Object structure
Title:

Skalne grzyby w Polsce i na świecie – terminologia, rozmieszczenie, poglądy na rozwój = Rock mushrooms in Poland and the world – terminology, distribution, views evolution

Subtitle:

Przegląd Geograficzny T. 94 z. 1 (2022)

Creator:

Duszyński, Filip : Autor Affiliation ORCID ; Migoń, Piotr : Autor Affiliation ORCID

Publisher:

IGiPZ PAN

Place of publishing:

Warszawa

Date issued/created:

2022

Description:

24 cm

Subject and Keywords:

rock mushrooms ; landform evolution ; weathering ; structural geomorphology

Abstract:

Various shapes are taken on by the bedrock outcrops emerging from regolith cover, typically described using the generic term ‘crag’ or ‘tor’. Consequently, specific terms have been proposed to account for this variety. Among these outcrops are those consisting of a narrow lower part (stem) and a wider upper part (cap), resembling a mushroom. In English, they are named pedestal rocks if built of hard, well-lithified rock; or hoodoos if the rock is softer, but there is no established boundary line between the two. Not uncommonly, however, and perhaps less formally, they are referred to as ‘rock mushrooms’ (or mushroom rocks), to emphasise the unusual shape. In Polish, the term equivalent to ‘rock mushroom’ has been used at least since the 1930s, and appears to be a legitimate part of geomorphological vocabulary. In this paper, we present the occurrences of rock mushrooms in different lithologies, identify geological controls and review various hypotheses regarding their origin and evolution. Rock mushrooms are known from various lithological settings, although some bedrock types clearly favour their origin more than the others. First of all, these are sandstones and aconglomerates. Rock mushrooms are up to 10 m high, whereas height proportions between the stem and the cap vary, resulting in a great variety of specific shapes, from large monoliths on low (<1 m) pedestals to tiny caps on top of slender stems >5 m high. In Poland, the north-eastern part of the Stołowe Mountains abounds in rock mushrooms developed in Upper Cretaceous sandstones; but they also occur in other parts of the Sudetes, where Cretaceous sandstones crop out; and in the flysch Carpathians. Specific variants of rock mushrooms in clastic rocks include those related to non-uniform silification of sandy sediments (e.g. Fontainebleau Forest, France) or secondary ferruginisation of sandstone beds (e.g. Kokořinsko, Czechia). Rock mushrooms are also known from limestone and dolomite terrain, with the massive forms in Ciudad Encantada, Spain, being probably the tallest known from literature. The latter are up to 15 m high and have developed within a dolomite succession. Heights above 10 m are also attained by rockmushrooms in the volcanic succession of Cappadocia, Turkey, locally described as ‘fairy chimneys’. A great variety of shapes are documented from this region, with conical caps being very common. Granite rock mushrooms are comparatively rare, and in this case a clear distinction between the stem and the cap usually proves difficult. More commonly, the outcrops assume a shape resembling the letter ‘S’ or ‘Ω’, with basal undercutting grading smoothly into a wider upper part. A specific term ‘flared slope’ has been proposed to account for this basal concavity. Finally, cap-on-stem situations typify eroded glacigenic deposits, best known from the Alps, where boulders embedded in till or outwash sediments provide a protective cap to the underlying mass. As the overall shape is often conical, the term ‘earth pyramid’ is used in some languages (e.g. Polish and German). Rock mushrooms have more than one origin, and many can in fact be polygenetic. In each case, however, rock disintegration is clearly more efficient in the basal part. The reasons for enhanced efficacy at this point vary, and include: (a) aeolian undercutting – this view prevails in primary and secondary geographical education, even as wind-abraded rock mushrooms are by no means the most common examples; (b) differential weathering related to lithological or structural heterogeneity of rock, even as the exact mechanisms of weathering may vary; (c) subsurface (subsoil) weathering (etching) leading to the origin of a narrow stem, subsequently exposed; (d) wave-undercutting in coastal settings; (e) overland flow and gully erosion – these processes are fundamental for rock-mushroom evolution in poorly-lithified deposits; (f) negative feedback between stress and erosion on exposed bedrock outcrops.

References:

Adamovič, J. (2016). The Kokořín area: sandstone landforms controlled by hydrothermal ferruginization. W: T. Pánek, J. Hradecký (red.), Landscapes and Landforms of Czech Republic (s. 153‑164). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27537-6_13 DOI
Adamovič, J., Mikuláš, R., & Cílek, V. (2010). Atlas pískovcových skalnych měst České a Slovenské republiky: Geologie a geomorfologie. Praha: Academia.
Alexandrowicz, Z. (1970). Skałki piaskowcowe w okolicach Ciężkowic nad Białą. Ochrona Przyrody, 35, 281‑335.
Alexandrowicz, Z. (1978). Skałki piaskowcowe zachodnich Karpat fliszowych. Prace Geologiczne PAN, 113. Kraków: PAN.
Alexandrowicz, Z. (2008). Sandstone rocky forms in Polish Carpathians attractive for education and tourism. Przegląd Geologiczny, 56(8/1), 680‑687.
Alexandrowicz, Z. (2012). Rola kory wietrzeniowej w ewolucji powierzchni karpackich skałek piaskowcowych. Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 68(3), 163‑174.
Balatka, B., & Sládek, J. (1973). Skalní hřiby a pokličky v Čechách. Ochrana přírody, 28, 183‑186.
Benl, G. (1966). Über Südtiroler Erdpyramiden und ihre Entstehung. Verein zum Schutz der Bergwelt, 31, 74‑91.
Bollati, I., Pelfini, M., & Smiraglia, C. (2017). Landscapes of northern Lombardy: from the glacial scenery of Upper Valtellina to the Prealpine lacustrine environment of Lake Como. W: M. Soldati, M. Marchetti (red.), Landscapes and Landforms of Italy (s. 89‑99). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26194-2_7 DOI
Bollati, I., Reynard, E., Lupia, Palmieri, E., & Pelfini, M. (2016). Runoff impact on active geomorphosites in unconsolidated substrat. A comparison between landforms in glacial and marine clay sediments: Two case studies from the Swiss Alps and the Italian Apennines. Geoheritage, 8, 61‑75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-015-0161-0 DOI
Bruthans, J., Soukup, J., Vaculikova, J., Filippi, M., Schweigstillova, J., Mayo, A.L., Masin, D., Kletetschka, G., & Rihosek, J. (2014). Sandstone landforms shaped by negative feedback between stress and erosion. Nature Geoscience, 7, 597‑601. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2209 DOI
Bryan, K. (1923). Pedestal rocks in the arid Southwest. US Geological Survey Bulletin, 760-A, 1‑11.
Bryan, K. (1926). Pedestal rocks formed by differential erosion. US Geological Survey Bulletin, 790, 1‑15.
Centeno, J.D., & Twidale, C.R. (1988). Rocas fungiformes, pedestales y formas asociadas en Anvil Hill, Mannum, Australia del Sur. Estudios Geologicos, 44, 93‑98. DOI
Chábera, S., & Huber, K.H. (1995). Pilzfelsen und Wackelsteine in Granitoiden des Südböhmischen Plutons. Sborník Jihočeského muzea v Českých Budějovicích. Přírodní vědy, 35, 5‑20.
Çiner, A., & Aydar, E. (2019). A fascinating gift from volcanoes: the Fairy Chimneys and underground cities of Cappadocia. W: C. Kuzucuoğlu, A. Çiner, N. Kazancı (red.), Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey (s. 535‑549). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_31 DOI
Crickmay, G.W. (1935). Granite pedestal rocks in the southern Appalachian piedmont. Journal of Geology, 43, 745‑758. DOI
Czeppe, Z. (1952). Z morfologii Gór Stołowych. Ochrona Przyrody, 20, 236‑254.
Czerwiński, J., & Migoń, P. (1993). Mikroformy wietrzenia granitów w masywie karkonosko-izerskim. Czasopismo Geograficzne, 64, 265‑284.
Duszyński, F., & Migoń, P. (2018). Geneza skalnych miast na płaskowyżach piaskowcowych. Przegląd Geograficzny, 90, 379‑402. https://doi.org/10.7163/PrzG.2018.3.1 DOI
Duszyński, F., & Migoń, P. (2020). Brimham Rocks-Sandstone ruiniform relief in the north of England. W: A.S. Goudie, P. Migoń (red.), Landscapes and Landforms of England and Wales (s. 437‑451). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38957-4_25
Duszyński, F., & Migoń, P. (2020). Sandstone landforms of the High Weald. W: A.S. Goudie, P. Migoń(red.), Landscapes and Landforms of England and Wales (s. 103‑118). Springer, Switzerland. DOI
Embabi, N.S. (2018). Landscapes and Landforms of Egypt. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38957-4_6 DOI
Ford, D.C., & Williams, P.W. (2007). Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology. Chichester: Wiley. DOI
Ginés, A., Knez, M., Slabe, T., & Dreybrodt, W. (red.) (2009). Karst rock forms: Karren sculpturing. Postojna - Ljubljana: Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU. DOI
Gruszka, I. (2009). Walory i formy ochrony przyrody na Pogórzu Ciężkowickim. Geologia, 35(2/1), 77‑86.
Hodgkin, E.P. (1970). Geomorphology and biological erosion of limestone coasts in Malaysia. Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin, 3, 27‑51. DOI
Hong, E., & Huang, E. (2001). Formation of the pedestal rocks in the Taliao formation, northern coast of Taiwan. Western Pacific Earth Sciences, 1(1), 99‑106.
Jahn, A. (1962). Geneza skałek granitowych. Czasopismo Geograficzne, 33, 19‑44.
Klimaszewski, M. (1932). Grzyby skalne na Pogórzu Karpackim między Rabą a Dunajcem. Ochrona Przyrody, 12, 64‑70.
Klimaszewski, M. (1947). Osobliwości skalne w Beskidach Zachodnich. Wierchy, 17, 57‑71. DOI
Klimaszewski, M. (1981). Geomorfologia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
Laity, J. (2009). Landforms, landscapes, and processes of aeolian erosion. W: A.J. Parsons, A.D. Abrahams (red.), Geomorphology of Desert Environments (2nd ed.) (s. 597‑627). Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5719-9_19 DOI
Laity, J. (2015). Pedestal rock. W: H. Hargitai, A. Kereszturi (red.), Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms (s. 1541‑1543). New York: Springer DOI
Lambiel, C. (2020). Glacial and periglacial landscapes in the Hérens valley. W: E. Reynard (red.), Landscapes and Landforms of Switzerland (s. 263‑275). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43203-4_18 DOI
Leonard, R.J. (1927). Pedestal rocks resulting from disintegration. Journal of Geology, 35, 469‑474. DOI
Li, J.C., Wang, W., & Zheng, Y.M. (2019). Origin of the Mushroom Stone Forest at the southeastern foot of the Little Sangpu Mountain in eastern Guangdong, China: A palaeo-sea-level indicator or not? Journal of Mountain Science, 16, 487‑503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-018-5181-1 DOI
Lindner, L. (1972). Geneza i wiek skałek piaskowcowych góry Piekło koło Niekłania. Acta Geologica Polonica, 22(1), 169‑180.
Linton, D.L. (1955). The problem of tors. Geographical Journal, 121, 470‑487. DOI
Lundberg, J. (2009). Coastal karren. W: A. Ginés, M. Knez, T. Slabe, W. Dreybrodt (red.), Karst Rock Forms: Karren Sculpturing (s. 249‑264). Postojna-Ljubljana: Karst Research Institute ZRC SAZU.
Mackintosh, D. (1865). Marine denudation illustrated by the Brimham Rocks. Geological Magazine, 2, 154‑158. DOI
Meysman, F.J.R., Middelburg, J.J., & Heip, C.H.R. (2006). Bioturbation: a fresh look at Darwin's last idea. TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution, 21(12), 688‑695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.08.002 DOI
Michniewicz, A. (2019). Tors in Central European mountains - are they indicators of past environments? Bulletin of Geography, Physical Geography Series, 16, 67‑87. https://doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2019-0005 DOI
Migoń, P. (2004). Rock and earth pinnacle and pillar. W: A.S. Goudie (red.), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (s. 876). London: Routledge.
Migoń, P., & Duszyński, F. (2020). Ścieżka Skalnych Grzybów - przewodnik. Kudowa Zdrój: Park Narodowy Gór Stołowych. https://pngs.com.pl/data/wydawnictwa/PrzewodnikSkalneGrzyby.pdf (03.02.2022).
Migoń, P., Duszyński, F., & Goudie, A. (2017). Rock cities and ruiniform relief: Forms - processes - terminology. Earth-Science Reviews, 171, 78‑104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.05.012 DOI
Migoń, P., & Placek, A. (2007). Rock control and geomorphology of a rocky sandstone scarp, Middle Sudetes Mountains, SW Poland. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, N.F., 51, Suppl. 1, 41‑55. https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2007/0051S-0041 DOI
Migoń, P., & Vieira, G.T. (2014). Granite geomorphology and its geological controls, Serra da Estrela, Portugal. Geomorphology, 226, 1‑14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.027 DOI
Migoń, P., & Viles, H. (2015). Sandstone Geomorphology. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, N.F., 59, Suppl. 1(1‑2). https://doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2015/S-00171 DOI
Mueller, J.E., & Twidale, C.R. (2002). Geomorphic development of the Giants of the Mimbres, Grant County, New Mexico. New Mexico Geology, 24(2), 39‑48.
Neto de Carvalho, C., & Rodrigues, J. (2020). Naturtejo UNESCO Global Geopark: The culture of landscape. W: G. Vieira, J.L. Zêzere, C. Mora (red.), Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal (s. 359‑375). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03641-0_28 DOI
Neuendorf, K.K.E., Mehl Jr., J.P., & Jackson, J.A. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria: American Geological Institute.
Nocita, B.W. (1986). Pedestal rocks in the Pliocene Puye Formation, New Mexico. Sedimentary Geology, 49, 193‑200. DOI
Plyusnina, E.E., Sallam, E.S., & Ruban, D.A. (2016). Geological heritage of the Bahariya and Farafra oases, the central Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 116, 151‑159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.01.002 DOI
Pulina, M. (1999). Kras. Formy i procesy. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
Robinson, D.A., & Williams, R.B.G. (1994). Sandstone weathering and landforms in Britain and Europe. W: D.A. Robinson, R.B.G. Williams (red.), Rock Weathering and Landform Evolution (s. 371‑392). Chichester: Wiley and Sons.
Rooke, H. (1786). Some account of the Brimham Rocks in Yorkshire. Archaeologia, 8, 1‑9. DOI
Sarikaya, M.A., Çiner, A., & Zreda, M. (2015). Fairy chimney erosion rates on Cappadocia ignimbrites, Turkey: Insights from cosmogenic nuclides. Geomorphology, 234, 182‑191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.039 DOI
Sesan, E. (1971). L'origine et l'évolution des rochers en forme de champignon. Revue Géographique de l'Est, 11, 205‑208. DOI
Strzeboński, P. (2009). Piaskowcowo-zlepieńcowe formy skałkowe - więcej niż atrakcja turystyczna. Geoturystyka, 16‑17(1‑2), 49‑60. DOI
Strzeboński, P. (2012). Kamienie Brodzińskiego. W: T. Słomka (red.), Katalog obiektów geoturystycznych w obrębie pomników i rezerwatów przyrody nieożywionej (s. 290‑292). Kraków: AGH.
Strzeboński, P. (2012). Kamień Grzyb. W: T. Słomka (red.), Katalog obiektów geoturystycznych w obrębie pomników i rezerwatów przyrody nieożywionej (s. 293‑296). Kraków: AGH.
Thiry, M. (2005). Weathering morphologies of the Fontainebleau Sandstone and related silica mobility. Ferrantia, 44, 47‑52.
Thiry, M. (2007). Siliceous karst development in the Fontainebleau Sandstone (France). Nature Conservation, 63, 77‑83.
Thiry, M., Bertrand Ayrault, M., & Grisoni, J.C. (1988). Ground-water silicification and leaching in sands: Example of the Fontainebleau Sand (Oligocene) in the Paris Basin. Geological Society of America, Bulletin, 100, 1283‑1290. DOI
Topal, T., & Doyuran, V. (1998). Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 34, 5‑20. DOI
Trenhaile, A.S. (1987). The Geomorphology of Rock Coasts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trenhaile, A.S. (2015). Coastal notches: Their morphology, formation, and function. Earth-Science Reviews, 150, 285‑304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.08.003 DOI
Trenhaile, A.S., Pepper, D.A., Trenhaile, R.W., & Dalimonte, M. (1998). Stacks and notches at Hopewell Rocks, New Brunswick, Canada. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23, 975‑988. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI) 1096-9837(1998110)23:11<975:: AID-ESP916>3.0.CO; 2-K DOI
Twidale, C.R. (1962). Steepened margins of inselbergs from north-western Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N.F., 6, 51‑69.
Twidale, C.R. (2004). Pedestal rock. W: A.S. Goudie (red.), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (s. 768). London: Routledge.
Twidale, C.R., & Campbell, E.M. (1992). On the origin of pedestal rocks. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N.F., 36, 1‑13. DOI
Twidale, C.R., & Centeno, J.D. (1993). Landform development at the Ciudad Encantada, near Cuenca, Spain, Cuadernos Laboratorio Xeolóxico de Laxe, 18, 257‑269.
Vítek, J. (1981). Skalní hřiby v pískovcích Broumovské vrchoviny. Sborník České společnosti zeměpisné, 86, 8‑18.
Votýpka, J. (1979). Geomorfologie granitové oblasti masívu Plechého. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geographica, 16(2), 55‑83.
Walczak, W. (1963). Geneza form skalnych na północno-wschodniej krawędzi Gór Stołowych. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, 9, Studia Geograficzne, 1, 191‑200.
Wang, S. (2005). Coastal hoodoos. W: M.L. Schwartz (red.), Encyclopedia of Coastal Science (s. 260‑262). Dordrecht: Springer.
Ward, S. (2004). Hoodoo. W: A.S. Goudie (red.), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology (s. 531). London: Routledge.
Young, R., & Wray, R.A.L. (2015). Rock control in sandstone geomorphology: a tribute to Eiju Yatsu with some Australian examples. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 59, Suppl. 1, 3‑17. DOI
Young, R., & Young, A. (1992). Sandstone Landforms. Berlin - Heidelberg: Springer. DOI

Relation:

Przegląd Geograficzny

Volume:

94

Issue:

1

Start page:

5

End page:

30

Resource type:

Text

Detailed Resource Type:

Article

Format:

application/octet-stream

Resource Identifier:

doi:10.7163/PrzG.2022.1.1 ; 0033-2143 (print) ; 2300-8466 (on-line) ; 10.7163/PrzG.2022.1.1

Source:

CBGiOS. IGiPZ PAN, sygn.: Cz.181, Cz.3136, Cz.4187 ; click here to follow the link

Language:

pol

Language of abstract:

eng

Rights:

Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license

Terms of use:

Copyright-protected material. [CC BY 4.0] May be used within the scope specified in Creative Commons Attribution BY 4.0 license, full text available at: ; -

Digitizing institution:

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences

Original in:

Central Library of Geography and Environmental Protection. Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization PAS

Projects co-financed by:

Programme Innovative Economy, 2010-2014, Priority Axis 2. R&D infrastructure ; European Union. European Regional Development Fund

Access:

Open

×

Citation

Citation style: