Subtitle:

Przegląd Geograficzny T. 92 z. 4 (2020)

Publisher:

IGiPZ PAN

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Description:

24 cm

Type of object:

Journal/Article

Abstract:

Two events exerted an essential influence on the development of collaboration in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) in the 21st century, namely: extension of the EU in 2004, due to which Baltic Sea became the inner sea of the EU (except for the Russian coast), and the elaboration and implementation in 2009 of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, which established the framework for the contemporary deepening of cooperation among the Baltic states inside the EU structures. The initially adopted model of cooperation concentrated on the key environmental issues, to then get extended towards the policy domain, including the transborder policies (institutional cooperation), as well as transport and economic connections (Palmowski, 2017). The article, while following the stream of the current studies of the BSR as an economic region, tries to fill the gap of complexity and dynamism of development processes, concerning the scale and intensity of mutual economic relations in relation to BSR. Thus, the article presents the basic aspects, associated with the introduction of the macroregional strategies in the EU and a short description of the economic integration process of the BSR. Analysis is presented of the most important regularities regarding trade exchange between the countries of the BSR, with consideration of the quantitative changes (volume, dynamics), and of the structural ones (specialization of trade in goods and services), as well as the trade linkages at the local level, as seen from the perspective of Polish exports (case study). International comparisons are based primarily on the economic data on foreign trade in goods and in services. The analysis concentrates on the assessment of the transformations in the years 2011 2019 (for trade in services: 2011 2018), that is – already after the establishment of the Strategy and the period of recession, resulting from the global crisis of 2008. In the course of the recent years the changes in the trade linkages considered brought a significant increase in the volume of trade, both concerning goods and services (46.3%), which confirms the initial proposition of the deepening integration within the BSR. Yet, this process takes place in a spatially uneven manner, and it is significantly stronger for the trade in goods than for the services. Internal trade inside the region accounts for as much as 23.7% of the total trade of the BSR countries (this share for the EU countries amounting to 60.0%). Nowadays, the internal trade with the BSR countries is of the highest importance for the small economies of the Baltic states, which is partly due to their intermediate position between Western Europe and Eastern Europe (including, especially, Russia). The analysis of the spatial development of trade with the Nordic countries at the local level in Poland demonstrates the persistence of the applicability and popularity of the gravity models in the study of regula ities, associated with the development of export relations; for the local economies the distance to the sales market and the local economic base are the essential factors, differentiating the magnitude and the significance of exports, in this case – to the Nordic countries. The macroregional Strategy might be treated as a new form of diversified integration within the EU, while the elaborated instruments of the policy and the strategy implementation process can be seen as the response to the need of the cohesion policy, dedicated to the particular areas of supranational dimensions (Gänzle & Kern, 2016). The BSR is strongly internally differentiated, this statement applying to economic, social and demographic aspects (Kubka, 2018). Moreover, it can be expected that the region will remain a heterogeneous area (Laaser & Schrader, 2002), also in terms of the regional trade patterns. Thereby, new questions arise, concerning the further process of economic integration and the specificity of cooperation in the framework of the BSR.

References:

Boehe, D.M., & Jiménez, A. (2016). How does the geographic export diversification - performance relationship vary at different levels of export intensity? International Business Review, 25(6), 1262‑1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.03.011
Brodzicki, T., & Umiński, S. (2018). A gravity panel data analysis of foreign trade by regions: the role of metropolises and history. Regional Studies, 52(2), 261‑273. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2017.1296123
BT2050. (2019). Territorial Scenarios for the Baltic Sea Region. Main Report. Pobrane z: https://www.espon.eu/BT%202050 (18.05.2020).
Casillas, J.C., Moreno, A.M., & Acedo, F.J. (2012). Path dependence view of export behaviour: A relationship between static patterns and dynamic configurations. International Business Research, 21(3), 465‑479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.05.008
Castells, M. (1998). The Rise of the Network Society. Malden, Mass: Blackwell.
Cerić, D. (2019). Transgraniczna przestrzeń turystyczna obszarów morskich i nadmorskich na przykładzie Morza Bałtyckiego - próba wyjaśnienia pojęcia. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(4), 531‑551. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.4.5
Eurostat. (2020). Eurostat Database. Pobrane z: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (30.04.2020).
Faludi, A. (2019). New Horizons: Beyond Territorialism. Europa XXI, 36, 35‑44. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2019.36.3
Fedorov, G.M., & Mikhaylov, A.S. (2018). Regional divergence dynamics in the Baltic region: Towards polarisation or equalization? Geographia Polonica, 91(4), 399‑411. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0127
Gänzle, S., & Kern, K. (2016). Macro-regions, 'macroregionalization' and macroregional strategies in the European Union: Towards a new form of European governance? W: S. Gänzle, K. Kern (red.), A macro-regional Europe in the making. Theoretical approaches and empirical evidence (s. 3‑22). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978‑1-137‑50972‑7_1
de Groot, H.L.F., Linders, G.J., Rietveld, P., & Subramanian, U. (2004). The Institutional Determinants of Bilateral Trade Patterns. Kyklos, 57(1), 103‑124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0023‑5962.2004.00245.x
Hacker, R.S., & Einarsson, H. (2003). The pattern, pull, and potential of Baltic Sea trade. Annals of Regional Science, 37, 15‑29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001680200105
KE. (2009). Komunikat Komisji do Parlamentu Europejskiego, Rady, Europejskiego Komitetu Ekonomiczno-Społecznego i Komitetu Regionów dotyczący Strategii Unii Europejskiej dla regionu Morza Bałtyckiego. Pobrane z: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/pl/policy/cooperation/macro-regional-strategies/baltic-sea/ (25.05.2020).
Kebza, M., Nováček, A., & Popjaková, D. (2019). Socio-Economic disparities in the Baltic States: Analytical comparison and categorization of the regions. Geographia Polonica, 92(3), 289‑307. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0150
Klatt, M., & Winkler, I. (2020). Lessons from the Danish-German Border Region for Post 2020 Interreg A - an Alignment with Cross-Border Functional Regions? Europa XXI, 38. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2020.38.5
Komornicki, T., Zaucha, J., Szejgiec, B., & Wiśniewski, R. (2015). Powiązania eksportowe gospodarki lokalnej w warunkach zmiennej koniunktury - analiza przestrzenna. Warszawa: IGiPZ PAN.
Konecka-Szydłowska, B., Churski, P., Herodowicz, T., & Perdał, R. (2019). Europejski kontekst wpływu współczesnych megatrendów na rozwój społeczno-gospodarczy. Ujęcie syntetyczne. Przegląd Geograficzny, 91(2), 39‑59. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2019.2.3
Kubka, A. (2018). Szwecja i problemy spójności współpracy państw w Europie Bałtyckiej w 2018 roku. Gdańskie Studia Międzynarodowe, 16(1‑2), 5‑21. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7622
Laaser, C.F., & Schrader, K. (2002). European Integration and Changing Trade Patterns: The Case of the Baltic States. Working Paper, 1088. Pobrane z: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/2690/1/kap1088.pdf (21.05.2020).
Leszczyna-Rzucidło, M. (2014). Region Morza Bałtyckiego jako modelowy makroregion UE. Gdańskie Studia Międzynarodowe, 12(1‑2), 78‑90.
Li, S., & Samsell, D.P. (2009). Why some countries trade more than others: the effect of the governance environment on trade flows. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 17, 47‑61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‑8683.2008.00715.x
Misztal, P. (2011). Koncentracja towarowa eksportu a wzrost gospodarczy w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Ekonomista, 5, 691‑708.
North, M. (2012). Reinventing the Baltic Sea Region: From the Hansa to the EU-Strategy of 2009. Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice, 4(2), 5‑17.
Paas, T., & Tafenau, E. (2005). European trade integration in the Baltic Sea Region - A gravity model based analysis. Discussion Paper, 331. Pobrane z: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/19299/1/331.pdf (12.05.2020).
Palmowski, T. (2017). Baltic Europe - 40 years of integration. Studia Regionalia, 52, 41‑57. https://doi.org/10.12657/studreg-52‑03
Perrin, T. (2020). The macro-regionalisation of the western Mediterranean, between renewal and uncompletion. Europa XXI, 38. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2020.38.3
Peschel, K. (1998). The Baltic Sea Region: An Economically Highly Integrated Area in Future. Discussion Paper, 36. Pobrane z: http://www.geo.ut.ee/nbc/paper/peschel.htm (12.05.2020).
Purju, A., & Branten, E. (2013). The Economies of the Baltic Sea Region: Growth Patterns and Foreign Trade Now and in the Future. Journal of East-West Business, 19(1‑2), 4‑15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2013.779541
Słomczyńska, I. (2014). Strategie makroregionalne Unii Europejskiej jako instrument zarządzania wielopoziomowego. Warszawa: Centrum Europejskie Natolin.
Statistik sentralbyrå. (2020). Statistics Norway. Pobrane z: https://www.ssb.no/(20.04.2020).
Stead, D. (2011). Policy and Planning Brief. European Macro-regional Strategies: Indications of Spatial Rescaling? Planning Theory and Practice, 12(1), 163‑167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2011.545664
Szejgiec-Kolenda, B. (2018). Export activity patterns of border regions in Poland. Europa XXI, 34, 113‑122. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2018.34.7
Śmigerska-Belczak, I. (2017). Współpraca międzynarodowa w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego i strategia Unii Europejskiej w tym zakresie. Gdańskie Studia Międzynarodowe, 15(1‑2), 27‑45.
TE. (2020). TradingEconomics. Pobrane z: https://tradingeconomics.com/(20.04.2020).
Tiits, M. (2006). Industrial and trade dynamics in the Baltic Sea region - the last two waves of European Union enlargement from a historic perspective. Institute of Baltic Studies, Working Paper, 1. Pobrane z: https://www.ibs.ee/wp-content/uploads/Baltic_Sea_Region___Marek_Tiits___IBS_WP_1_2006.pdf (18.05.2020).
VASAB. (2010). VASAB Long-Term Perspective for the Territorial Development of the Baltic Sea Region. Pobrane z: https://vasab.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/vasab_ltp_final-2.pdf (18.05.2020).
WB. (2020). World Bank Open Data. Pobrane z: https://data.worldbank.org/ (20.04.2020).
WF. (2020). The World Factbook. Washington, DC: CIA.
Wu, J., Li, S., & Samsell, D. (2012). Why some countries trade more, some trade less, some trade almost nothing: The effect of the governance environment on trade flows. International Business Review, 21(2), 225‑238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2011.02.007
Zaucha, J. (2007). Rola przestrzeni w kształtowaniu relacji gospodarczych. Ekonomiczne fundamenty planowania przestrzennego w Europie Bałtyckiej. Gdańsk: Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego.
Zaucha, J., Pyć, D., Böhme, K., Neumann, L., & Aziewicz, D. (2020). EU macro-regional strategies for the Baltic Sea Region after 2020. A nutshell of beauty and possibilities. Europa XXI, 38. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2020.38.1
Zwinkels, R.C., & Beugelsdijk, S. (2010). Gravity equations: Workhorse or Trojan horse in explaining trade and FDI patterns across time and space?. International Business Review, 19(1), 102‑115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.09.001

Relation:

Przegląd Geograficzny

Volume:

92

Issue:

4

Start page:

609

End page:

630

Detailed Resource Type:

Article

Format:

application/octet-stream

Resource Identifier:

oai:rcin.org.pl:157606 ; 2300-8466 (on-line) ; 10.7163/PrzG.2020.4.8

Source:

CBGiOS. IGiPZ PAN, sygn.: Cz.181, Cz.3136, Cz.4187 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

pol

Language of abstract:

eng

Rights:

Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license

Terms of use:

Copyright-protected material. [CC BY 4.0] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license, full text available at: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Original in:

Central Library of Geography and Environmental Protection. Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS

Projects co-financed by:

Operational Program Digital Poland, 2014-2020, Measure 2.3: Digital accessibility and usefulness of public sector information; funds from the European Regional Development Fund and national co-financing from the state budget.

Access:

Open