Metadata language
Setting up a small business in Albania: Return migration and entrepreneurship
Subtitle: Creator: Publisher: Place of publishing: Date issued/created: Description:
Każdy numer posiada własny tytuł.
Type of object: Subject and Keywords:przedsiębiorczość migrantów ; motywacje ; migracje powrotne
Abstract:In this paper, I deal with the phenomenon of Albanian return migration. I focus on the category of returned migrants from Greece, who own a small business in Tirana, the capital of Albania. The aim of the research is to explore the circumstances under which the migrants decided to return and set up a business. I try to analyze the reasons they engaged in entrepreneurial activities through the necessity-opportunity entrepreneurship approach. Some became entrepreneurs out of necessity to avoid unemployment; others because of business opportunities. Within this last group of opportunity-seizing returned migrants, there are some who planned their return and intended to set up a business before migrating. Their objectives in Greece were to save money and gain the know-how enabling them to start and run a business back in Albania.
References:
Åkesson, L., & Eriksson-Baaz, M. (Eds.). (2015). The new developers? Experiences of African return migrants. London: Zed Books.
Aliaga-Isla, R., & Rialp, A. (2013). Systematic Review of Immigrant Entrepreneurship Literature: Previous Findings and Ways Forward. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal, 25(9-10), 819-844. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2013.845694
Arentz, J., Sautet, F., & Storr, V. (2013). Prior-knowledge and opportunity identification. Small Business Economics, 41, 461-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-012-9437-9
Arif, G., & Irfan, M. (1997). Return migration and occupational change: The case of Pakistani migrants returned from the Middle East. The Pakistan Development Review, 36(1), 1-37.https://doi.org/10.30541/v36i1pp.1-37
Baldwin-Edwards, M. (2002). Semi-reluctant hosts: Southern Europe's ambivalent response to immigration. Studi Emigrazione, 39(145), 27-48.
Baldwin-Edwards, M. (2004). Albanian emigration and the Greek labour market: Economic symbiosis and social ambiguity. Journal for Labour and Social Affairs in Eastern Europe, 7(1), 51-65.
Barjaba, K. (2004). Migration and ethnicity in Albania. Synergies and interdependencies. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 11(1), 231-239.
Baron, R. A. (2004). The cognitive perspective: a valuable tool for answering entrepreneurship's basic "why" questions. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(2), 221-239. https://10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00008-9
Baron, R. A. (2006). Opportunity recognition as pattern recognition: How entrepreneurs "connect the dots" to identify new business opportunities. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 104-119. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2006.19873412
Black, R., & Castaldo, A. (2009). Return migration and entrepreneurship in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire: The role of capital transfers. Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 100(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2009.00504.x
Boccagni, P. (2011). The framing of return from above and below in Ecuadorian migration: A project, a myth, or a political device? Global Networks, 11(4), 461-480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2011.00323.x
Borjas, G., & Bratsberg, B. (1996). Who Leaves? The outmigration of the foreign-born. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(1), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109856
Callea, A. S. (1986). Different forms, reasons and motivations for return migration of persons who voluntarily decide to return to their countries of origin. International Migration, 24, 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1986.tb00102.x
Cassarino, J. P. (2004). Theorising return migration: The conceptual approach to return migrants revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 6(2), 253-279.
Cohen, B., & Winn, M. (2007). Market imperfections, opportunity and sustainable entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 29-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.12.001
Cohen, N. (2009). Come home, be professional. Ethno-nationalism and economic rationalism in Israel's return migration strategy. Immigrants & Minorities, 27(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619280902895843
De Soto, H., Gordon, P., Gedeshi, I., & Sinoimeri, Z. (2002). Poverty in Albania: A qualitative assessment. Technical Paper, 520. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-5109-5
Démurger, S., & Xu, H. (2011). Return migrants: The rise of new entrepreneurs in rural China. World Development, 39(10), 1847-1861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.027
Desai, S. (2009) Measuring entrepreneurship in developing countries. Research Paper, 2009/10. United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6235672.pdf
Dustmann, C., & Kirchkamp, O. (2002). The optimal migration duration and activity choice after re-migration. Journal of Development Economics, 67(2), 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00193-6
Gedeshi, I., & King, R. (2018). New trends in potential migration from Albania. Tirana: Friedrich- EbertStiftung. Retrieved from http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/albanien/15272.pdf
Gubert, F., & Nordman, C. J. (2011). Return migration and small enterprise. Development in theMaghreb. In S., Plaza, & D., Ratha, (Eds.). Diaspora for Development in Africa (pp. 103-126). Washington: The World Bank.
Harding, R., Brooksbank, D., Hart, M., Jones-Evans, D., Levie, J., O'Reilly, J., et al. (2006). Global entrepreneurship monitor United Kingdom 2005. London: London Business School, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
Hatziprokopiou, P. (2003). Albanian immigrants in Thessaloniki, Greece: processes of economic and social incorporation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29(6), 1033-1057. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183032000171357
Hatziprokopiou, P. (2006). Globalisation, migration and socio-economic change in contemporary Greece. Processes of social incorporation of Balkan immigrants in Thessaloniki. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789053568736
Hatziprokopiou, P. (2006). Migration and changing urban geographies in the European south: evidence from the case of immigrants in Thessaloniki. Migracijske i Etničke Teme, 22, 113-136. Retrieved from https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/8135
Hausmann, R., & Nedelkoska, L. (2017). Welcome home in a crisis: Effects of return migration on the non-migrants' wages and employment. HKS Working Paper, RWP17-015. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2939702
Hessels, J., van Gelderen, M., & Thurik, R. (2008). Entrepreneurial Aspirations, Motivations, and Their Drivers. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9134-x
Hills, G., Shrader, R., & Lumpkin, T. (1999). Opportunity recognition as a creative process. In P. D., Reynolds, W. D. Bygrave, S., Manigart, C. M., Mason, G. D., Meyer, H. J., Sapienza & K. G., Shaver (Eds.). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 216-227). Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
Ho, E. L. E. (2011). "Claiming" the diaspora: Elite mobility, sending state strategies and the spatialities of citizenship. Progress in Human Geography, 35(6), 757-772.https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511401463
Ilahi, N. (1999). Return migration and occupational change. Review of Development Economics, 3(2), 170-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00059
INSTAT, IOM (2014). Return migration and reintegration in Albania 2013. Tirana: Institute of Statistics, International Organization for Statistics. Retrieved from https://albania.iom.int/sites/default/files/publication/15.%20Return%20Migration%20and%20Reintegration%20in%20Albania%202013.pdf
Iosifides, Th., & King, R. (1998). Socio-spatial dynamics and exclusion of three immigrant groups in the Athens conurbation. South European Society and Politics, 3(3), 205-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608740308539554
Jordan, B., Stråth, B., & Triandafyllidou, A. (2003). Comparing cultures of discretion. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 29(2), 373-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183032000079648
Kapllani, G., & Mai, N. (2005). Greece belongs to Greeks! The case of the Greek flag in the hands of an Albanian student In R., King, N., Mai & S., Schwandner-Sievers (Eds.). The New Albanian Migration (pp. 153-172). Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
Kasimis, C., & Papadopoulos, A. G. (2012). Employment and professional mobility of migrants in two local labor markets. In C., Kasimis, & A. G., Papadopoulos (Eds.). Immigrants in Greece: Employment and Integration into Local Communities (pp. 289-326). Athens: Alexandria [in Greek].
Kerpaci, K. (2007). Social construction of Albanian immigrant stereotype in Greece. A phenomenological approach. Master thesis. Athens: National Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Law [in Greek].
Kerpaci, K. (2019). Foreigners Natives: Difficulties of integration of Albanian returned migrants in the urban areas of the country. PhD thesis. Athens: University of Harokopio, Department of Human Geography [in Greek].
Kerpaci, K., & Kuka, M. (2019). The Greek debt crisis and Albanian return migration. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 21(1), 104-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2018.1532689
Kilic, T., Carletto, C., Davis, B., & Zezza, A. (2009). Investing back home: return migration and business ownership in Albania. Economics of Transition, 17(3), 587-623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2009.00357.x
King, R., & Vullnetari, J. (2003). Migration and development in Albania. Working Paper, C5. Brighton: University of Sussex, Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty. Retrieved from http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/SCMR/drc/publications/working_papers/WP-C5.pdf
Kokkali, I. (2011). From scapegoats to 'good' immigrants? Quaderni del Circolo Rosselli, 3, 161-173. htttps://doi.org/10.1400/215103
Kolvereid, L. (1996). Organisational employment versus self-employment: Reasons for career choice intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 20(3), 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879602000302
Kourtovik, I. (2001) Migrants: Between justice and legality. In A., Marvakis, D., Parsanoglou & M., Pavlou (Eds.). Migrants in Greece (pp. 163‐198). Athens: Ellinika Grammata [in Greek].
Krueger, F. N. (2005). The cognitive psychology of entrepreneurship. In Z. J., Acs & D. B., Audretsch(Eds.). Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research (pp. 105-140). Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24519-7_6
Kule, Dh., Mançellari, A., Papapanagos, H., Qirici, S., & Sanfey, P. (2002). The causes and consequences of Albanian emigration during transition: Evidence from micro data. International Migration Review, 36(1), 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00078.x
Labrianidis, L., & Hatziprokopiou, P. (2005). The Albanian migration cycle: migrants tend to return to their country after all. In R., King, N., Mai & S., Schwandner-Sievers (Eds.). The New Albanian Migration (pp. 93-117). Brighton: Sussex University Press.
Labrianidis, L., & Lyberaki, A. (2001). Albanian immigrants in Thessaloniki: Paths of prosperity and oversights of their public image. Thessaloniki: Paratiritis [in Greek].
Labrianidis, L., & Lyberaki, A. (2004). Back and forth and in-between: Albanian return migrants from Greece and Italy. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 5(1), 77-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-004-1003-0
Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances: migration driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion. International Migration Review, 32(4), 926-948. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839803200404
Lianos, T., & Pseiridis, A. (2009). On the occupational choices of return migrants. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 21(2), 155-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620802176187
Light, I. (2007). Global entrepreneurship and transnationalism. In L. P., Dana (Ed.). Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship: A co-evolutionary view on resource management (pp. 3-15). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Lintner, C. (2018). "If I have to clean, I clean my own shop": Migrant entrepreneurship as a form of emplacement in times of crisis: The example of Italy. Ethnicities, 19(2), 414-432. https:/doi.org/10.1177/1468796818774812
Locke, E. A., & Baum, J. R. (2007). Entrepreneurial Motivation. In J. R., Baum, M., Frese & R. A., Baron (Eds.). The psychology of entrepreneurship (pp. 93-112). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Mai, N., & Paladini, C. (2013). Flexible circularities: Integration, return and socio-economic instability within Albanian migration to Italy. Ιn A., Triandafyllidou (Ed.). Circular migration between Europe and its neighbourhood (pp. 42-68). Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674510.003.0003
Mainela, T., Puhakka, V., & Servais, P. (2014). The concept of international opportunity in international entrepreneurship: A review and a research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(1), 105-129. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12011
Maritz, A. (2004). New Zealand necessity entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 1(1), 255-264. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJESB.2004.005655
McCormick, B., & Wahba, J. (2001). Overseas work experience, savings and entrepreneurship amongst returnees to LDCs. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48, 164-178. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00192
Mesnard, A. (2004). Temporary migration and capital market imperfections. Oxford Economic Papers, 56(2), 242-262. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpf042
MFA (2014). A summary of the changes of the tax laws for 2014. Ministry of Finance, Albania. Retrieved from https://financa.gov.al/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Update-of-Albanian-fiscal-laws-for-2014-2.pdf
Michail, D. (2009). Working here, investing here and there: present economic practices, strategies of social inclusion and future plans for return among the Albanian immigrants a Greek-Albanian border town. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9(4), 539-554. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683850903315029
Michail, D. (2013). Social development and transnational households: resilience and motivation for Albanian migrants in Greece in the era of economic crisis. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 13(2), 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2013.789673
Minniti, M., Bygrave, W. D., & Autio, E. (2006). Global entrepreneurship monitor, executive report 2005. Babson Park, MA: Babson College, London Business School.
Ní Laoire, C. (2007). The 'green green grass of home'? Return migration to rural Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies, 23, 332-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.01.005
Ní Laoire, C. (2008a). Complicating host-newcomer dualisms: Irish return migrants as homecomers or newcomers? Translocations: Migration and Social Change, 4(1), 35-50.
Ní Laoire, C. (2008b). 'Settling back'? A biographical and life-course perspective on Ireland's recent return migration. Irish Geography, 41(2), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00750770802076968
Nicholson, B. (2001). From migrant to micro-entrepreneur: do-it-yourself development in Albania. South-East Europe Review, 4(3), 39-41.
Nicholson, B. (2002). The wrong end of the telescope: Economic migrants, immigration policy and how it looks from Albania. The Political Quarterly, 73(4), 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.00498
Nicholson, B. (2004). Migrants as agents of development: Albanian return migrants and micro-enterprise. In D., Pop (Ed.). New patterns of labour migration in central and Eastern Europe. Cluj Napoca: Public Policy Center.
OECD (2014). International migration outlook 2014. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2014-en
Pavlou, M. (2001). The 'smugglers of fear': racist discourse and immigrants in the press of a potential metropolis. In A., Mavrakis, D., Parsanoglou & M., Pavlou, (Eds.). Immigrants in Greece (pp. 127-162). Athens: Society for Political Thinking "Nikos Poulantzas", Ellinika Grammata [in Greek].
Perunovic, Z. (2005). Introducing Opportunity-based Entrepreneurship in a Transition Economy. Policy Briefs, 39(11). Michigan: The William Davison Institute, University of Michigan.
Petrakis, E., & Xenopoulos, I. (2014). Greek Tax Overview. Athens: TMS Auditors. Retrieved from http://tms-auditors.gr/uploads/greek_tax_overview.pdf
Piracha, M., & Vadean, F. (2010). Return Migration and occupational choice: Evidence from Albania. World Development, 38(8), 1141-1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.12.015
Puri, S., & Ritzema, T. (1999). Migrant worker remittances, micro-finance and the informal economy: Prospects and issues. Working Paper, 21. Geneva: Social Finance Unit, International Labour Organization. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_117997.pdf
Rapoport, H. (2002). Migration, credit constraints and self-employment: A simple model of occupational choice, inequality and growth. Economics Bulletin, 15(7), 1-5.
Reynolds, P., Camp, S., Bygrave, W., Autio, E., & Hay, M. (2002). Global entrepreneurship monitor global 2002 executive report. Kansas City Mo: Kaufman Centre.
Richmond, A. H. (1984). Explaining return migration. In D., Kubat (Ed.). The politics of return. International return migration in Europe (pp. 227-299). New York, US: Center for Migration Studies.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1974). Capitalism, socialism and democracy (4th edition). London: Unwin.
Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Organisation Science, 11(4), 448-469. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.4.448.14602
Shepherd, D. A., & DeTienne, D. R. (2005). Prior knowledge, potential financial reward, and opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 91-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00071.x
Sinatti, G. (2019). Return migration, entrepreneurship and development: Contrasting the economic growth perspective of Senegal's Diaspora policy through a migrant centered approach. African Studies, 78(4), 609-623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2018.1555310
Smallbone, D., & Welter, R. (2004). Entrepreneurship in transition economies: Necessity or opportunity driven? Babson College: Babson-Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference.
Thomas, K. (2008). Return migration in Africa and the relationship between educational attainment and labor market success: Evidence from Uganda. The International Migration Review, 42(3), 652-674. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00141.x
Triandafyllidou, A. (2002). Greece. In J. ter Wal (Ed.). Racism and cultural diversity in the mass media. An overview of research and examples of good practice in the EU Member States, 1995-2000 (pp. 149-170). Vienna: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, Vienna & European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations.
Tsoukala, A. (1999). The perception of the "other" and the integration of immigrants in Greece. In A., Geddes & A., Favell (Eds.). The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe (pp. 109-124). Aldershot, Brookfield, Singapore, Sydney: Ashgate.
Tsuda, T. (2010). Ethnic return migration and the nation-state: Encouraging the diaspora to return "home". Nations and Nationalism, 16(4), 616-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2010.00444.x
Turner, S., & Kleist, N. (2013). Introduction: Agents of change? Staging and governing Diasporas and the African State. African Studies, 72(2), 192-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2013.812882
Vathi, Z. (2011). A context issue? Comparing the Attitude towards Return of the Albanian First and Second Generation in Europe. Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 20(2), 343-364.
Vathi, Z., & King, R. (2011). Return visits of the young Albanian second generation in Europe: Contrasting themes and comparative host-country perspectives. Mobilities, 6(4), 503-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2011.603944
Vullnetari, J. (2007). Albanian migration and development: State-of-the-art review. Working Paper, 18. Amsterdam: IMISCOE.
Vullnetari, J. (2012). Albania on the Move: Links Between Internal and International Migration. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048514939
Vullnetari J. (2013) Albania: €1’ or the Story of ‘Big Policies, Small Outcomes’: How Albania Constructs and Engages Its Diaspora. In: Collyer M. (eds) Emigration Nations. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137277107_2
Vullnetari, J., & King, R. (2011). Remittances, Gender and Development: Albania's Society and Economy in Transition. London: GB. I.B. Tauris. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755692675
World Bank (2017). Albania. National Accounts Data. World Bank. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2017&locations=AL&start=1984&view=chart
World Bank (2019). Albania At-A-Glance. World Bank. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/albania/overview
Zografakis, S. & Kasimis, C. (2014). Greek economy and Immigrants: Yesterday... Today… Tomorrow. In Masourakis, M. & Gkortsos, Ch. (Eds.). Competitiveness for development: Policy proposals (pp. 381-396). Athens: Hellenic Union of Banks [in Greek].
migrant enterpreneurship ; motivation ; return migration ; Europa XXI
Volume: Start page: End page: Resource type: Detailed Resource Type: Format: Resource Identifier:1429-7132 ; 10.7163/Eu21.2019.37.6
Source:CBGiOŚ. IGiPZ PAN, call nos.: Cz.6406, Cz.6407 ; click here to follow the link
Language: Language of abstract: Rights:Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license
Terms of use: Digitizing institution:Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Original in: Projects co-financed by: Access: