TY - GEN N2 - This paper represents an empirical investigation into the risk of poverty or social exclusion facing immigrants across Europe. The methodological approach is based on the set of ‘Zaragoza indicators’, in the domain of social inclusion, together with some proposed additional ones: income distribution and monetary poverty, material deprivation, in-work poverty, child poverty and risk of poverty or social exclusion. The main research question concerns whether immigrants/third-country nationals and nationals constitute two rather distinct groups in terms of exposure to poverty or social exclusion. Mainly using data from the EU-SILC Survey, we find that third-country nationals are severely disadvantaged in most countries, and are occasionally exposed to risks multiple times higher than nationals. There are European countries with similar immigrant populations in which these immigrants experience less favorable outcomes compared to other populations in other countries. Comparative analysis allows us to test the significance of different welfare systems in protecting vulnerable groups such as immigrants, using Eurostat statistics and the Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX). In a cross-country analysis, taking demographic and macro-economic differences into account, results show that the impact of social expenditure on poverty is not significant when it comes to protecting third-country nationals. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141360/PDF/WA51_176118_r2019-t37_EuropaXXI-Balourdos.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 37 (2019) PY - 2019 EP - 124 KW - immigrants KW - poverty KW - social exclusion KW - social expenditure KW - Zaragoza indicators A1 - Balourdos, Dionyssis. Autor A1 - Petraki, Maria. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 37 CY - Warszawa SP - 105 T1 - Immigrant social inclusion in Europe: A descriptive investigation UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141360 ER - TY - GEN N2 - In-migration into the EU has become an important issue in recent decades, as an important component accounting for population changes in Europe. In contrast, it was after the fall of communism that out-migration grew into a major – but also relatively new – phenomenon affecting Romania. Especially after 2002, in which year Schengen visa requirements were waived, rapid growth in circular migration was encouraged; with a further migratory wave ensuing after 2007, due to free access to the European labour market. Against that background, work detailed in this paper has sought to provide insights into specific features of the process of out-migration, as this relates to social development. Use was made of statistical data available at NUTS 2 (Development Regions) level, as provided by the National Institute of Statistics; as well as various further data and information from both the World Bank and EUROSTAT. To achieve the objective specified above, efforts have been made to select indicators shown to offer a broad and accurate picture of both out-migration (via an out-migration rate indicator) and levels of social developmental (via a Socially Disadvantaged Index). The effects of what mainly proves to be temporary out-migration are very important, as they drive temporary loss of human capital, with Romania appearing in statistics among the main sources of labour-migration flows. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141359/PDF/WA51_176117_r2019-t37_EuropaXXI-Mitrica.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 37 (2019) PY - 2019 EP - 70 A1 - Mitrică, Bianca. Autor A1 - Damian, Nicoleta. Autor A1 - Mocanu, Irena. Autor A1 - Grigorescu, Ines. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 37 CY - Warszawa SP - 53 T1 - Exploring the links between out-migration and social development in Romania. A Development Region-based approach UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141359 ER - TY - GEN N2 - The discussion surrounding the impact of territorial cohesion policy, and the territorial prioritization of cohesion policy, can offer significant insights by problematizing spatial justice. The notions of territoriality, mobility and peripherality are presented and analyzed due to their relevance to territorial cohesion, but also because they may strengthen the concept of spatial justice. The main objective of this paper, and by extension of this issue, is to stress the relevance of spatial justice as a concept created to address socio-spatial and territorial inequalities and useful when framing policy strategies, articulating policy goals, implementing policies, or taking actions to mitigate socio-spatial inequalities. The paper is organized in four sections. The introductory section presents social and economic inequalities as signifiers of the (un)sustainability of the European project and stresses the challenges facing territorial cohesion policy. The second section includes a conceptualization of spatial justice which plays to both the analytical strength and normative rigour of the concept. Third, there is a brief discussion of the notions of territoriality, mobility and peripherality. The final section is dedicated to a description of the basic features of the six papers included in this issue. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141358/PDF/WA51_176108_r2019-t37_EuropaXXI-Papadopoul.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 37 (2019) PY - 2019 EP - 21 KW - mobility KW - peripherality KW - socio-spatial inequalities KW - spatial justice KW - territory A1 - Papadopoulos, Apostolos G. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 37 CY - Warszawa SP - 5 T1 - Editorial: Spatial Justice in Europe. Territoriality, Mobility and Peripherality UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141358 ER - TY - GEN N2 - In this paper, I deal with the phenomenon of Albanian return migration. I focus on the category of returned migrants from Greece, who own a small business in Tirana, the capital of Albania. The aim of the research is to explore the circumstances under which the migrants decided to return and set up a business. I try to analyze the reasons they engaged in entrepreneurial activities through the necessity-opportunity entrepreneurship approach. Some became entrepreneurs out of necessity to avoid unemployment; others because of business opportunities. Within this last group of opportunity-seizing returned migrants, there are some who planned their return and intended to set up a business before migrating. Their objectives in Greece were to save money and gain the know-how enabling them to start and run a business back in Albania. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141357/PDF/WA51_172789_r2019-t37_Europa-XXI-Kerpaci.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 37 (2019) PY - 2019 EP - 103 A1 - Kerpaci, Kalie. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 37 CY - Warszawa SP - 89 T1 - Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141357 ER - TY - GEN N2 - Euroregion Baltic faces strong depopulation pressure, with Poland and Lithuania both experiencing marked population declines, especially in rural areas, in the last 20 years – thanks to immigration abroad. Internal immigration to these countries’ cities is also taking place. While Germany, Sweden, Russia and Denmark have achieved temporary improvements in population indicators, this was thanks to their willingness to take in war refugees – a factor therefore incidental in nature, and not impacting upon an overall trend seeing people move out of rural areas in large numbers. With a view to this challenge being addressed in a more permanent way, research described here assessed whether the introduction of youth-policy measures might allow for better revamping of regional policies so as to persuade young people to remain in their regions. An assumption underpinning this work was that departure from a region reflects deficits in spatial justice, first and foremost an unequal distribution of infrastructure vis-à-vis education, housing, recreation, jobs, and so on. To determine which spheres critically underpin a decision to leave, young people’s preferences for their futures were studied under the CASYPOT project, involving 6 localities in four of the Euroregion’s states. In the event, the research was able to confirm a capacity on the part of youth surveys to deliver information on factors critical to decision-making that can be regarded as of value as regional policies are reorientated to try and ensure a higher level of spatial justice. The survey showed that factors most likely to prompt out-migration among young people relate to insufficient educational services and the inadequacy of the labour market. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141356/PDF/WA51_172788_r2019-t37_Europa-XXI-Kulawczuk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 37 (2019) PY - 2019 EP - 88 KW - migration KW - policy change management KW - regional policy KW - spatial justice KW - youth policy KW - youth survey A1 - Kulawczuk, Przemysław. Autor A1 - Poszewiecki, Andrzej. Autor A1 - Szczęch, Adam. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 37 CY - Warszawa SP - 71 T1 - The Needs of Youth and Spatial Justice. How the Inclusion of Youth Preferences Can Support Targeted Regional Policies UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141356 ER - TY - GEN N2 - Seasonal workers are increasingly being used globally to provide a short-term workforce, filling positions in the labour market that are often difficult, dirty and shunned by native born workers. Seasonal schemes are promoted in typically economic terms, offering a triple win where the host society gains from flexible labour; the sending country benefits from remittances and skill transfers; and migrants themselves gain from access to the labour market. However, they have been found to support the uneven economic participation of workers in global production processes and they typically marginalise workers socially. Drawing from examples elsewhere and using Nancy Fraser’s three-dimensional perspective of social justice (2005), this article examines the prospect for developing socially just seasonal work programmes. It is logical that most societies seek to promote seasonal worker schemes that allow workers to be treated according to the rules of justice. And yet, research has shown the exploitation of many different types of migrant workers. Following Fraser, the article asks to what extent recognition, redistribution and representation can be achieved through seasonal worker schemes? It identifies key issues for consideration if social justice is to be upheld. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141355/PDF/WA51_169926_r2019-t37_Europa-XXI-McAreavay.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 37 (2019) PY - 2019 EP - 52 KW - agri-food KW - migration KW - seasonal worker schemes KW - social justice A1 - McAreavy, Ruth. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 37 CY - Warszawa SP - 37 T1 - Seasonal worker schemes: can they achieve social UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141355 ER - TY - GEN N2 - Ever since Ravenstein’s work on the “Laws of Migration”, the determinants/drivers of migration--that is, the question: ‘Why do people migrate?’ – has been at the heart of migration studies. The exploration of migration/mobility processes also emphasizes the ways that migrants decide to leave and embark on their journey and how migratory practices may orient and motivate the (im)mobility decisions and aspirations of other migrant actors, establishing various ‘cultures of migration’ and creating new ‘imaginaries of mobility’ that shape future movements. The paper aims to explore the changing aspirations of migration that influence the migration decision-making of Romanian migrants and the way these are shaped by micro, meso and structural factors in both sending and receiving countries. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141354/PDF/WA51_169843_r2019-t37_Europa-XXI-Fratsea.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 37 (2019) PY - 2019 EP - 36 KW - aspirations KW - cultures of migration KW - Romanian migration KW - territorial inequalities A1 - Fratsea, Loukia-Maria. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 37 CY - Warszawa SP - 23 T1 - The unwritten ‘laws of migration’: reflections on inequalities, aspirations and cultures of migration UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141354 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 29 cm L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141353/PDF/WA51_173701_r2020-t39_Europa-XXI-Komornicki.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 39 (2020 ) PY - 2020 EP - 125 KW - Bálint Csatári KW - geographers A1 - Lennert, József. Autor A1 - Komornicki, Tomasz. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 39 CY - Warszawa SP - 121 T1 - In Memoriam: Bálint Csatári (1949–2019) UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141353 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 29 cm N2 - fair access N2 - internet bakning N2 - SME N2 - spatial justice N2 - traditional banking N2 - Virtual space N2 - The aim of this article is to present results of long-term empirical research on the changing behavior of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland in the context of spatial exclusion and spatial ‘justice’. Between 2007 and 2015, the authors conducted cyclical research on the financial behavior of SMEs in Poland on large samples. The scope of research on traditional and virtual space covered mainly: the criteria for selecting a bank for current service and the use of various banking services in particular distribution channels. In the researched period, the percentage of indications to convenient location as the most important factor for selecting a bank dropped from 29% to 16%. In the entire period under research, the highest percentage of indications to convenient location as the most important factor for selecting a bank was recorded in the micro enterprises sector. The percentage of entrepreneurs’ indications of fees and commissions as the most important factor in choosing a bank increase from 28% to 36%. Price parameters became the most important factor of bank selection in the SME sector. Virtual space was used primarily to distribute less complex banking services (checking the account balance and viewing the history of operations on the account, as well as to make transfers). In the case of more complex products, such as deposits or loans, traditional banking branches were preferred. In contrast to the results of the American research (Degryse & Ongena, 2002), in Poland there was no impact of the distance between the company and the bank branch on the loan utilization rates and the loan refusal rates. The research has shown that the virtual space equalizes the opportunities, facilitates business operations, contributes to a drop in prices and improvement in quality of the offered products and services, and renders the access to products and services fairer. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141352/PDF/WA51_173700_r2020-t39_Europa-XXI-Szczepanie.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 39 (2020 ) PY - 2020 EP - 81 A1 - Szczepaniec, Marek. Autor A1 - Jurkiewicz, Tomasz. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 39 CY - Warszawa SP - 63 T1 - The role of virtual space in ensuring ‘fair access’ to banking services –results of empirical research conducted in the Polish SME sector UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141352 ER - TY - GEN N2 - The present article deals with issues of cultural economics. The author sought to characterise cultural sector entities in Wrocław (Poland). The study is based on a statistical analysis of data from the Central Statistical Office (GUS) which characterise the cultural sector in Poland and in the studied city in 2010-2019. Special focus was given to provide the characteristics of the entities, including their number, number of employees, type of activity and spatial distribution. Based on the information collected, the author has formulated the following conclusions: recent years, especially the period 2016-2019, have witnessed a significant increase in the number of cultural entities, active especially in new media. Wrocław’s cultural sector entities tend to be located in the vicinity of the Old Town and along the axis running from the city centre to the south, all the way to the municipality of Kobierzyce. The new trends observed in the development of culture do not build on the potential developed back in the 20th century, for instance in the film or television industry. In some areas (including publishing, radio, television) one can observe intense competition from entities (both domestic and foreign) located in other cities, mainly in Warsaw. No single creative activity is prevailing in Wrocław, which means that the city has not yet selected its specialisation in the field of culture. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141453/PDF/WA51_175892_r2020-t93-no3_G-Polonica-Namyslak.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 93 No. 3 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 3 EP - 396 A1 - Namyślak, Beata. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 377 T1 - Cultural sector entities in Wrocław UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141453 ER - TY - GEN N2 - An important element in the local shaping of a low-carbon economy, as well as one of the key areas of activity in communal plans for its development should be rural areas and their related agricultural activities. This is due on the one hand to the significant share of agriculture in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Poland (on average about 8%, locally as much as 20-50%), and on the other hand to the high potential of rural areas to use their resources to increase carbon sequestration in biomass and soil, reduce GHG emissions, as well as use agricultural activity for the development of renewable energy. The paper, based on the results of mathematical modelling of GHG emission from agricultural sources in all Polish communes, attempts to regionalize the needs of integrating agriculture and rural areas into the development of low-carbon economy at the local level. For this purpose, the guiding factors for regionalisation of the needs for mitigation actions were determined, and a regionalisation of these needs as well as a typology of the distinguished regions were, consequently, developed. The regions with the most urgent needs for mitigation actions were indicated, as well as the directions of mitigation actions for particular types of regions. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141452/PDF/WA51_175704_r2020-t93-no3_G-Polonica-Kistowski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 93 No. 3 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 3 EP - 376 KW - agriculture KW - rural areas KW - mitigation of GHG emissions KW - Polish communes KW - low-carbon economy A1 - Kistowski, Mariusz (1963– ). Autor A1 - Wiśniewski, Paweł. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 361 T1 - Regionalisation of needs to reduce GHG emission from agriculture in Poland UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141452 ER - TY - GEN N2 - The problem of vacant commercial premises has been present in some central areas of transitional cities of Central and Eastern Europe, which have decayed in parallel to spatially uneven urban development processes and/or suburban expansion. This research aims to contribute to systematic analysis of the reasons for abandonment of commercial premises in the centre of Zagreb and exploration of revitalisation strategies, with an emphasis on the significance of citizen participation for successful planning and management of the city. The research was undertaken in two phases in May, 2016. The first included mapping of vacant commercial premises on selected streets in Zagreb’s centre. Next, using a non-probabilistic sample, a questionnaire survey was carried out face-to-face and online (N = 200). The results of the questionnaire survey showed the respondents’ awareness of the complex set of reasons underlying the occurrence and expansion of this phenomenon in the city centre and the need for urban regeneration, including a stronger regulatory framework at the city level. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141451/PDF/WA51_175655_r2020-t93-no3_G-Polonica-Kaufmann.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 93 No. 3 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 3 EP - 360 KW - viticulture KW - vineyards KW - wine tourism KW - rural areas KW - sustainable development KW - vacant commercial premises KW - city centre KW - questionnaire survey KW - mapping KW - Zagreb A1 - Kaufmann, Petra Radeljak. Autor A1 - Kliček, Slaven. Autor A1 - Bišćević, Filip. Autor A1 - Dokupil, Dino. Autor A1 - Jašinski, Davorin. Autor A1 - Begonja, Marijan. Autor A1 - Harjač, Doroteja. Autor A1 - Bosanac, Tamara. Autor A1 - Komes, Silvija. Autor A1 - Borčić, Lana Slavuj. Autor A1 - Stančec, Marko. Autor A1 - Zuanović, Mislav. Autor A1 - Korpar, Linda. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 341 T1 - Hollowing out and revitalising a post-socialist city centre: Vacant commercial premises in Zagreb UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141451 ER - TY - GEN N2 - The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of socially involved agriculture (social farming). Socially involved agriculture, involving the introduction of social services to already functioning farms, has been developing since the end of the 20th century in rural areas of virtually all of Europe as a new type of innovative activity. Social farming is an idea combining the multifunctionality of farms with care and health services, as well as social entrepreneurship. The aim of the article is an attempt to outline the essence of social farming and emphasise its role in the sustainable rural development in Poland. To this regard, the study combines theoretical considerations with a description of practical solutions in the country. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, selected initiatives and forms of their support. One of these forms of support in the field of social care and integration in rural areas is a caring farm, offering services based on its resources and infrastructure, enabling, e.g. agrotherapy. Socially involved agriculture is a chance for farmers to provide new services and thus expand and diversify their activities and a multifunctional role in society. Responsible implementation of additional farm functions will contribute to the implementation of a sustainable rural development model. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/141449/PDF/WA51_175507_r2020-t93-no3_G-Polonica-Czapiewsk.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 93 No. 3 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 3 EP - 319 KW - social farming KW - sustainable development KW - care farming KW - rural areas A1 - Czapiewska, Gabriela. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 307 T1 - Socially involved agriculture in sustainable rural development UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/141449 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 29 cm N2 - Although there is no ‘proper’ macro-regional strategy of the European Union for the Western Mediterranean, different works have, for decades, pointed out various factors of macro-regional coherence of this area, including many organisations and schemes of cooperation. After presenting the conceptual framework used to address the theme, we characterise the case and indicate the state of macro-regional cooperation in the area. Then we discuss the variables that contribute to this cooperation, and those that limit it. This case study sheds light on how macro-regionalisation, by combining a trans-meso scale and a post-complex rationale, induces a renewal of spatial references and planning policies in the European Union. It opens perspectives for the future programming period of territorial cooperation. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/140707/PDF/WA51_173698_r2020-t38_Europa-XXI-Perrin.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 38 (2020 ) PY - 2020 EP - 96 KW - European Union KW - macro-region KW - macro-regionalisation KW - territorial cooperation KW - Western Mediterranean A1 - Perrin, Thomas. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 38 CY - Warszawa SP - 77 T1 - The macro-regionalisation of the western Mediterranean, between renewal and uncompletion UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/140707 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 29 cm N2 - This paper provides new insights into the main pillars of the territorial universe of EU policies, by undertaking a systematic overview of European Union (EU) key territorial development reports, agendas and programmes. These include the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), the three Territorial Agendas, and the European Territorial Observatory Network (ESPON) reports. The evidence shows widespread territorialicy, understood as a process of incorporating a territorial driven policy design, implementation and evaluation paradigm, still largely dominated by territorial development and territorial cohesion policy rationales. However, the socioeconomic policy prism continues to dominate the design and analysis of EU policies by EU entities. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/140706/PDF/WA51_172637_r2020-t38_Europa-XXI-Medeiros.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Europa XXI 38 (2020) PY - 2020 EP - 31 KW - ESPON KW - EU cohesion policy KW - territorial capital KW - territorial cohesion KW - territorial development KW - territorialicy KW - territorial policies A1 - Medeiros, Eduardo. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 38 CY - Warszawa SP - 9 T1 - Fake or real EU Territorialicy? Debating the territorial universe of EU policies UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/140706 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Two events exerted an essential influence on the development of collaboration in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) in the 21st century, namely: extension of the EU in 2004, due to which Baltic Sea became the inner sea of the EU (except for the Russian coast), and the elaboration and implementation in 2009 of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, which established the framework for the contemporary deepening of cooperation among the Baltic states inside the EU structures. The initially adopted model of cooperation concentrated on the key environmental issues, to then get extended towards the policy domain, including the transborder policies (institutional cooperation), as well as transport and economic connections (Palmowski, 2017). The article, while following the stream of the current studies of the BSR as an economic region, tries to fill the gap of complexity and dynamism of development processes, concerning the scale and intensity of mutual economic relations in relation to BSR. Thus, the article presents the basic aspects, associated with the introduction of the macroregional strategies in the EU and a short description of the economic integration process of the BSR. Analysis is presented of the most important regularities regarding trade exchange between the countries of the BSR, with consideration of the quantitative changes (volume, dynamics), and of the structural ones (specialization of trade in goods and services), as well as the trade linkages at the local level, as seen from the perspective of Polish exports (case study). International comparisons are based primarily on the economic data on foreign trade in goods and in services. The analysis concentrates on the assessment of the transformations in the years 2011 2019 (for trade in services: 2011 2018), that is – already after the establishment of the Strategy and the period of recession, resulting from the global crisis of 2008. In the course of the recent years the changes in the trade linkages considered brought a significant increase in the volume of trade, both concerning goods and services (46.3%), which confirms the initial proposition of the deepening integration within the BSR. Yet, this process takes place in a spatially uneven manner, and it is significantly stronger for the trade in goods than for the services. Internal trade inside the region accounts for as much as 23.7% of the total trade of the BSR countries (this share for the EU countries amounting to 60.0%). Nowadays, the internal trade with the BSR countries is of the highest importance for the small economies of the Baltic states, which is partly due to their intermediate position between Western Europe and Eastern Europe (including, especially, Russia). The analysis of the spatial development of trade with the Nordic countries at the local level in Poland demonstrates the persistence of the applicability and popularity of the gravity models in the study of regula ities, associated with the development of export relations; for the local economies the distance to the sales market and the local economic base are the essential factors, differentiating the magnitude and the significance of exports, in this case – to the Nordic countries. The macroregional Strategy might be treated as a new form of diversified integration within the EU, while the elaborated instruments of the policy and the strategy implementation process can be seen as the response to the need of the cohesion policy, dedicated to the particular areas of supranational dimensions (Gänzle & Kern, 2016). The BSR is strongly internally differentiated, this statement applying to economic, social and demographic aspects (Kubka, 2018). Moreover, it can be expected that the region will remain a heterogeneous area (Laaser & Schrader, 2002), also in terms of the regional trade patterns. Thereby, new questions arise, concerning the further process of economic integration and the specificity of cooperation in the framework of the BSR. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/157606/PDF/WA51_189945_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Szejgiec.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 630 KW - Baltic Sea region KW - macroregional strategies KW - foreign trade in goods KW - international trade in services KW - flows of goods and services A1 - Szejgiec-Kolenda, Barbara. Autor A1 - Duma, Patryk. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 609 T1 - Powiązania handlowe wewnątrz makroregionu Morza Bałtyckiego – w kierunku integracji regionalnej = Trade linkages within the Baltic Sea region – towards regional integration UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/157606 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The article attempts to present dilemmas related to shaping metropolitan policy in Canada, and then relate them to problems occurring in Poland. It is a part of the debate on seeking the right governance configurations and discourses in response to the communities’ needs. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the scales of governance and socio-spatial relations in the Toronto metropolitan area. The article has been divided into four main parts. Part one outlines the theoretical framework and the context of the conducted analyses. Part two describes the structures and processes of regional and metropolitan governance in Southern Ontario, with the earlier reference to the institutional conditions and directions of reforms characteristic of the whole of Canada. Part three of the study concerns the governance arrangements that may constitute important reference points for the scientific and political discourse taking place in Poland. Part four is an attempt to capture the similarities and universal premises that have a decisive influence on the processes of forming metropolitan structures and policies, both in Canada and in Poland. The assumption was made that, despite different historical and socio-cultural conditions, comparing Canadian and Polish experiences is justified, necessary and possible. Firstly, due to the reason that socio-spatial relations in various territorial systems are subject to the same development processes and the accompanying processes of transformation and adaptation. Secondly, residents (members of local, metropolitan, regional, national and supranational communities) have similar needs and expect a high quality of life. Decision-makers and actors of political scenes in different geographical spaces have (or may have) the same technologies, ways of information processing, access to knowledge and knowledge of socio-economic processes. They also face challenges related to the inclusion of citizens in decision-making processes. The analysis of metropolitan processes in both countries emphasizes the differences resulting from various historical and economic contexts of development and also makes it possible to identify universal mechanisms and regularities independent of these contexts. The practice of metropolitan policy proves that the process of re-territorialization of power structures and governance is shaped as a resultant of the impact of forces and interests at all levels of territorial authorities: central, regional and local. Based on the analysis of the processes of the formation of metropolitan structures in Canada and Poland, it can be stated that the rank and position of regional authorities play a key role in it. In Canada, strong regional authorities initiate actions for the shaping of metropolitan structures and formulate the scope of their competence and organization. The importance of central authorities for the dynamics of metropolitan processes is secondary in this case. The weakness of regional authorities in Poland leads to the inability to give metropolitan processes the dynamics of development and the legislative rank adequate for the role played by urban regions in the socio-economic development of the country. As evidenced by the example of Toronto, the evolution of the governance system in practice initiates the process of self-learning the system which goes from one to another phase of development, improving the quality of its operation. In Poland, however, the process of creation of governance structures adequate for realistically existing functional metropolitan areas has been stopped, notably, due to the unfavourable political decisions at the central level. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/157605/PDF/WA51_189801_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Gajewski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 607 KW - regional development KW - metropolization KW - public governance KW - growth KW - Canada KW - case study A1 - Gajewski, Rafał. Autor A1 - Sagan, Iwona. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 591 T1 - Władze regionalne w zarządzaniu metropolitalnym. Polskie doświadczenia w odniesieniu do Kanady i regionu metropolitalnego Toronto = Regional authorities in metropolitan governance. Polish experience in the context of Canada and Toronto city-region UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/157605 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The review conducted in this paper provides for closer identification of social, psychological and economic determinants of effectiveness where environmental-protection instruments are concerned. It further supplies conclusions as to which of these instruments may prove most effective. Reference to research achievements in social psychology and behavioural economics sustains the idea that so-called “choice architecture” may enhance the effectiveness of local-government units’ environmental protection instruments. Analysis further sustains the conclusion that – on account of the psychological impact – efforts to specify environmental costs in money terms yield better results than the (verbal or written) discussion of these costs as left unquantified. Beyond that, analysis of relevant literature points to best results being achieved where instruments translate into costs incurred individually, as well as perceived benefits. Adaptation of different instruments to different societal targets renders environmental policy more effective, providing that people are left aware of the fact that other members of their community behave in a similar way. The integration of environmental policy with other sectoral policies (e.g. spatial or health policy) offers another means of raising effectiveness. Finally, environment policy should be based on a culture of participation an consensus-building between the often-conflicting interests of municipal stakeholders, and supported by frequent and legible public-communication campaigns. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/157604/PDF/WA51_189666_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Sokolowi.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 589 KW - environmental protection KW - behavioural economics KW - choice architecture A1 - Sokołowicz, Mariusz E. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 569 T1 - Siła przekonywania – wykorzystanie ekonomii behawioralnej i architektury wyboru w działaniach na rzecz ochrony środowiska w samorządach = The power of persuasion – the use of behavioural economics and choice architecture in local government policy on environmental protection UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/157604 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The paper is the result of a review of contemporary scientific literature on local-community participation in spatial planning. The aim of the review has been to determine those concepts which constitute the theoretical basis for studies, the areas in which the participation of a local community in planning is being examined, and the methods of involving inhabitants gaining most frequent description in the literature. The review included 96 relevant scientific articles from 2010‑2019 that are available in the Web of Science database. In practice, this literature is found to feature marked diversity when it comes to the ways in which community participation in planning is embedded theoretically. While the underpinning concepts derive mainly from the socio-political sciences, management, ecology or human geography are also represented, and reference is often made to the concept of deliberation and collaboration, as connected with the theory of communicative action. Note should also be taken of the importance of knowledge (especially lay knowledge) and learning as relatively new key concepts in the literature regarding social aspects of spatial planning. The said literature focuses on the search for new ways in which residents can be activated as regards planning, as well as ways in which they can be tested. There is therefore a prevalence of works that detail innovative initiatives by which inhabitants’ views on the space in which they function can be gained. Little attention is paid to translating the opinion and knowledge obtained from the community into planning decisions – this being an issue that researchers either ignore or treat very vaguely. This is then a significant gap in the output under analysis. The analysed works present local-community involvement in planning, mainly in urbanised areas, but also in valuable natural areas, including forests, wetlands, rivers, etc. Relatively little attention is paid to social participation in the planning of villages and small towns outside large agglomerations. It is surprising that there is very little work on grassroots community initiatives aimed at the local-level planning of space. The use of modern technologies in gauging society’s opinions and knowledge on space is what proves dominant where methodological scope is concerned. There is wide discussion of the possibilities and advantages inherent in methodology based on PPGIS and VGI. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/157603/PDF/WA51_189315_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Bednarek.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 567 KW - local community KW - spatial planning KW - public participation KW - literature review A1 - Bednarek-Szczepańska, Maria. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 543 T1 - Współczesne podejścia do uczestnictwa społeczności lokalnej w planowaniu przestrzeni w literaturze naukowej = A review of the scientific literature on contemporary approaches to local community participation in spatial planning UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/157603 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - This article of a theoretical and conceptual nature seeks to indicate possibilities for the dualisms applied in sociology to gain incorporation into the conceptualisation and operationalisation of the research on socio-economic development that geographers pursue. These dualisms should prove useful in explaining the mechanisms of social change as the driving force behind development. The article emphasises the role of structure and agency in explaining development mechanisms, proposes the pursuit of research at several levels simultaneously in line with sociology’s methodological dualisms, and also supplies examples of dichotomous categorisations and social structures that help with the understanding of development mechanisms. The incorporation of sociological dualisms into geographical considerations of development can bring new perspective to the design of research, triangulation (combining different methods of analysis) and conclusion-drawing. The result will be a readier challenge of geographers’ propensity to formulate deterministic dependences and perceive development factors as fully controlled. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/157602/PDF/WA51_189314_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Mantey.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 542 KW - dualism KW - sociology KW - levels of analysis KW - socio-economic development KW - dichotomous categorisations A1 - Mantey, Dorota. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 521 T1 - Socjologiczne dualizmy z perspektywy badań nad rozwojem społeczno-gospodarczym = Sociological dualisms from the perspective of research on socio-economic development UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/157602 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - The primary aim of the study was to identify the process of territorial expansion and spatial development in large cities of Poland: Wrocław, Warsaw and Cracow. This denoted the gathering of information on changes in administrative boundaries as well as population in the cities referred to – from the 13th century all the way through to modern times. The research hypothesis adopted was that cities expand their territories gradually, with each extension of administrative boundaries following a specific pattern and reflecting social and economic growth. The territorial development of a city (territorial change) thus relates to growth (change) in the administrative area, often in the form of expansion in relation to a widening of administrative boundaries, but with narrowing also possible. The spatial development of the city in turn follows the development of urbanised areas both within the boundaries and in the immediate vicinity of the given city. The study was inspired by observations on the specific nature of territorial growth in Wrocław and other large cities in Poland, for which analysis revealed some regularities to the settlement processes during different historical periods. Firstly, changes in the administrative boundaries of large cities followed a pulsatile pattern, with consecutive modifications alternating with periods of stability of variable length. Secondly, the territorial expansion of a city usually came after a period of dynamic social and economic growth both within existing boundaries and in the surrounding zone connected closely with the city and transformed under its influence. In turn, most longer periods in which boundaries were stable corresponded to periods of social and economic stagnation in the given city. Thirdly, the boundaries of cities changed when a certain climax point of population density was exceeded, and the city could no longer grow within its existing boundaries. Each extension contributed to an increase in the administered area and to population growth, albeit with populati n density decreasing considerably – in statistical terms – given the incorporation of new, less-urbanised areas offering free (potential) land for further urban growth. Fourthly, the sequence of development processes and their specific repeatability are cyclical in nature, and consecutive cycles are seen to end successive stages involving the extension of cities’ administrative boundaries. A single cycle of changes in the administrative boundaries of the city consists of five basic phases. Phase I is the initial phase, which takes place at the moment of foundation of a city, or in the case of subsequent cycles – when there is extension of the city limits. During phase II the number of residents and population density within the city borders increase as a result of socio-economic growth. During phase III population density within the city boundaries continues to increase, and after reaching the limit of its growth potential the city sprawls to the nearest neighbourhood. During phase IV the impact of the city n its neighbourhood stimulates further development of the suburbs. This process may also often encompass suburban villages or smaller towns strongly connected with the city. During phase V the functional link between the city and its neighbourhood (suburbs) is so strong that the administrative boundaries are extended to include suburban areas that represent a natural extension of the city. This contributes to an increase in area and population growth, as well as to a major decrease in population density within the new boundaries. This phase is at the same time the initial phase for the next cycle of a city’s spatial and territorial development. The above described cyclical pattern of territorial growth concerns a specific group of cities – monocentric regional centres developing as a result of the influence of centripetal forces in the physicalism and functional approach. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/157601/PDF/WA51_188628_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Szmytke.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 520 KW - territorial expansion KW - spatial development KW - development cycle KW - large cities A1 - Szmytkie, Robert. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 499 T1 - Rozrost terytorialny dużych miast w Polsce = Territorial development of large cities in Poland UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/157601 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - This article offers assumptions and results relating to six projection variants of demographic forecasting (scenario analysis of population change) elaborated for Warsaw City Hall (Śleszyński et al., 2019). The analysis was based on the population size estimated by reference to telemetry calculations obtained from the Orange Polska telephone company. It revealed that the so-called ‘night population’ size is larger by 213,000 than the registered population size of the Polish capital. Estimates were made for the 18 districts of Warsaw in one-year intervals for the 2018 2050 period, according to six variant scenarios (continuation, suburbanisation, concentration, polarisation, ‘low’ immigration and ‘high’ immigration). The scenarios were predominately differentiated in terms of internal and international migration levels, and was inter alia conditioned by the socio-economic development model for Poland and the spatial policy pursued in the Warsaw Metropolitan Area. Based on the respective variant, the population estimates for the city as a whole in 2030 range from 1,980,000 to 2,132,000, as compared with 1,785 2,249,000 in 2050. The most important conclusion, which implies practical solutions is related to the finding that till 2050 there is no basis to anticipate a stronger population growth in Warsaw. This reflects both the exhaustion of traditional source regions for migrants and the fertility rates in the city, which remain low in real terms, even if they are relatively high by the standards of Polish cities in general. Only a distinct intensification of immigration and a parallel inflow of migrants from other regions of Poland and abroad, would lead to a population growth of the city. The most probable variant is that of continuation, as it reflects the inertia among the key factors. This would at first denote an increase in population to 2,044,000 in 2028, followed by a slow decline (in 2040 – 2,005,000, in 2050 – 1,929,000). The ageing of the population and a marked increase in post-working age population are both inevitable. By 2050, the population in this category will most probably account for more than 25% of the total for Warsaw (as compared with 18 per cent currently). It is predicted that the downtown districts (especially Śródmieście and Praga Północ) will witness dec¬lines in the number of inhabitants, even as the so-called ‘developing’ parts of the city (like Białołęka, Wilanów or Ursus) continue to increase, while other external districts like Ursynów will move over to population stagnation. The main factor determining the condition and structure of Warsaw’s population will thus be migration, predominately including internal and international immigration. In the future, the most important factor determining mobility will be the absolute decrease in migration resources in the capital’s main basin. At the same time, the expected supply gap on the labour market (2 7 million people nationally by 2050) will result in competition for employees between urban centres at a much greater level than at present. In the case of Warsaw this may result in an intensification of three complementary processes, i.e. increased internal drainage, foreign immigration and commuting to work. There are several reasons why stagnation or population decline will pose no threat to Warsaw. Firstly, the capital ‘operates’ as a functional area, together with its suburban zone, for which at least weak population growth should be expected till 2050. Secondly, the future development of the capital city depends less on its population size, and more on the quality of human capital, including the size of the so-called ‘creative class’. The typical demographic burden parameters associated with the ratio of people of non-productive to productive age are also less important than the latter factor. While population loss in a city as large as Warsaw does not constitute a social problem, the occurrence and increase of social inequalities is a major one. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/157600/PDF/WA51_188627_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Sleszyns.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 497 KW - demographic forecast KW - scenarios of demographic development KW - social and economic polarization KW - Warsaw KW - Poland A1 - Śleszyński, Przemysław. Autor A1 - Kubiak, Łukasz. Autor A1 - Korcelli-Olejniczak, Ewa. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 475 T1 - Prognoza demograficzna dla Warszawy = A demographic forecast for Warsaw UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/157600 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - Studies dealing with the issue of polycentric urban development, both functional and morphological, often promote different approaches to the measurement of polycentricity. Relying on data on commuting patterns and the intra-regional distribution of population in Poland in 2011, we apply two measures of polycentricity to shed more light on the functional and morphological development of urban regions in Poland. We also explore the relationship between the two dimensions of polycentricity, using a functional/morphological primacy index and a general functional polycentricity index. The results reveal regions for which the different measures suggest divergent conclusions, while also implying that the measure used can determine the strength and statistical significance of the relationship between the two dimensions to polycentricity. As, in our view, it is the measure advocated by Burger et al. (2011) that best seems to differentiate between the different forms of urban structure, we use this to summarise patterns of polycentric urban development in Poland. The results illustrate: the statistical significance of the relationship between the two (morphological and functional) dimensions to polycentricity in Poland’s urban regions, and the way in which the level of functional polycentricity is higher than the degree of functional polycentricity. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/157599/PDF/WA51_188547_r2020-t92-z4_Przeg-Geogr-Bartosie.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 474 KW - polycentricity KW - urban regions KW - Poland KW - commuting A1 - Bartosiewicz, Bartosz. Autor A1 - Marcińczak, Szymon. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 92 CY - Warszawa SP - 455 T1 - Policentryczność regionów miejskich w Polsce = Polycentricity of urban regions in Poland UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/157599 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - This paper presents the first lichenometric curve of Rhizocarpon geographicum for the southern slope of the Tatra Mts (Slovak Tatras). The curve was developed based on measurements carried out in the years 2018-2019. The curve was constructed using measurement results from 9 objects of known time of origin, situated in the Tatra Mts. at an altitude of 1,250-1,900 m a.s.l. On each of them, the diameter of the 5 largest thalli was measured. Their average diameter was assigned an age value and then the lichen factor was calculated and a classical lichenometric curve was developed, as well as a modified curve taking into account the effect of altitude on the rate of thallus growth. The lichen factor is in the range between approx. 34.5 mm/100 years at 1,900 m a.s.l. and 44 mm/100 years at 1,250 m a.s.l. No significant differences were found in the rate of thallus growth between the southern and northern slopes of the Tatra Mts. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/153569/PDF/WA51_187844_r2020-t93-no4_G-Polonica-Kedzia.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 93 No. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 610 KW - lichenometric curves KW - Rhizocarpon geographicum KW - Tatra Mountains A1 - Kędzia, Stanisław. Autor A1 - Hreško, Juraj. Autor A1 - Bugár, Gabriel. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 597 T1 - Lichenometric curve for the southern slope of the Tatra Mountains (Slovak Tatras) UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/153569 ER - TY - GEN N1 - 24 cm N2 - In the 8th century, the first political boundary between Germany (the land of the Franks) and the Slav people – known as Limes Sorabicus – followed the line of the Rivers Elbe and its tributary the Saale. In later centuries this was breached under the influence of an eastwards political expansion of Germany also characterised by developing German colonisation in that same direction (of the so-called Ostsiedlung). The consequence was for German regional communities to take shape to the east of the old Limes Sorabicus. Alongside the emigrants from the west, further participants in the process where autochthonous Slavs and Balts. This mixed origin of the new communities arising is revealed in historical accounts, but also via the results of scientific analyses of various profiles. The genetic research carried out to date supports the above contention, as well as a conclusion that the zone around the old Limes Sorabicus, despite its running through the centre of what is today an ethnically-German area, continues to represent a separation of populations whose ancestors are mainly of distinct origins. L1 - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/Content/153568/PDF/WA51_187810_r2020-t93-no4_G-Polonica-Kowalski.pdf M3 - Text J2 - Geographia Polonica Vol. 93 No. 4 (2020) PY - 2020 IS - 4 EP - 596 KW - Germans KW - Slavs KW - eastward colonization KW - origin of populations KW - relict boundaries KW - genetic research A1 - Kowalski, Mariusz. Autor PB - IGiPZ PAN VL - 93 CY - Warszawa SP - 569 T1 - The Early Mediaeval Slav-German border (Limes Sorabicus) in the light of research into Y-chromosome polymorphism in contemporary and historical German populations UR - http://rcin.org.pl/igipz/dlibra/publication/edition/153568 ER -