E Poland, in winter 1995/96.
Keywords: Białowieża; Białowieża Primeval Forest; Canis lupus; distances; movements; Poland; radio tracking; wilk; Puszcza Białowieska

Correlations of red ( Cervus elaphus ) and roe ( Capreolus capreolus ) deer densities in Scottish forests with environmental variables - Latham, J.; Staines, B. W.; Gorman, M. L. (Wiley-Blackwell, 1997)
Keywords: Capreolus; Capreolus capreolus; Cervus; Cervus elaphus; Correlation; Correlations; Deer; Density; Elaphus; Forest; Red deer; Roe deer; Scotland

Food niche overlaps in a winter community of predators in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland - Jędrzejewski, W.; Jędrzejewska, B.; Szymura, A. (1989)
The preliminary results of studies on food niches of predators in the Białowieża National Park, the last remnant of European virgin lowland forests, are presented. The winter diet of seven native species (wolf, lynx, red fox, pine marten, polecat, stoat, and tawny owl) and one introduced species (racoon-dog) was determined by scat analysis. Pianka's index α of niche overlap was calculated.
Keywords: Białowieża Primeval Forest; food niche overlap; predators; winter community of predators; Canis lupus; Lynx lynx; Vulpes vulpes; Martes martes; Mustela putorius; Mustela erminea; Strix aluco; Nyctereutes procyonoides; nisza pokarmowa; zimowy zespół drapieżnikow; pokarm; dieta; skład pokarmu; wilk; ryś; lis; Kuna leśna; Tchórz zwyczajny; gronostaj; puszczyk; jenot

Bisoniana 121. Factors affecting the variability in home range size and distribution in European bison in the Polish and Belarussian parts of the Białowieża Forest - Krasińska, M.; Krasiński, Z. A.; Bunevich, A. N. (2000)
The size and spatial distribution of home ranges of the European bison Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Polish and Belarussian parts of the Białowieża Forest were studied in the years 1993-1998.
Keywords: Białowieża forest; Bison bonasus; distribution; European bison; home range; overlap; radio tracking; variability

Foraging by lynx and its role in ungulate mortality: the local (Białowieża Forest) and the Palaearctic viewpoints - Jędrzejewski, W.; Schmidt, K.; Miłkowski, L.; Jędrzejewska, B.; Okarma, H. (1993)
Lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) - ungulate relationships were studied in the exploited (530 km2) and pristine (47.5 km2) parts of Białowieża Primeval Forest during 1985 through 1992. In pristine forest, Sus scrofa (54%) and Cervus elaphus (35%) predominated in the ungulate community. In exploited forest, C. elaphus (36%) and Capreolus capreolus (33%) were most abundant.
Keywords: foraging activity; Lynx lynx; diet; food; feeding habits; mortality; Palaearctic; predator-prey relationships; prey choice; Białowieża Forest; ungulate mortality; ryś; dieta; pokarm; preferencje żerowe

Diet composition of badgers Meles meles in a pristine forest and rural habitats of Poland compared to other European populations - Goszczyński, J.; Jędrzejewska, B.; Jędrzejewski, W. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000)
Keywords: Badgers; European populations; Forest; Meles meles; Poland

Spatial organization and social relations in the Eurasian lynx population in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland - Schmidt, K.; Jedrzejewski, W.; Okarma, H. (1997)
The home range size, spacing pattern and intraspecific relations in the lynx Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in Białowieża Primeval Forest (eastern Poland), in 1991-1996. Eighteen lynx (11 males and 7 females) were captured and radio-collared. The mean autumn-winter home range size was 165 km2 for males and 94 km2 for females. In spring-summer, it was 143 and 55 km2, respectively. The mean life-time home ranges were 248 km2 for males and 133 km2 for females. Male home range size did not change significantly between autumn-winter and spring-summer seasons, however, their ranges icreased by 40-90% just before and during the mating season (December-March). The home range of females in the autumn-winter season was almost twice as large compared with the spring-summer period (94 vs 55 km2). The smallest home ranges were observed in breeding females during the two months after parturition (10 km) and these grew until the following spring. The home ranges calculated for 5-month periods shifted on average 4 km in adult males, 2.7 in adult females and 4.7 km in subadult males. One of the farthest shifts in the adult male range (8.7 km) was explained by the death of a neighbouring resident. The average overlap between adult males' ranges was 30%, while those between females was 6%. The largest overlap occured between adult males and females (62%) as well as between adult and subadult males (75%). The lynx showed a tendency to avoid each other. The average distance between neighbouring adult males was 11.6 km, and they were never found closer than 1 km to each other. The average distance between neighbouring females was 8.1 km. Besides a few meetings between males and females (during and outside the mating season), they were located separately (4.4 km from each other, on average). In 93% of the cases an adult female was recorded with her dependent kittens. It was concluded that home range size and spacing pattern in male lynx depend on the distribution of females, whereas spacing in females was determined by food-related factors.
Keywords: forest; home range size; Lynx lynx; organization; Poland; population; radio tracking; social relations; territoriality; ryś

Winter distribution and abundance of mustelids and beavers in the river valleys of Białowieża Primeval Forest - Sidorovich, V. E.; Jędrzejewska, B.; Jędrzejewski, W. (1996)
Lutra lutra, Mustela vison, M. putorius, M. erminea, M. nivalis, and the settlements of Castor fiber were surveyed along 170 km of rivers in Białowieża Primeval Forest (Poland and Belarus), the best preserved temperate lowland forest in Europe. The censused rivers varied from very small (1-5 m wide, <1 m deep) to medium-sized (11-15 m wide, up to 3 m deep). Mustelids were counted by tracks left in snow.
Keywords: abundance; Białowieża Primeval Forest; Castor fiber; winter distribution; habitat niches; Lutra lutra; Mustela erminea; Mustela putorius; Mustela vison; Bóbr europejski; Norka amerykańska; wydra; gronostaj; łasica; Tchórz zwyczajny

Studies on the European hare. 54. Relationship between density of brown hare Lepus europaeus and landscape structure in Poland in the years 1981-1995 - Panek, M.; Kamieniarz, R. (1999)
The relationships between the density of brown hare Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 and landscape structure were analysed on the basis of data collected for 11 study areas between 1991 and 1994, and hunting reports from all the 49 provinces of Poland covering the period 1981-1995.
Keywords: population density; landscape structure; Lepus europaeus; Poland

Winter bed-site selection by red deer Cervus elaphus xanthopygus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus bedfordi in forests of northeastern China - Chen, H.; Li, F.; Luo, L.; Wang, H.; Ma, J. (1999)
Winter bedding sites used by red deer Cervus elaphus xanthopygus Milne-Edwards, 1867 and roe deer Capreolus capreolus bedfordi Thomas, 1908 were studied in the forests of northeastern China from 1991 to 1992.
Keywords: Capreolus capreolus; Cervus elaphus; China; discriminant functional analysis; forest associations; Red deer; roe deer; selection; winter

Structure of wild boar harvest in the Białowieża Primeval Forest - Miłkowski, L.; Wójcik, J. M. (1984)
A description is given of the wild boar harvest in the western part of the Białowieża Primeval Forest during the hunting seasons 1970/71-1979/80. The average number obtained was 7.6 animals/1000 ha of forest. Piglets formed only a small proportion (12%) of the harvest, while the proportion of adult males was high (35%).
Keywords: Białowieża Primeval Forest; structure of harvest; Sus scrofa; dzik; odstrzał; łowiectwo; liczebność

Bisoniana 115. Do the abiotic environmental factors influence the reproduction rate in the free-ranging European bison in Białowieża Primeval Forest ? - Gill, J. (1998)
Abiotic factors such as sunspot activity, radiation, insolation, air temperature and rainfall in the Białowieża Primeval Forest were measured for 26 years and the number of mature cows and bulls, calves born each year, bull/cow and calf/cow ratios were counted.
Keywords: Białowieża; Białowieża Primeval Forest; Bison bonasus; environmental factors; European bison; free-ranging; meteorological data; number of calves; reproduction rate; żubr; Puszcza Białowieska

Variation in cohort mandible size as an index of roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ) densities and population trends - Hewison, A. J. M.; Vincent, J. P.; Bideau, E.; Angibault, J. M.; Putman, R. J. (Wiley-Blackwell, 1996)
Keywords: Capreolus; Capreolus capreolus; Deer; Density; Mandible; Mandible size; Population; Population dynamics; Population trends; Roe deer; Size; Trends; Variation

Some properties of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) at exceptionally high population-density in Scotland - Mitchell, B.; Crisp, J. M. (Wiley-Blackwell, 1981)
Keywords: Cervus; Cervus elaphus; Deer; Elaphus; Population density; Properties; Red deer; Scotland

Relative population density of the house mouse in Poland: an analysis of owl pellets - Ruprecht, A. L. (1986)
The relative density of the house mouse in Poland was estimated on the basis of the perecentage it formed in 938 collections of owl pellets from period 1955-1971, in squares of the 50X50 km UTM grid. Regions situated to the west of the River Vistula are characterized by low and medium density of the house mouse. High and very high density of M. musculus was found in the Pomeranian Lake District (square CE), Masovian Lowland (DC) and Sandomierz (EB) and Lublin Uplands.
Keywords: population density; Mus musculus; owl pellets; Poland; relative density; zagęszczenie względne; mysz domowa; zrzutki sów

Population fluctuations of the muskrat in coastal northern Sweden - Danell, K. (1985)
The fluctuations of five muskrat populations in coastal northern Sweden are described over periods of 7-14 years. The population in Sladan was studied more intensively since it colonized this area around 1963. During the last 14 years it fluctuated with a periodicity of 4 years. This time length is identical to the vole cycle length in the area.
Keywords: density; Sweden; Ondatra zibethica; population fluctuations; predation; piżmak; drapieżnictwo

Bisoniana 112. Composition, group size, and spatial distribution of European bison bulls in Białowieża Forest - Krasińska, M.; Krasiński, Z. (1995)
European bison Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) bulls were observed in the Białowieża Primeval Forest between 1976 and 1990. During snow-free periods mean (±SD) group size was 1.63 ± 1.05. Mean group size in pre-rut was 1.83 ± 1.19 and was significantly (p < 0.001) larger than mean bull group size in rut 1.27 ± 0.63. Most often bulls were solitary (62.0%), small groups of up to 3 bulls were accounted in 32.2% of observations, and groups of 4-9 individuals in 5.8% of observations. In pre-rut period bulls active in reproduction (6-11 years old) secluded themselves from mixed groups; they lived solitary or in bull groups. Mean summer home range size of bulls over 4 yrs old was 2288.0 ± 696 ha. Mean monthly home range in pre-rut period was 963.3 ± 406.4 ha, i.e. significantly (p < 0.001) smaller than in rut (1662.0 ± 510.6 ha). In the snow-free season bulls mostly used fresh and moist deciduous forests (28.9 and 19.1%). Bulls used tree stands more than 20 yrs old (54.3% of observations), but also open areas, i.e. young plantations up to 10 yrs of age, clearcuts and meadows (alltogether 37.3% of observations). In winter, on an average 35% of adult bulls entered large mixed aggregationsgathering near two supplementary feeding sites. The remaining bulls took adventage of other feeding racks or ener farmland. Mean winter home range size of bulls was 426.1 ± 307 ha, and is significantly positively correlated to the aninal age.
Keywords: Białowieża Primeval Forest; Bison bonasus; bulls group size; group size; spatial distribution; habitat use; home range; Poland; żubr; Puszcza Białowieska; Polska; wielkość grupy; grupy byków

The relative densities of red ( Cervus elaphus ) and roe ( Capreolus capreolus ) deer and their relationship in Scottish plantation forests - Latham, J.; Staines, B. W.; Gorman, M. L. (Wiley-Blackwell, 1996)
Keywords: Capreolus; Capreolus capreolus; Cervus; Cervus elaphus; Deer; Density; Elaphus; Forest; Population density

Population dynamics of the red fox in central Poland - Goszczyński, J. (1989)
The analysis of changes in the density of the red fox population over a period of several years showed a considerable stability of this population.The average density in winter was about 0.43 animal/km2. A high reduction of foxes in winter (52%) seems to be mainly a result of hunting. In the population of adult foxes females prevailed. Litter size and the survival of cubs till the hunting season depended on the availability of small mammals (mainly rodents). The expected mean life span at birth (E0) was low (0.84-0.91 year) as compared to populations subjected to lower hunting pressure. Only one fourth of foxes born survived to the age of 12 months.
Keywords: Poland; density; population dynamics; mortality; reproduction; Vulpes vulpes; dynamika populacji; zagęszczenie; śmiertelność; lis; Polska