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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has a simultaneous temporal and spatial component. This pattern results from a complex combination of factors, including social ones, that lead to significant differences in the evolution of space-time distributions, both between and within countries. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the regularity of the spatial distribution of the number of diagnosed COVID-19 cases in Poland over more than a year of the pandemic. The analysis utilized daily and weekly data for 380 counties (poviats), using the local – Poisson risk semivariogram – measure of spatial autocorrelation. Despite the heterogeneity and errors in the source data, it was possible to identify clear patterns of temporal changes in the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases, manifested by differences in the nature and extent of their autocorrelation.
The Stołowe Mountains,situated in the Middle Sudetes, form Poland’s only tableland, which is underlain by an alternating succession of sedimentary rocks, all of Permian and Late Cretaceous age. The morphology of the Stołowe Mountains is characterised by the presence of isolated mesas and plateaus. Nearly-level summits are bounded by precipitous escarpments up to 300 m tall. These are bipartite in profile, with stronger sandstones forming vertical cliffs and less-resistant marls and mudstones being truncated by concave slope sections. There seems to be general agreement that long-term escarpment retreat is the dominant pathway by which this tableland evolved geomorphically. However, ideas on the processes contributing to the scarp recession vary. Since the early 20th century, the dominant concept has ascribed a major role to catastrophic mass movements. Łoziński (1909) for example pointed to rock falls, and linked their origin with intense mechanical weathering. For their part, both Czeppe (1952) and Dumanowski (1961, 1967) underlined the crucial importance of subsurface water flow at the point of contact between the permeable sandstones and impermeable fine-grained rocks. In their opinion, that phenomenon results in the undercutting and destabilisation of rock faces. Pulinowa (1972, 1989) was of a similar view and suggested that plastic deformations of underlying marls and mudstones caused subsidence and the toppling of marginal parts of the sandstone caprock. Although deep clefts are a prominent feature of Mt Szczeliniec Wielki, no significant movements have been recorded in recent decades (e.g. Cacoń, 2008). Thus, from a present-day standpoint, the different outlooks mentioned above can be considered highly influenced by paradigms, while lacking in support where empirical data are concerned. In contrast, systematic study based on quantitative measurements has been engaged in recently by Duszyński and Migoń (2015) and Duszyński et al. (2016). They reveal that non-catastrophic disintegration of cliff lines appears to be a much more common phenomenon than rock failure. An alternative scenario assumes that the marginal parts of plateaus are separating along joints, due to underground erosion and removal of rock residuum. In this way, after a long period of time, a once-solid rock face becomes a mess of joint-bounded blocks. Transport downslope is then more apparent than real as progressively lower topographical positions are occupied, while the lower escarpment slope recedes. Landslides in the middle and lower parts of the slope (Duszyński et al., 2017), block ploughing (Pulinowa, 1989; Duszyński and Parzóch, 2016) and erosional incision (Migoń and Kasprzak, 2016) all do contribute to escarpment retreat, but their role is limited to single localities. Although our knowledge regarding the evolution of the Stołowe Mountains has improved greatly, we still lack chronological data, and are hence unable to pinpoint the environmental conditions proving particularly favourable to escarpment recession. There is also a need to determine whether the arenisation process often described in the foreign literature (e.g. Wray and Sauro, 2017) is actually responsible for the slow detachment of sand grains from quartz sandstone.
The structure of forest stands and tree architecture at the forest ecotone were analysed at the Alpine timberline zone of the Babia Góra massif of the Western Carpathians. Tree stand and tree characteristics displayedlarge differences in various locations. On the north slope of the massif, trees at the timberline grow relatively tall and slender, and have narrow crowns. Trees at the timberline on the south-west facing slopes of the massif,at higher elevations, are shorter, with lower slenderness indices and relatively broader crowns. These results suggest, that different environmental factors play major roles in shaping the structure of the timberline in variouselevations and various exposures.
Studies dealing with the issue of polycentric urban development, both functional and morphological, often promote different approaches to the measurement of polycentricity. Relying on data on commuting patterns and the intra-regional distribution of population in Poland in 2011, we apply two measures of polycentricity to shed more light on the functional and morphological development of urban regions in Poland. We also explore the relationship between the two dimensions of polycentricity, using a functional/morphological primacy index and a general functional polycentricity index. The results reveal regions for which the different measures suggest divergent conclusions, while also implying that the measure used can determine the strength and statistical significance of the relationship between the two dimensions to polycentricity. As, in our view, it is the measure advocated by Burger et al. (2011) that best seems to differentiate between the different forms of urban structure, we use this to summarise patterns of polycentric urban development in Poland. The results illustrate: the statistical significance of the relationship between the two (morphological and functional) dimensions to polycentricity in Poland’s urban regions, and the way in which the level of functional polycentricity is higher than the degree of functional polycentricity.
The study addresses two current issues in social geography: the modern reflection on the topic of agency and the possibility of introducing the notion of place agency. When discussing human-environment relations, geographers more often use the terms more-than-human or non-human beings and focus on the animal and plant worlds. However, the symmetrical or mutual relationship between humans and the natural environment can be linked to a question arises about the wider scope of the notion of place agency and understanding the phenomenon of place as an entity acting on its own rights. <br>
The study aims to examine travel preferences of Finnish cross-border tourists with special reference to the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Data were collected using paper-based and online surveys from 300 respondents travelling from Finland to the Russian Karelia. Although cross-border tourists are a significant part in the inbound tourist flow to Russian Karelia, several obstacles for this type of tourism have been revealed. Measures to stimulate Finnish tourists to travel to Russian Karelia are suggested. The results of this study can be used to improve Karelian tourist products by providing services as expected by tourists. The findings are limited to visitors of Russian Karelia and should therefore be interpreted with caution.
The study allowed to determine the level of development of transborder co-operation connections, thematic scope and the strength of connections between the partners in the Polish-German border areas. The analysis of actors helped identify institutional settings on both sides of the border (levels of co-operation according to the level of territorial unit and similarity between actors in terms of their formal-legal status). The analysis also covered the spatial aspect of the existing network of connections. The study takes into consideration mutual relationships between the analyzed features. The analysis revealed similarities between institutional network of the co-operating authors and a relatively limited strength of connections. Moreover, the study showed that the type of actors, the strength of connections and thematic scope of jointly realized projects were strongly interconnected.
The study analyses physiogeographical factors of the Zeravshan Range as a basis for environmental and habitat diversity. They provided the background for considering conditions for the functioning of juniper forest ecosystems. The uniqueness of these ecosystems also relies on the longevity of Juniperus seravschanica Kom., J. semiglobosa Regel and J. turkestanica Kom. Physiognomic features of the landscape are conditioned by the habitat, climate, landforms, and recently also by anthropopressure. The ecological, environmental and the cultural importance of juniper trees makes them a distinctive and determinant feature of the landscape. Currently juniper forests across Tajikistan, including those in the Zeravshan Mts., have been significantly disrupted as a result of chaotic, uncontrolled and excessive felling. The purpose of this article is to present natural conditions of juniper forest ecosystems, the impact of anthropogenic changes on their functioning as well as the occurrence of endemic species within them. The cultural importance of juniper in the protection of the surrounding landscape was also analysed.
The study assess the position of the Śląskie Voivodeship in the European space of flows. The main objectives are: (1) to examine the regional position in the interregional space of flows, and (2) to assess this position in terms of the decarbonisation processes planned under the European Green Deal policy. In order to do this, the strengths and weaknesses of the region were identified, the flows potentially vulnerable to the restructuring process of the region’s coal-based economy were recognised, and the extent and scale of the impact of decarbonisation on the region’s economic situation was determined. An analysis of indicators such as intensity and concentration of flows places the region on the flow periphery, as the most significant flows are concentrated in Western and Northern Europe. One exception to this pattern is the transport of goods when measured in tonnes, which makes the region an important hub on a European scale. However, the most intensive flows link it with other Polish regions. Moreover the specificity of the Śląskie Voivodeship means that any effects of the European Green Deal will be particularly strongly felt, as it is among the regions experiencing the greatest negative impact of this policy on the economy and labour market.
The study attempts to evaluate the local factors which create pro-environmental functions (independent of external support) of rural areas. The assessment was based on statistical data (2004–2014) published by the Central Statistical Office of Poland. The national sustainable development indicators at the level of counties were analyzed, including indicators of environmental domain and selected indicators of domain such as: social, economic, institutional and political. The graphical presentation of the data enabled the spatial location of Polish counties on a map which may have a higher potential in the creation of pro-environmental functions. Choropleth maps included in the study are based on the visualization tool available in the Central Statistical Office's Application – Indicators for Sustainable Development – local module.
The study deals with an assessment and interpretation of the bioclimatic conditions in Vranje (southern Serbia). The study aims at temporal distributions of bioclimatic conditions focussing on extreme thermal stress based on the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The meteorological data required for the calculation of UTCI concern hourly (7 and 14 CET) weather data collected for the period 2000-2017. The frequency of very strong heat stress (VSHS), very strong cold stress (VSCS) and extreme cold stress (ECS) for both morning and midday hours. Furthermore, the daily difference of the UTCI hourly values (diurnal UTCI change) are specified, giving the daily variance of heat and cold stress. The results revealed the frequency of days in which thermal stress prevails for the studied period. The obtained results show an increase in extreme heat biothermal conditions, while extreme cold biothermal conditions are in decline, especially in the last 10 years. However, the frequency (the number of days) of very strong heat stress (VSHS) increased since 2007. A spectacular increase in heat stress was observed in the month of September, particularly in 2015.
The study discusses the sphere of rural areas’ collective image with the purpose of preserving spatial order of countryside. Polish rural areas are affected by the post-1990 transformation. The development of non-agricultural management and use is accompanied by the phenomena of spatial disintegration, disappearance of local landscape features along with increase of ecological and social risks. Hence, it is necessary to search for integrated methods and innovative tools to support and restore sustainability, coherence and diversity. Conclusions are based on a review of research. It has been pointed out that a development vision common to the local community determines shaping spatial order in a given territory. It is constructed by the means of mediation process. Its foundations were searched for in the approaches of rurality in the field of rural sociology and humanistic geography. Subsequently, the role of participation in spatial decision-making and the role of landscape impact in shaping the image of the territory were shown. The gathered arguments led to the conclusion that a development vision may arise in the process of participatory landscape management.
The study objective is to analyse the effect of the flow of internally displaced persons (IDPs) on the development of the Lviv Oblast – the largest region of Ukraine bordering on the EU. The article was based on available statistical data (most statistical data in Ukraine under martial law is not made public), data from sociological research of international organisations, and other official public sources of information. The study results suggest that the Lviv Oblast has become the main Ukrainian transit region on the route of refugees from Ukraine across the border, as well as one of the main oblasts accepting IDPs. At least 5 million people have passed the oblast in transit, and the number of IDPs reached its maximum in the period May-June 2022. Most of the people arrived in the city of Lviv, other large cities, as well as recreation and tourist centres. IDPs have had a positive effect on the sectors of housing construction and tourism in the oblast, and contributed to an increase in the budget income of separate territorial hromadas. Approximately 230 enterprises have also been relocated to the oblast. Most IDPs are planning or expect to return to their former place of residence, although with each month of war duration, the share of people integrating with local communities and planning to permanently remain in the territory of the Lviv Oblast increases. In spatial terms, the flow of IDPs considerably exceeded the level of urbanisation of the oblast, and accelerated the development of the Lviv urban agglomeration. In the future perspective it may contribute to an increase in territorial disproportions between large cities in the oblast, with better developed hromadas around Lviv, mountain and pre-montane towns on the one hand, and depressive hromadas in the east and south-east of the oblast on the other. <br>
The study of economic resilience represents a relatively new subject of debate within the framework of regional studies. Here, the author firsts presents the evolutionary approach to resilience, and within it the agency perspective; before refocusing on the macroeconomic policy pursued in Poland, which is deemed to have spared the country and many of its regions from the recession otherwise experienced so widely during the crisis in Europe. The author then turns to a characterisation of eight European regions, including one in Poland, describing the actions taken and strategies pursued with a view to counteracting the negative effects of the crisis, and building economic resilience to future events of the same kind.
The study of influence, exerted by the road projects on road traffic safety was carried out on the basis of data, contained in the System of Registry of Accidents and Collisions (Polish acronym: SEWIK) for the years 2006-2012, and the questionnaire-based survey. The level of safety on the motorways and expressways, or, more broadly – on the separate traffic roads, is being assessed as much higher than on the remaining national roads. Construction of a motorway results in a significant drop in the number of persons harmed in the accidents over the connections between the cities considered. The fast traffic roads, including the ring roads, being the segments of expressways, significantly improve the safety over the routes of national roads, but do not entail any important change in the accident rates on other roads.
The study presents a brief review of Polish border regions’ participation in the global economy in 2013 based on export linkages at the local level (LAU 1). The paper offers an extended understanding of the export activity of intermediaries in foreign trade comparing to manufacturing companies. Results confirm the relatively greater importance of intermediaries activity in border areas, especially at the eastern border.
The study presents a brief review of Polish regions’ participation in the global economy in 2011 based on export linkages at the local level (LAU 1). It identifies both the key actors in the globalisation processes within the country and the types of territories that share common trends in geographic and product export structures. The paper deals with a delimitation of areas of export concentration. A total of 23 areas have been identified accounting for nearly 60% of Polish exports. Both the economic strength of the regions as reflected in their respective figures and the long-established position of industry in the national economy resulted in a wide range of areas discussed here
The study presents results of empirical research of a qualitative nature. The object of analysis is one of the aspects related to the cultural dimension of tourist functions of rural areas in the Opolskie Voivodship. The aim of the study was to establish whether references to the past are incidental or relatively common and to find out which elements of historical and cultural legacy (material and non-material) are considered in the offers of accommodation for tourists and what sort of message referring to the past they bear. Material for analysis was obtained from Internet portals and websites, local and regional publications (folders, tourist guides) as well as promotional materials supplied by individual entities. The analysis comprised offers of 167 providers of accommodation services (of varied scale), available in 123 villages located in the Opolskie Voivodship. Information given in the offers, concerning past, was ordered by the authors – in relation to the reference point – to the following categories: 1) object, 2) village, 3) region, 4) other. With regard to the first category, two subsets were distinguished: a) object as an architectural structure and b) object as a site of socio-cultural dimension. In the second category, two subsets were differentiated i.e., a) history and former functions of a given village and b) traditions of the rural life. As regards the third category, the following three subsets were distinguished: a) monuments and other elements of the cultural legacy outside given village, b) culinary heritage, c) other elements of the heritage typically referred to as “regional”, “of Opole region”, “Silesian”. Within these types of references (sets and subsets) available offers were analyzed with regard to created images of the past and indicated attractiveness of a tourist’s stay, which results from the historicity of the place in material and non-material dimensions.
The study presents the delimitation of problem areas carried out at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of PAS on behalf of the Ministry of Development of Poland (2015-2016), first and foremost to meet the practical needs of the development policy being pursued at state, regional and local government levels. The study was elaborated for the 2479 Polish communes (gminas) by reference to 21 indicators mainly concerned with the state of the natural environment and socio-economic conditions, as well as features of spatial and local development. The three categories of area ultimately identified were the natural, the social and the economic aspects, the combination of which yielded several main types of problem area. A last stage then entailed a division into regions, i.e. the designation and naming of particular geographical areas.
The study presents the significance and impact of creativity and innovation on the development of rural areas. The concept of creativity and creative sectors was defined, activities in the field of creativity development and activation of rural inhabitants were identified. The impact of non-agricultural activity on life quality of rural population was determined, presenting examples of activation and various creative activities being innovative undertakings in the rural areas of the Opolskie Voivodeship.
The study provides a compact view of population ageing in the capitals of the Visegrad Group (V4). The transformation of the age structure of urban populations is quantified within the context of the V4 countries – Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. This assessment of the age structure transformation in the V4 capitals between 1980 and 2013 was carried out using Webb’s chart and hexagonal diagram methods. The evaluation of the demographic ageing of the urban populations brings substantial knowledge of the immanent differences of the capitals. The similarities between Prague, Budapest and Warsaw and the specific development of Bratislava, was revealed.
The study provides an overview of contemporary approaches to assess forest above-ground biomass. A remote sensing method for assessing biomass using airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data is proposed by authors, since it has a verified technology that can be used to accurately assess above-ground forest biomass. The brief review of methods for detection of single tree using airborne LiDAR data is presented. We proposed and discussed a new tree-based approach for biomass assessment with the use of LiDAR data. Results of morphologic parameters calculations, conducted with the help of some automated methods are described. The results of experimental investigation confirm availability and correctness of the proposed method. The results of biomass calculation in FORKOME are presented. The proposed methodology was tested in forest areas in Poland. Perspectives for further research in order to improve the precision of method are outlined as well.
The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of social farming. According to the European Economic and Social Committee, social farming is an innovative approach combining two concepts: multifunctional agriculture and social services and/or health care at the local level. Social farming provides an opportunity to improve the well-being of individuals and collective integration of people at risk of social exclusion. It creates new employment opportunities and diversification of income sources for inhabitants of rural areas. The idea of social farming has been developing for many years in countries of Western Europe, while in Poland it is still at an initial phase. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, categories of beneficiaries and forms of their support. The paper also presents case studies from selected European countries. Further part of the article is devoted to legal aspects of establishing and functioning welfare farms in Poland.
The subject matter being discussed in the article pertains to the idea of socially involved agriculture (social farming). Socially involved agriculture, involving the introduction of social services to already functioning farms, has been developing since the end of the 20th century in rural areas of virtually all of Europe as a new type of innovative activity. Social farming is an idea combining the multifunctionality of farms with care and health services, as well as social entrepreneurship. The aim of the article is an attempt to outline the essence of social farming and emphasise its role in the sustainable rural development in Poland. To this regard, the study combines theoretical considerations with a description of practical solutions in the country. The article presents objectives of social farming, implemented social services, selected initiatives and forms of their support. One of these forms of support in the field of social care and integration in rural areas is a caring farm, offering services based on its resources and infrastructure, enabling, e.g. agrotherapy. Socially involved agriculture is a chance for farmers to provide new services and thus expand and diversify their activities and a multifunctional role in society. Responsible implementation of additional farm functions will contribute to the implementation of a sustainable rural development model.
The subject matter of this article is the 2007–2013 Rural Development Programme (RDP) and its importance in the field of diversification of economy in the rural areas in Poland. The aim of the study is to indicate the effects of the RDP in the diversification of the rural economy by determining the size of public expenditure by axes and directions of spending resources on a regional and local level. The number of new jobs created and the type of activity supported were determined. Regional and local differences in the allocation of public funds were identified. The significance of the Leader approach in establishing new non-agricultural jobs in rural areas was generally inconsiderable. Financial support under the Programme was granted to 15,277 rural micro-enterprises, mainly dealing with services for the population; enterprises already existing on the market prevailed. In total, 28,585 permanent jobs were established. However, the assumptions of the Programme in relation to the generated number of jobs have not been fully implemented.
The subject of this work concerns primary education in rural areas of the Małopolskie Voivodship. The research is particularly focused upon Miechów district, which is located in the south-western part of the Małopolskie Voivodship. The authors strived to present the impact of demographic conditions upon the network of schools in this strongly depopulating region and identify to what extend trends among population limit the accessibility to after-school activities for children and adolescents. The aim of this paper is to present the location and accessibility of primary education institutions in Miechów district and also to assessthe organization of after-school activities which is a major factor in ensuring equal opportunities of education among children and adolescents. As a result of unfavorable demographic tendencies, schools are being closed down. In the Małopolskie Voivodship 143 (12.3%) primary schools were liquidated over the years 2000–2012 and these include mainly small,ruralschoolsin agricultural areas. The number of pupils attending primary schools decreased even more. Between the years 2000–2012 the number fell by over 80 thousand (from 280 thousand to just under 200 thousand which constitutes 30%). The authors attempted to determine essential information about children's travel to schools such as: residence place of children that are brought to particular schools, the average time of reaching school from where they live and the means of transport that a child chooses to reach the school. In 2008 the location of primary schools in the area of Miechów district allowed for relatively good accessibility within its borders. However, during the years 2008–2014 the spatial accessibility greatly decreased as a result of many institutions being closed down. The average time a child needs to reach school extended by 20% in the whole discussed area. The highest increase was observed in Kozłów commune, in which the time extended by 46% (to 3,4 minutes) and where 5 primary schools were liquidated.
Subsidies of the EU funds resulted in major projects and plans. In order to prevent natural disasters, the European Community – among others – introduced the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Withthe SEA the environmental aspects prevailed in an earlier phase of the planning process. The SEA is mostly new means in the new Member States, hence the planners and stakeholders had to learn to incorporate it into theirpractice. On the other hand, the existing institutional structure of a country influences the planning decision making processes. This paper examines the introduction of and difficulties associated with the SEA in Hungarywhile focusing on institutional settings and integration elements.
Suburbanisation represents one of the most important contemporary problems facing large urban agglomerations. An analysis of the development of urban agglomerations in Central-Eastern Europe, and especially Poland, leads to the observation that this problem is not particularly advanced in any of them. The aim of this article has thus been to examine how relevant it might be to consider the suburbanisation stage in large Polish agglomerations, as a permanent feature of the Klaassen/Paelinck and van den Berg models. Specifically, the article focuses on Poland’s seven largest agglomerations, though there is a particular emphasis on the Katowice conurbation. The essence of the study lay in the identification of differences in the population balance between these agglomerations, and above all, between their cores and outer zones. The study also included data on the structure characterising out-migrations. A consequence of the study was to draw attention to the apparent diversity of the Katowice conurbation, the only one in Poland to record a population decline in both the core area and the outer zone. This specificity was explained mainly by the drivers of polycentricity and post-industrialism. In other agglomerations, these elements were either absent altogether or were involved in separate shaping of urban regional space.
Surface water temperature characteristics of the Vistula River mouth and the Gdańsk Bay were determined on the basis of available observations, remote sensing and hydrodynamic models. The water temperature in the Vistula River and the Gdańsk Bay was found to be much higher than the air temperature. In recent decades, the water temperature in the Vistula River mouth and the Gdańsk Bay has increased significantly. It has been determined that water temperature in the bay is affected not only by air temperature, but also by water discharge of the Vistula River and wind. <br>
The Świętokrzyskie Voivodship is one of the most attractive tourist areas in the south-east part of Poland. Natural conditions and diverse landscape are considered as a great asset in the development of various forms of tourism in this area. Agritourism is an increasingly popular form of non-agricultural activity for rural residents in the region. The paper deals with the cooperation between institutions supporting development of tourism and agritourism farms in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. Various forms of support granted by different institutions to agritourism farmers have also been discussed. The study shows that Agricultural Advisory Centers and agritourism associations have the greatest impact on the development of agritourism.
Taking inspiration from maritime spatial planning, more in particular the Law of the Sea dividing ocean space into zones of graduated control, including areas beyond national jurisdiction (where by definition territorialism does not apply) the paper revisits territories as the building blocks of a political order. From there it proceeds to discussing the power, not to say the delusion of territorial sovereignty, only to revisit neo-medievalism as an alternative ordering principle for the governance of space. Accordingly, though sovereign in theory, stand-along territories are in reality conceptualised as being enmeshed in a web of functional relations, many of which with their own governance arrangements and with many overlaps between them. Which makes imposing an overall order a doubtful enterprise.
Taking into account foreign trade in goods the process of internationalization of the Polish economy has been uneven not only within the scope of foreign trade operators and its product and geographical structure, but also within the territorial perspective across the country. During the period after 1990, the basic structures of the “export space” of Poland were transformed. At the same time, these structures remained, to some extent, embedded in a centrally planned economy, especially in the industrialization processes that have been taking place since the World War II. The aim of the paper is identification and delimitation of areas of export concentration (AEC) as well as to provide for more systematic information on the changes taking place in the export space of the country resulted from the competitiveness and economic power of local economies. The obtained results were related to the general changes in the the country’s spatial structure, including basic theoretical concepts and strategic documents. AEC shall be considered as a contiguous geographical area with the above-average importance of exports for the local economy, determined by several conditions: (a) exports per capita of the LAU 1 unit is higher than the national average; (b) exports in relation to sold industrial output in the LAU 1 unit is higher than the national average; (c) total exports of AEC exceeds 1% of total exports from Poland; (d) AEC respects the principle of territorial continuity. These conditions were applied for the years: 1995 (the period immediately after the economic transition), 1997 (the period of locating foreign investments in the country), 2000 (the period after the crisis in the Eastern markets), 2005 (at the start of the full integration of Poland into the European Union), 2007 (the period of favourable exports performance resulted from the accession to the EU), 2009 (the first wave of economic crisis) and 2013 (the present years). The primary unit of study is the county (LAU 1). The analysis was conducted in US dollars (USD) based on materials from EXTRA- and INTRASTAT systems. The spatial structures of units considered as AEC in the analysed years is a synthetic picture of exports space of Poland. It may be assumed that it creates a polygon with vertices constituting the “poles of the global economy”, which are: Warsaw, Rzeszów, Cracow, Upper Silesian conurbation, Wroclaw, Słubice and Gdańsk. At the same time, in Western Poland, a zone with strong international relations is becoming increasingly apparent, it covers a large part of the LAU 1 units of the provinces of wielkopolskie, dolnośląskie and lubuskie voivodeships. Spatial structures related to industrialization processes taking place during the period of centrally planned economy proved to be quite stable. Despite the shift in the main exports centres from the south of Poland to the west, the observed changes were not spectacular. In favourable economic conditions, there was a deglomeration of exports, but these changes were not of a lasting nature. During the crisis period we observed a regression, which excluded the emergence of new sustainable AEC, among others. in the east of Poland. Thus the changes anticipated during the initial phase of the transformation in the spatial structure of the country were probably premature. The changes observed during this period reflected the fluctuations associated with the transformation process itself. Regardless of the stability of the general spatial structure, the dynamics of the emergence (as well as the “collapse”) of AEC is a good measure of the transformation of individual centres and industrial districts of Poland after 1989. There has been confirmed such processes as: economic contraction of Łódź, relative decrease in the role of the Upper Silesian conurbation, gradual replacement of Poznań by Wrocław as the country’s second most important economic pole.
Talus slopes origin is connected both with weathering and transport of the rock grain. The formation of these landforms is an effect of many climatological, morphological and geological factors. The grain size of the surface of the talus slope brings some information about the way of transport and deposition mechanisms. The main aim of the paper is to present different talus slope formation in two mountain locations - in arctic periglacial and semi-arid continental periglacial climate zones. Results from two study sites are presented. The first one was located on Spitsbergen Island, on its SW coast, near Polish Polar Station. The climate is arctic and periglacial, the average annual temperature is -3,2°C, annual precipitation is 494,6 mm. The slope is exposed to the west, rock face and talus slope are built with gneiss, crystalline shales with marbles intrusions. There is permafrost as well as an active layer noted on this study site. The second study site is in the Fann Mountains, part of Pamiro-Alay massive in Tajikistan. The annual temperature is about 1-2°C (meteo stations nearby: 6,6°C Iskanderkul 2204 m.a.s.l., 0,7°C Shahristan Pass 3143 m.a.s.l.), annual precipitation is about 300 mm. Slope is exposed to the south, rock material is a Devonian massive limestone. No permafrost was observed in this area. On both study sites, similar methods were used. Profiles with four measuring points were designated. On these points, 0,5 x 0,5 m square were marked and perpendicular photographs from a 1,5 m distance were made. Grain sizes were analyzed in BaseGRAIN software. In Asian periglacial high-mountain conditions lack of permafrost and low precipitation causes, that there is no factor of water. Domination of gravitational processes is sorting material when the heaviest rock fragments are transported longer and are deposited on lower positions on the slope.
The Territorial Agenda 2030 aims to provide multi-level strategic orientation to increase cohesion and overcome the 21st century pressing challenges. In multilingual contexts, the ideas and concepts communicated in such agendas must be clear and well-defined. In our study, we conducted a content analysis of the concepts of environment, inequality, justice, sustainability, territory and transition in contrast with former versions of this agenda. We found that, since 1983, the Territorial Agenda conceptual framework changed significantly in its meaning and semantic universe of reference.
Territorial governance is an extremely heterogeneous activity. Each European country is characterised by a complex system of legal acts, tools, discourses and practices that had consolidated through time, as a consequence of peculiar path-dependent processes. At the same time, since more than 30 years the European Union is developing territorially relevant actions and interventions, ultimately aiming at achieving the economic, social and territorial cohesion of the continent. The mutual relations entangling domestic and supranational territorial governance remain unclear: on the one hand, the European Union is required to produce a framework for delivering its policies that is flexible enough to accommodate domestic differences; on the other hand, domestic territorial governance and spatial planning systems should adapt in order to allow room for cross-fertilization with supranational interventions. This contribution builds on the evidence collected by the research project ESPON COMPASS to frame and explore this issue. In doing so, it serves as an introduction for this special issue that, in the following contributions, presents a number of concrete examples of interaction between EU spatial policies and domestic territorial governance and spatial planning.
This article addresses the issue of the modern Polish diaspora in Curitiba – an important and symbolic city in the context of the Polish migration to Brazil ongoing since the second half of the 19th century. An overview of Polish migratory flows to Curitiba through time is offered, with account taken of the city’s significance as unique space for social activeness on the part of Brazilian-resident Poles. The work detailed here has had as its main aims the identification of “Polish” places and areas in Curitiba’s social space, the profiling of the Polish migrant, and the assessment of relations between the modern Polish diaspora and the mother country, in the contexts of different migration generations. The city of Curitiba has been perceived as a significant and symbolic place for Polish migrants since the very beginning of Polish migration history. With time, it has become the informal “capital city” of Latin American Polonia, being home to the largest numbers of Polish migrants and people with Polish roots. Curitiba has also been the city in which Poles have consistently been most active, both socially and institutionally. This social activeness is a vital expression of the presence of a particular minority in a host country. It is also a reflection of the need for pro-social initiatives to be pursued with a view to migrants gaining support. Thus the social activities taken up by members of the Polish diaspora in Brazil arise out of a need for national identity to be sustained and Polish traditions promoted. The number of Polish organisations is a visible expression of social activeness, there being no fewer than 151 such organisations in Brazil, 21% of them operating in Curitiba. Most are oriented towards artistic, cultural, religious and administrative-organisational activity. The significance of Curitiba as a symbolic centre for the Polish diaspora is also expressed in public spaces and cultural objects. Curitiba’s public space is marked by the presence of Polish monuments, plaques and street names commemorating famous and appreciated Poles, as well as by Polish national institutions. There is only one Department of Polish Language in Latin America, and it is at the Federal University of Parana in Curitiba. For the purposes of this article, a survey among a significantly differentiated group of respondents has been carried out. The group comprised representatives of the Polish diaspora having Polish ancestors three generations back, as well as modern Polish migrants. The Polish diaspora in Curitiba is found to be dispersed spatially, and deeply immersed in local social structures. Yet, there are several areas with higher concentrations of people having Polish roots. The level of social and economic development there does not differ significantly from that in the rest of the city, with the middle class prevailing in the social structure. The survey shows that, while the descendants of Polish settlers are not fluent Polish speakers and do not visit the “mother country” very often, Polishness is demonstrated by the diaspora present in Curitiba. It is clearly visible in public space of the city as there are numerous objects representing Polish historical and cultural heritage, as well as cultural events. It is also visible in social behaviour of Brazilian Polonia, who still cultivate Polish traditions and customs. Their social activeness is also demonstrated in the public sphere. Since the day Poles first settled in Brazil, and in Curitiba, these people have been integrating steadily with Brazilians and assimilating into their society. This makes the strong bond with the “mother country” that is still present even more important, it being more than a simple sense of people being Poles, gaining manifestation in actions taken up with a view to Polish ideas being promoted in both the private and public spheres.
This article aims to explain where the cross-border tourism cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) can be observed, and its specifical aim is to answer the research question: What are the spatial characteristics of cooperation in cross-border tourism projects in the Baltic Sea Region? Using the methods of spatial analysis in GIS, statistical methods and analysis of project documents, synthetic research was carried out on the cooperation of beneficiaries of tourism projects under the Interreg IV A, B and C programs in the BSR. The spatial nature of this cooperation was presented in a descriptive and cartographic form, taking into account the locations of beneficiaries, budgets, roles in the project, concentration, connections and topics of their cooperation. Although the empirical study presented below is limited only to tourism cooperation under the EU-funded Interreg IV program in the BSR, it is one of the first studies on cross-border cooperation between entities separated by a sea border in general, as well as one of the first synthetic studies on projects from different levels of European Union funding in the Interreg program (A, B and C), which cover a larger area of research. Cooperation is measured by number and distance of the relations between the beneficiaries. Comparison of the number of implemented projects related to tourism, the number of beneficiaries, the average amount of beneficiaries' budgets and their concentration showed diametrical differences in the region between its western and eastern parts. It can therefore be said that the "Iron Curtain" is still visible, which in the second half of the 20th century divided the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea from its north-western part
This article aims to investigate the origin of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and its spatial distribution among CEE headquarters in national urban systems. The conceptual framework is based on discussion of the role of metropolises. To provide a broad geographical scope the ORBIS database has been used, and its value has been discussed. The analysis shows that headquarters in capital cities were still attracting the greatest amount of foreign direct investment as of 2013, even when considerations are set at the level of different types of activity sector.
This article analyzes the impact of selected external and internal factors on environmental behaviour and the relationship between individuals’ willingness to engage in environmentally friendly activity and their actual actions. Our model served as a framework for understanding the development of environmental awareness and the change of habits in favor of sustainability. The main variables included in the model were values, beliefs, norms, perceived environmental control, demographic variables, knowledge, intention, and behaviour. The results based on the example of Ljubljana indicate that environmental motives and knowledge are the factors predominantly influencing actual environmentally friendly habits. It is concluded that a bottom-up approach with selected social influence methods is the most appropriate.
This article centres around an analysis and evaluation of how rural space is represented in the promotional publications that Poland’s local authorities in rural areas come out with. The purposes of the research were in fact served through the study of 33 promotional brochures of the above profi le, specially selected to reflect differences between Poland’s gminas in terms of location, social conditions and main economic functions, as well as the role assigned there to nature, environmental protection and infrastructure; and to the external environmental when it comes to the shaping of the said representation of municipalities. Studies have already shown just how diverse the approach taken by local authorities in creating an image of their rural area may be. Brochures are seen to be adaptable in the way that they can either weaken or reinforce certain cliché images of rural space. Efforts to break with stereotypical images of rural areas generally entail a playing-down of the productive functions of agricultural space, with simultaneous “talking up” of any manifestations of modernity and technological progress that may be present. Strengthening of the stereotypical image of rural space in turn occurs when and where the significance of – and commitment to – folk culture are alluded to, while valuable natural features also receive accentuation. The principal result of the study has thus been an identification of main motifs, which is to say recurring patterns resorted to as rural space is represented in the promotional brochures published by local authorities, with a view to a particular image being conveyed. The fi rst of these is the motif of space attractive from the point of view of tourism. Tourist attractiveness is a ubiquitous, most-common characteristic ascribed to rural space. Another identified motif is that of the comprehensively perfect space. Attractiveness for the purposes of residence, recreation, investment and work are emphasised here with equal force. The rural area thus features as a space combining attributes that appear mutually exclusive at first glance. In this ideal space the needs of different social groups can be met, with the theme of traditional modernity also being assembled by means of a similar principle of combining antagonisms. Symptoms of modernity (technological progress, modern infrastructure), harmonise with socially-appreciated forms of conservatism (respect for tradition and the ongoing cultivation of certain kinds of ceremony, for example). The research has also made it clear how the motif of dynamically-developing space is returned to repeatedly. In this context space is seen to be improving steadily and continuously, as supported by the vital ongoing processes of infrastructural and economic development. The presence of this motif acts to break the stereotype of the rural area as a place of stagnation. Beyond the aforementioned, yet further motifs capable of being distinguished were: space for the young-generation, space associated with celebration and folk culture, space associated with history and remembrance and unspoiled space.
This article concerns public participation in revitalization process under current legal conditions on the example of conducted actions in rural areas of the Olkusz commune. The workshop meetings procedure was presented as one of consultations forms, developed for the Communal Regeneration Program in Olkusz for 2016–2026. The main issue examined is the process of conducting consultations in the four rural revitalization sub-areas: Troks, Kosmolów, Zadole Kosmolowskie and Gorenice. It was presented how the actual involvement of local community enabled identification of needs and local potentials. Undertaken analysis allowed to develop procedure scheme and recommendations for public participation practice in rural areas. The article presents data obtained in the preparation of the Communal Regeneration Program in Olkusz for 2016–2026 at the Institute of Urban Development.
This article deals with changes in political boundaries, border regimes and border policies that have taken place in the area between the Baltic and the Mediterranean, which corresponds in the broadest sense with the term ‘Europe-in-between’. An important generator of problems here has been the multi-ethnic composition of the population, a source of diffuse political processes often even giving rise to conflict. Border policies have served as indicators of the relationships pertaining between countries, though they have an even broader exponent relating EU policies and peacekeeping missions, among other things, and thus offering nothing less than a laboratory for geopolitics both old and new. In the three parts present here, the first represents a short theoretical discussion concerning national systems, while the second offers an empirical analysis of border changes and policies in the area stretching from Kaliningrad to the Bosphorus and Trieste. Finally, a third, synthetic, part discusses recent challenges to border policies in the area in question posed by processes of European integration, as set against the new security paradigms of our era. Particular emphasis is placed on strong immigration pressure, pan-Turkish strategic aspirations, the Balkan area and its policies and the relationship between the EU and Russia.
This article deals with the analysis of Hungary’s still-existing coal region (Northern Hungary), including the future of coal mining and energy production. Within the interpretive tradition of social research, we approached the problem and explored the role and significance of the Mátra Power Plant in the country and the coal region. The results show that there has been widespread involvement in the field of coal removal, Just Transition and that it is important for decision-makers and energy policy stakeholders in the country and the region to have a say. It also helps to shape discourses and bring out alternative views.
This article details an analysis of seasonality of outflow carried out for 12 Carpathian catchments. The latter were selected in such a way as to fully represent various conditions of outflow formation in the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. the region of Poland in which hydrological processes are most dynamic. Daily series of discharges for the years 1951-2010 provided the basis for the research, albeit with the series lengths used in analyses of particular rivers varying in length from 40 to 60 years. In the case of each water-gauge section selected, calculations were made for the seasonality index (IS), time of concentration coeffi cient (WPK), outflow concentration index (GMO) and half-outflow term index (TPO). Multiannual variability and mutual correlation coefficients for the above parameters were also calculated, with these characteristics together describing various aspects to the seasonality of river outflow. The results of the research conducted show that values for the mean seasonality indexes characterising the outflow in Carpathian catchments are slightly lower than those calculated for amounts of precipitation. In addition, their spatial differentiation is relatively weak, while their variability over time is distinctly high. The mean time of concentration coefficient (WPK) for the Carpathian catchments does differ markedly from place to place, occurring between 4th Apri l and 3rd June. However, in the cases of the rivers draining the western part of the Beskid Mountains and Tatras, the outflow concentration occurs relatively late (after 5th May), while it is relatively early (before 5th May) in the cases of the rivers in the eastern part of the Beskids. The long-term variability of WPK in the Carpathian Mountains is less than half as great as that characterising the seasonality index (25.2% to 55.7% on average), though no significant trends could be noted for long-term series of those characteristics. Timing related to Oliver’s concentration coefficient (GMO) reveals aspects of seasonality similar to those presented by Markham’s seasonality index (IS). Due to this fact it would be more appropriate to name it an “outflow seasonality index” rather than an “outflow concentration index”. Mean multiannual half-outflow terms (TPOśr) in the Carpathian catchments are strongly diversified and appear between 15th April and 21st May. Low TPOśr was noted in rivers of a nival-pluvial and nival well-shaped regime. Low TPOśr was found with the pluvial-nival regime. The spatial differentiation to the multiannual variability of TPOśr in the Carpathian Mountains is limited. It is most limited in the case of rivers in the Tatra Mountains. Statistical analyses of multiannual series for all the seasonality parameters examined show that, in the Carpathian area, the seasonal structure to the outflow is relatively stable over the long term (given a lack of significant trends), with year-to-year fluctuations and changes being random in nature. The relative mean mass diagram curve for Carpathian catchments has two points of inflection confirming the nival-pluvial or pluvial-nival regimes. The regional curve offers a very effective presentation of the seasonal distribution of outflow in the Carpathian Mountains.
This article discusses issue relating to the current administrative division of Poland, as it seems there are more arguments emerging that make such a discussion of a possible amendment necessary. In recent times there has been yet-further conditioning of the situation as regards anticipated depopulation and a weakening economic base, with more functions expected to be lost by some urban centres. In these circumstances it is worth offering examples of how use may be made of the gravity analysis to show what possibilities for optimisation may exist. The article refers in particular to elaborations by D. Sokołowski (2014) and Ł. Zaborowski (2014a) which concern the administrative division of Poland at the level of the voivodship (province-region). The background to the discussion is an administrative division of Poland that has now been in place for more than 15 years, making it possible for a comprehensive assessment of its impact on wider economic and social life to be made. There are three main reasons why such an assessment ought to be critical. First, the effects of reforms and adopted administrative-territorial solutions seem not to be satisfactory, or at least are less so than expected (as regards the division of competences, and the numbers and sizes of individual units). Second, there is the polarising nature of the country’s current development, which is assessed negatively. And the third relevant factor is then the expected intensification of the depopulation process in Poland, with further deterioration of the age structure to the Polish population, an associated decrease in revenues to territorial units of administration and a consequent need to further optimise public services. All these factors make plainer the need for a discussion regarding optimisation of the country’s administrative division. It seemed clear from the outset that gravity analysis might prove a useful method of optimisation. The assumption is that the determination of the number and designation of areas belonging to or affiliated with major settlement centres can involve consideration being given to natural gravitation, as related to a physical understanding of relevant socio-economic impacts. If a given unit experiences greater attraction to another, their legal and administrative linkages may denote, not only greater spatial and functional cohesion, but also a greater possibility of synergies, benefits of cooperation, and so on, arising. The analyses made use of a classic gravitation model with a matrix of cities/towns together with Poland’s units of local-government administration at gmina level (as aggregated in the case of the Upper Silesian conurbation and the Tri-City (GdańskGdynia-Sopot), as well as the urban and rural gminas sharing the same seats). Adopted to give the assumed weight was a synthetic index composed in equal proportions of the size of the population and the number of enterprises. Analyses were then performed in relation to two issues: the optimal number of highest-order units and ranges of impact or influence. Analyses drawing on the aforesaid gravity analysis point to the sub-optimal nature of both the number of first-tier administrative units and their boundaries as delineated currently. For example, it may be concluded that a division of Poland more justified than the present one involving 16 voivodships (province-regions) would comprise 14 units at this level (i.e. a reduced number) or else 18-20 (an increase).
This article draws attention to key aspects of the dynamic relationship between urbanisation and climatic conditioning, with particular account taken of the ventilating and cooling of cities and the influence of ecological continuity and connectivity between urban and open areas. Such phenomena are discussed in the context of the quality of life enjoyed by inhabitants of urbanised areas. The role of green infrastructure in shaping urban space from the point of view of the easing or amelioration of negative thermal phenomena is discussed, as is the influence of climatic conditions on the functioning of cities’ water systems. Reference is also made to demographic change in cities, given the major influence this has on inhabitants’ vulnerability to the negative impacts of developing heat islands, most especially in periods of severe and/or prolonged heatwaves.
This article explores the relationship between amber and heritage tourism, utilizing Poland as an illustrative context. Amber, a form of fossilized resin, holds significant importance across a multitude of fields, such as science, culture, and economy, having been used as a material by artists, craftsmen, and jewelers for centuries. Today, amber draws visitors to locations where it is found and to institutions that display amber collections, such as museums and galleries. Furthermore, it is an essential component of various events, including exhibitions, fairs, and amber fishing competitions. Amber also forms the foundation of many tourist routes, such as the renowned Amber Route. Owing to its deep ties with cultural heritage, amber is considered a central attraction within amber-based heritage tourism. This paper examines the current contribution of amber to the development of heritage tourism. The authors conducted a literature analysis, online source queries, evaluations of institutions (e.g., museums), and personal observations to address the topic. The article is divided into eight sections, each highlighting different aspects of the investigated subject, ultimately suggesting an adaptation of Timothy and Boyd’s (2003) model to illustrate the development of amber-based heritage tourism. <br>
This article introduces the issue of the planning of allotment gardening in the case of Ljubljana, Slovenia, as a self-supplying activity by which fresh vegetables are cultivated. Allotment gardening is an activity that involves just a small percentage of Ljubljana’s population, those enthusiasts seeing this activity as more of a recreation and relaxation than a way of earning money. The city authorities are already anticipating that allotments will be eliminated from locations deemed unsuitable, holders then being offered alternatives in more appropriate locations. The appropriateness of these planned locations for allotments was evaluated in respect of whether key exclusion and attractiveness measures were complied with. We also determined the partial suitability of selected locations.
This article is an attempt to present determinants for the process of implementing assumptions included in the Rural Renewal Programme, taking as an example Spycimierz – a village located in the Łódzkie Voivodship, which is an isolated nationwide instance of revitalizing actions (both planned and implemented) leading to selective rural renewal. This kind of rural renewal is a consequence of specific valorising rural resources by important local actors. Spycimierz is a village that builds its potential based on the tradition of laying floral carpets once a year during the feast of Corpus Christi. The process of rural renewal of this locality, with the choice of local authorities and inhabitants themselves, concentrates on activities related to the role of the rite and promoting it outside. This seems to be rather narrowed, as inventory of local resources also indicates other valuable assets to be found in Spycimierz.
This article looks at certain socioeconomic consequences of extreme hydrometeorological phenomena in the Polish Lowland, e.g. floods, droughts, hurricanes, heat and cold waves that have all become more intense in Poland over recent years. The particular focus is on the impact of extreme high temperature and severe cold events on socio-medical parameters such as mortality. The analysis is especially concerned with increased daily numbers of deaths in 3 large urban centers located in northeast Poland.
This article of a theoretical and conceptual nature seeks to indicate possibilities for the dualisms applied in sociology to gain incorporation into the conceptualisation and operationalisation of the research on socio-economic development that geographers pursue. These dualisms should prove useful in explaining the mechanisms of social change as the driving force behind development. The article emphasises the role of structure and agency in explaining development mechanisms, proposes the pursuit of research at several levels simultaneously in line with sociology’s methodological dualisms, and also supplies examples of dichotomous categorisations and social structures that help with the understanding of development mechanisms. The incorporation of sociological dualisms into geographical considerations of development can bring new perspective to the design of research, triangulation (combining different methods of analysis) and conclusion-drawing. The result will be a readier challenge of geographers’ propensity to formulate deterministic dependences and perceive development factors as fully controlled.
This article offers a detailed analysis of the content characterising the geopolitical challenges and socio-economic changes that have been facing Ukraine in the years following the Revolution of Dignity, as well as interregional differences. The focus here is on administrative regions of Ukraine that border on to EU Member States, while the special emphasis is on the Ukrainian-Polish border regions, i.e. those in which the cooperation put in place can be regarded as most successful and intensive of all. Furthermore, as gaps to the availability of statistical data are present, the main emphasis has been on case studies, content and SWOT analysis, the search for good practice, and typical patterns of perception as markers of the dynamics present in social space.
This article offers a review of the state and practice of Polish research in the field of urban social geography, which is still under formation. From the outset, this domain has shown marked diversification as regards both subject matter and methodology. Like most “reviews”, this one has its strong subjective elements. The first part presents the historical context, i.e. the political, organisational and social circumstances in which research has been conducted. The roots of research in social geography in Poland trace back to the inter-War period (1918-1939), while post-War evolution of geography (like everything else in the country) reflected the imposed impact of communist-era doctrine. Specifically though, it was the formation of the Institute of Geography as a part of newly-established Polish Academy of Sciences (in 1953) as combined with the methodological conference convened in Osieczna in 1955 that shape geographical research in Poland for several post-War decades. The second part of this paper documents the gradual emergence of urban social geography (under a relatively relaxed political impact where social research was concerned). The implementation of social ecology is stressed, as well as the concept of factorial ecology as a leading toils and initial concepts. Also presented are the processes which have shaped the current state of urban social geography; sources of inspiration from geography, sociology and especially social ecology; and the quantitative turn taken by the social sciences. The third part turns its attention to the diversity of concepts and subject matter present in research on social problems, as well as such phenomena as: socio-spatial differentiation and disparity, poverty, housing issues and cultural dimensions. General mention is also made of the new concepts and research topics which emerged with Poland’s post-1989 transformation, like electoral studies, gentrification, spatial inequality, spatial conflict, the appropriation of public space, regeneration, perception studies and cultural studies. Particular attention has been paid to theoretical concepts relating to cities (as a product of ideology). So theories regarding “the socialist city” (i.e. the communist-era city) and its transformation into the city of the post-communist era were developed, with the current evolution being regarded as dominated by the neo-liberal doctrine. It is concluded that urban social geography in Poland is still under formation, even if it already occupies a relatively good position as applied research, while also returning (culturally) to its more humanistic and socially sensitive roots.
This article offers assumptions and results relating to six projection variants of demographic forecasting (scenario analysis of population change) elaborated for Warsaw City Hall (Śleszyński et al., 2019). The analysis was based on the population size estimated by reference to telemetry calculations obtained from the Orange Polska telephone company. It revealed that the so-called ‘night population’ size is larger by 213,000 than the registered population size of the Polish capital. Estimates were made for the 18 districts of Warsaw in one-year intervals for the 2018 2050 period, according to six variant scenarios (continuation, suburbanisation, concentration, polarisation, ‘low’ immigration and ‘high’ immigration). The scenarios were predominately differentiated in terms of internal and international migration levels, and was inter alia conditioned by the socio-economic development model for Poland and the spatial policy pursued in the Warsaw Metropolitan Area. Based on the respective variant, the population estimates for the city as a whole in 2030 range from 1,980,000 to 2,132,000, as compared with 1,785 2,249,000 in 2050. The most important conclusion, which implies practical solutions is related to the finding that till 2050 there is no basis to anticipate a stronger population growth in Warsaw. This reflects both the exhaustion of traditional source regions for migrants and the fertility rates in the city, which remain low in real terms, even if they are relatively high by the standards of Polish cities in general. Only a distinct intensification of immigration and a parallel inflow of migrants from other regions of Poland and abroad, would lead to a population growth of the city. The most probable variant is that of continuation, as it reflects the inertia among the key factors. This would at first denote an increase in population to 2,044,000 in 2028, followed by a slow decline (in 2040 – 2,005,000, in 2050 – 1,929,000). The ageing of the population and a marked increase in post-working age population are both inevitable. By 2050, the population in this category will most probably account for more than 25% of the total for Warsaw (as compared with 18 per cent currently). It is predicted that the downtown districts (especially Śródmieście and Praga Północ) will witness dec¬lines in the number of inhabitants, even as the so-called ‘developing’ parts of the city (like Białołęka, Wilanów or Ursus) continue to increase, while other external districts like Ursynów will move over to population stagnation. The main factor determining the condition and structure of Warsaw’s population will thus be migration, predominately including internal and international immigration. In the future, the most important factor determining mobility will be the absolute decrease in migration resources in the capital’s main basin. At the same time, the expected supply gap on the labour market (2 7 million people nationally by 2050) will result in competition for employees between urban centres at a much greater level than at present. In the case of Warsaw this may result in an intensification of three complementary processes, i.e. increased internal drainage, foreign immigration and commuting to work. There are several reasons why stagnation or population decline will pose no threat to Warsaw. Firstly, the capital ‘operates’ as a functional area, together with its suburban zone, for which at least weak population growth should be expected till 2050. Secondly, the future development of the capital city depends less on its population size, and more on the quality of human capital, including the size of the so-called ‘creative class’. The typical demographic burden parameters associated with the ratio of people of non-productive to productive age are also less important than the latter factor. While population loss in a city as large as Warsaw does not constitute a social problem, the occurrence and increase of social inequalities is a major one.
This article presents a case study examining the slow-death of the Berlin Führerbunker since 1945. Its seventy year longitudinal perspective shows how processes of ruination, demolition and urban renewal in central Berlin have been affected by materially and politically awkward relict Nazi subterranean structures. Despite now being a buried pile of rubble, the Führerbunker’s continued resonance is shown to be the product of a heterogeneous range of influences, spanning wartime concrete bunkers’ formidable material resistance, their affective affordances and evolving cultural attitudes towards ruins, demolition, memory, memorialisation, tourism and real estate in the German capital.
This article presents a classifi cation of Poland’s administrative areas at the local level: communes (gminas) drawn up in 2013 to monitor spatial planning. This uses the deductive-inductive method, previously developed conceptually and methodological for Mazowieckie voivodship (province-region) (Śleszyński, 2012), as well as (in the identification of detailed criteria), the so-called functional typology for the monitoring of spatial planning (Śleszyński et all., 2007, Komornicki and Śleszyński, 2008). The division of Poland’s communes was based on a classification procedure with four consecutive components (Fig. 1), i.e.: 1) Selection and the establishment of a hierarchy of categories. A deductive hierarchy of factors allowing gminas to be differentiated and assigned to categories is applied, the a priori assumption being categories established at the beginning of the classification procedure are of greater rank and significance than remaining ones. Importance in this case thus relates to a determining factor where spatial organisation is concerned. 2) Selection of criteria typical for the given category. Every category is described on the basis of criteria corresponding to its specific features, e.g. as administrative, economic, etc.; 3) The assigning of gminas on the basis of detailed criteria. Gminas are included in the different categories on the basis of their meeting defined criteria. Moreover, at this stage, exclusion from more distant stages in the classification of gminas already assigned to a category takes place on the highest hierarchical level achievable. 4) Inductive internal differentiation Takes place, with categories of gmina as necessary divided into sub-categories on the basis of hallmark features associated with their individual specificity. This process of assignment to given subcategories entails a search for resemblances arising out of indicators that describe the developmental and morphological features of gminas. This part of the analysis is in the nature of a typical separate classification, entailing the possible division of categories into subcategories by reference to specific features and criteria. The result was the identification of 10 categories (types) of gmina, i.e. A – functional urban areas of voivodship capitals and B – their external zones; C – functional urban areas of subregional centres and D – their external zones; E – multifunctional urban centres; F – gminas with developed transport functions; G – gminas with other developed non-agricultural functions (tourism and large-scale functions, including mining); H – gminas with intensively developed agricultural functions; I – gminas of moderately developed agricultural functions; J – extensively developed gminas (with forests and nature protection areas). The specific use of the classification is associated with an evaluation of those phenomena and processes whose characteristic feature is diversity in terms of function. On the basis of this classification it is possible to study types of development direction in gminas, as well as intensities of demographic, social, economic and other processes ongoing in them. This may allow for the identification of regularities impossible or difficult to observe by reference to the traditional administrative divisions.
This article presents issues related to the role and importance of local resources for development of rural areas in Pomerania (Pomorskie Voivodeship). The spatial scope of the research encompasses the Pomorskie Voivodeship, occupying a total area of 18310,34 km2 , which represents 5,9 % of the country. This article comprises analysis of selected local cultural and natural village resources in the Pomeranian region. The paper presents local resources of the region, which are particularly associated with cultural, social and natural heritage of Kashubians. The aim of the study was an attempt to assess the impact of local resources on socio-economic development of rural areas in Pomerania. The first part presents natural, landscape and cultural diversity of examined area, while the second concerns richness and culinary specificity of Pomerania region, local and traditional products. An important factor in the development of the Pomeranian village is a unique environment and tourist attractions, mainly the proximity to the Baltic Sea and the presence of lakes and forests, enabling the development of various forms of tourism and recreation. Pomerania is also characterized by cultural diversity, resulting from local and regional identity. It is worth noting that cultural heritage is increasingly regarded as an important factor for local development (by fostering economic activation, creating new jobs and positive image of the area). Kashubian traditions are promoted by i.a. cultural and ethnographic parks or local action groups. Regional Kashubian dishes are to a greater extent appreciated and included on the list of traditional products. Local and regional food products are becoming increasingly recognized by consumers, which contributes to the strengthening of regional identity and promoting the Pomorskie Voivodeship.
This article presents research into the meteorological conditions underpinning the development of night thunderstorms in Poland. The main objective was thus to identify the synoptic situations favouring nocturnal thunderstorms, as well as to determine which convection indices are of greatest relevance to forecasts of this type of thunderstorm. The research detailed here was carried out by analysing cloud-to-ground lightning flashes registered in Poland in the years 2002‑2018 via the PERUN system. ERA 5 reanalysis was used to obtain relevant atmospheric parameters and convection indices. In addition, synoptic analysis was carried out for specified thunderstorms, with their dominant structure also determined. No fewer than 1.5 million cloud-to-ground lightning flashes were analysed for the purposes of this study. These data making it clear that the development of nocturnal thunderstorms is favoured primarily in conditions of a waving front, cold front or wind convergence line. In all cases, the jet stream in the upper troposphere emerged as an additional factor increasing the development and activity of nocturnal thunderstorms.
This article presents results of an analysis and a survey of selected landscape elements carried out under the village restoration programme. The spatial scope of the study includes the suburban village of Ługwałd located within the community of Dywity (Warmia and Mazury Province). As a part of the research, a detailed survey of the village was conducted, as well as an analysis concerning the extension of the locality, an analysis and a survey of the buildings and a social survey in the local community. The article presents the issue of contemporary transformations of suburban areas in Poland along with spatial arrangement and aesthetisation of the rural landscape with regard to the village restoration programme. This programme provides an excellent tool to improve landscape values of the locality, but most often, it only results in arrangement of public spaces and not in their restoration, aesthetisation or assigning individual features with reference to the traditions of the region. In order to use the opportunity provided by the programme, an insight analysis of cultural and natural conditions of transformed areas should first be performed. A hilly area, numerous trees, arable fields, extensive meadows and lakes form the landscape of high natural values, which is the key resource of Ługwałd. Decreasing agricultural activities, as well as a strong population inflow have resulted in strong anthropogenic changes and the introduction of buildings which had no references to the architecture of the region, with observable blurring of individual features of the area and introduction of disharmony downgrading individual interiors and panorama of the village. Measures should be taken with the aim of improving spatial order and harmony between the existing and newly-designed buildings, and attempts should be made to activate the local community, bearing in mind the fact that village restoration should also include the human factor. The analyses conducted provided a basis to prepare a design concept for aesthetisation of the village.
This article presents results of the research on the protection of the river valleys of Lublin Voivodeship. To determine the degree of protection of the river valleys cartometric methods based on the available maps and the Ministry of Environment and Offi ce of Spatial Planning in Lublin data are used. The results of researches made that the protected landscape areas are element of the system of protected areas, which includes the highest percentage of river length in region (over 13%). Outside the protected areas, there are 70% of the length of the river. In this system of protection, fragmentation of the valleys is signifi cant. None of the major rivers of the region, including the Vistula and the Bug, is not protected throughout in their length.
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