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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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A total of 127 cases of disturbances were recorded, most of them resulting in not-too-serious reactions. An average disturbance affected 25 geese, occurred at 43 m distance to the cause and lasted 31-60 s. Geese feeding prior to the disturbance reacted more strongly than resting ones, and they were more sensitive to disturbances during the hatching and moulting/flightless period. More than fifty percent of the disturbances were caused by dogs they affected significantly more geese, caused longer durations of disturbances, and probably higher energy costs. There were highly significant positive correlations between a reaction, the duration of a disturbance and the number of geese affected. However, distance to the waterline correlated only with the number of geese affected. Distance to waterline and distance to the source of the disturbance had a high impact on the number of geese affected in a regression model. When disturbances occurred at greater distances, these were more serious, lasted longer and affected more geese. Separate analysis of the dogs demonstrated the influence of dog size (the larger the dog, the greater the disturbance), but not whether it was on a lead. Fleeing into the water was caused by dogs more often than expected. Habituation to an urban environment and predictions for fleeing behaviour are discussed.
A total of 53 aphid species from South Koreaare listed in the subfamilies Saltusaphidinae, Phyllaphidinae, Drepanosiphinaeand Calaphidinae. The alate morph and embryo of Saltusaphis tuberculatan. sp. are described. This species is closely related to S. scirpus Theobald, but differs by the presence of wart-like spinal processes on the abdomen and by its hair-like pointed, not flabellate, dorsal body setae. Twenty aphid species are recorded for the first time on the Korean Peninsula.
A total of 62 stomach contents of four Merops and three other coraciiform species, from South Africa, were analysed. Hymenoptera constituted the bulk of the diet of all four Merops species examined, with Odonata and Coleoptera being supplementary components. Upupa epops and Phoeniculus cyanomelas fed mainly on insect larvae, while Coracias caudata preyed upon Scarabaeidae, Acrididae, Isoptera and Solifugae.
About 2000 specimens of fleas (Siphonaptera) were taken from 54 nests of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and 184 nests of the tree sparrow (Passer montanus) in central Poland. Among them, Ceratophyllus pullatus JORDAN et ROTHSCHILD, 1920, represented by two males, is formally new to the Polish fauna.
Abstract. Based on study of primary types of some Palaearctic Apogonia Kirby, 1819 species, the following new synonymies are established: Apogonia cupreoviridis Kolbe, 1886 = A. nigroolivacea Heyden, 1886 syn. nov. = A. cupreoviridis miyakona Nomura, 1965 syn. nov. Apogonia cupreoviridis is redescribed and compared with closely related A. bicarinata bicarinata Lewis, 1896. The occurrence of A. cupreoviridis in Japan is confirmed.
Abundance and dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton (APP) were studied in four temperate lakes: oligo-, meso- and eutrophic, as well as dystrophic lake. Orange fluorescing cyanobacteria prevailed in APP community in all four lakes, but in spring and autumn eukaryotic contribution increased. The densities of APP ranged between 2x104 ml-1 and 9.5x105 ml-1. There was a trend of increase of APP numbers along classical trophic gradient, but its share in total phytoplankton biomass was decreasing showing decreasing importance of picoplankton with eutrophication. Two types of APP seasonal patterns were described. One characterised by only one, spring-early summer peak, was found in mesotrophic and eutrophic lake. The second pattern described for humic lake was characterised by two peaks, in spring and autumn.
The abundance and reduction of Colorado beetle and the consumption of potato leaves were compared in conditions of chemical control and without. The last larval stage (L4) attains 6-8% of the initial number of eggs in the years with chemical control applied, and 15-31% in the years without chemical control. The consumption of potato leaves is also high in the years with chemical control which does not decrease the tuber crop. The energy consumed by the Colorado beetle larvae and energy returning into the habitat in the form of faeces is determined. The profit due to the presence of the shelterbelt is about 60 kcal/m2 during the season. The ratio of the faeces to consumption is about 50% on the average.
The abundance of the main microfloral groups, and dehydrogenase and urease activity, in the casts of Lumbricus rubellus Hoffm. and in the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm soil layers of drained peaty meadows were compared. The abundance of microorganisms in casts was signiticantly higher than in the soil, as was the level of enzyme activity. The difference was particularly marked in comparisons with the 5-10 cm soil layer. In the cases of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, the degree to which abundance was greater in casts was highest at sites where the abundance of microflora in the soil was low. The activity of the two enzymes was always higher in casts than in soil, and the difference was especially marked for the meadow on alder peat.
Acantholyda pumilionis Giraud, 1861 (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) is a rare mountain species inhibiting Europe. The first report of the species from the territory of Poland increases its area of distribution. This record extends the known geographic range of A. pumilionis to the North.
Acathartus Grouvelle, a genus belonging to the Silvanidae: Silvaninae, is redescribed on the basis of A. insignis (Grouvelle) from Sumatera and A. mizoramensissp. nov., from the Lushai Hills, Mizoram, northeast India. The species are (re)described and illustrated.
According to point and nonpoint sources for 1976 and 1990 Great Masurian Lakes are seriously endangered by nutrients. Out of twelve lakes examined seven has high external loading of nitrogen and phosphorus exceeding the unacceptable loading determined by VoIenweider (1971). Point sources are responsible for phosphorus loading of Great Masurian Lakes and nonpoint sources – for nitrogen loading. Protection of these ecosystems is absolutely necessary.
Accumulation of plant remains caused a successive increase of the studied shore part in the eutrophic Mikołajskie lake. Five zones have been distinguished which differred by the period of formation and the soil conditions. Studies were done on the effect of these conditions on the growth of marsh plants. Culture experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. Significant differences were found between the numbers of seedlings and species of germinating plants on soils from various zones. Soil age and water level had an essential effect on the plant growth.
The accuracy of the territory-mapping technique for estimating the abundance of densely breeding Hawfinches was tested in an old and unfragmented lime-oak-hornbeam forest in the Białowieża National Park, E Poland. Hawfinch numbers estimated from counts of the whole bird community carried out with the application of the standards of the improved mapping technique were compared with seven-year data on the birds true numbers, which are known from parallel intensive nest searches and persistent tracking of the movements of pairs. In a forest with a dense population of Hawfinches the mapping technique underestimated their numbers by 20% in years of moderate density and by 35% during high-density years. Even though the underestimation was negatively correlated with the true density of Hawfinches, the figures obtained by both methods reflected year-to-year changes in a similar way. An improvement in mapping data is achievable either by closer attention being paid to the species during standard visits (the best ones for surveying it), or post factum by the introduction of a correction factor into the mapping-technique figures.
Aceria absinthii (Liro, 1943) and Paraphytoptus paradoxus Nalepa, 1896, are new species for the fauna of Serbia. The descriptions of both species are supplemented, with males described for the first time. A. absinthii causes galls on the lower surface ofleaves, whereas P. paradoxus is vagrant on leaves of wormwood.
The activity in the field of naturę history, physiography and collectorship of Ignacy Schaitter, a representative of famous shopkeeper family in XIXth Polish town Rzeszów has been remembered on the occasion of his birth bicentenary. <br>
Actually, more than 660 species of Protura is known. The knowledge of the Protura of different regions of the world is very unequal and mostly poor. The author estimate that not more than 10% of the existing species were described till now. Only 20 species (and one subspecies) of Protura is known from the Korean Peninsula. The fauna is insufficiently known, comparing to China were more than 150 species, and Japan more than 50 species are recorded.
Adapsilia coarctata Waga is recorded from SE Poland on xerothermic habitats in Nida Valley in the year 1952. The data on occurrence of Adapsilia coarctata Waga in Europe in 20th century have been gathered. The problem of extinction of the species in Central Europe is discussed.
Additions are made to the ”State of knowledge of the tachinid fauna of Eastern Asia, with new data from North Korea. Part I. Phasiinae”(Draber-Mońko 2008). Seven species of the phasiine flies representing five genera were identified in the material. Six species are reported for the first time in the fauna of Korea. Two of them: Calyptromyia barbata Villeneuve, and Parerigone tianmushana Chao et Sun are presented in colour images. At present twenty three species of the phasiine flies are recorded from the Korean Peninsula..
The adults of Fortuynia atlantica sp. nov. are described in detail, includingin traspecific variation of several morphological characters. Sensillus short, smooth, clavate; one pair of lamellar furrows; 14 pairs of notogastral setae + vestigial c3; five pairsof genital setae, variations 6+5, 5+6, 5+4, 4+5; two pairs of anal setae, variations 3+2,2+3. Leg setation (chaetome, solenidia): Leg I 1-4-2-3-18, 1-2-2; leg II 1-4-2-3-15, 1-1-1; legIII 2-3-1-3-15, 1-1-0; leg IV 1-2-2-3-13, 0-1-0. The new species shows a remarkable secondary sexual dimorphism; males are characterized by a pair of rounded lateral notogastral protuberances, four large porose areas on notogaster, and very long, distally lanceolate notogastralsetae la and lm, as well as by a less broad genital opening. The species colonizesthe intertidal zone of rocky shores of the Bermuda Islands, where it lives mainly in crevices but also under covering mats of algae; it is absent from sandy beaches and mangrove trees. The species is well adapted to overflow with sea water. Feeding biology and other detailsin behaviour are discussed. It is the first described member of the family Fortuyniidae known from the Atlantic Ocean. This paper is listed as “Contribution #146, Bermuda Biodiversity Project, Bermuda Aquarium Museum & Zoo”.
Aerial multispectral photographs of Lake Ewingi were taken in August 1979. Lake waters were investigated simultaneously. The results correlated with the map showing the spreading of pollution in lake water made according to multispectral photographs.
The Aethina complex of genera is defined and delimited, a key is given to the included genera and subgenera, and comments are made on the evolution of anthophagy, carpophagy and leaf-mining in the group. Keys and species reviews are given for Aethina (Cleidorura) subgen. nov. and Aethina (Idaethina) Gemminger et Harold. The following new species are described: A. (C.) malekulensis, A. (C.) sulawesiensis, and A. (C.) transfusa. The following new combinations are proposed in Aethina (Idaethina): abbreviata (Fabricius) (Nitidula); brun-nescens (Reitter) (Macroura); concolor (Macleay) (Nitidula Macroura); cuneata (Grouvelle) (Macroura); deceptor (Blackburn) (Macroura); inermis (Blackburn) (Macroura); lugens (Grouvelle) (Macroura); sobrina (Olliff) (Macroura). The following new synonymiesare proposed in Aethina (Idaethina): abbreviata (Fabricius) (= Macroura nigraReitter, = M.multilineata Grouvelle, = M. bicalcarata Blackburn); concolor (Macleay) (= M. lesnei Grouvelle, = M. bouvieri Grouvelle, = M. fauveli Grouvelle, = M. punctulata Grouvelle); punctata (Reitter) (= M. pascoei Grouvelle); sobrina (Olliff) (= M. atra Grouvelle, =Carpophilus ordinatus Olliff); subrugosa (Grouvelle) (=M. dubia Grouvelle). The name Australaethina nom. nov. is proposedas a replacement for Idaethina Reitter, 1875 (not Gemminger et Harold, 1868). Additional new combinations are: Lordyra americanus (Reitter) (Lasiodactylus), L. loretoensis (Bruch) (Neopocadius), L.villosus (Blanchard in Brullé) (Nitidula Lasiodactylus), Psilonitidulalongicollis (Grouvelle) (Trimenus), Australaethina pilistriata (Macleay) (PocadiusIdaethina), A. froggatti (Kirejtshuk et Lawrence) (Idaethina), A. ursula (Kirejtshuk et Lawrence) (Idaethina). Lectotypes are designated for Psilonitidula grouvellei Heller, P. longicollis (Grouvelle) and several species of Aethina (Idaethina).
The African species of the genus Similipepsis Le Cerf, 1914 with the exception of Similipepsis ekisi Wang, 1984 are reviewed here. Similipepsis aurea Gaede 1929 and S. typica (Strand, 1913) are redescribed. Similipepsis osuni Bąkowski et Kallies sp. nov. from Nigeria as well as Similipepsis eumenidiformis Bartsch sp. nov. and Similipepsis maromizaensis Bartsch sp. nov., both from Madagascar, are described as new to science. The taxon Milisipepsis Gorbunov et Arita, 1995, originally erected to accommodate the Asian Similipepsini species, was found to be a junior synonym of Similipepsis. A key to the males of Similipepis species is provided.
After the drainage of fens and their permanent use as meadows, peat-forming process is being replaced by moorshing (mucking) process (mineralization and humification of peat), and then by turf-forming process. Secondary succession of soil nematodes was examined by using the chronosequence of meadow sites (period I: 1978-1983) and also by analysing the same sites 15-17 years later (period II: 1994-1997). The analysis was focused on the taxa (genera) of nematodes and on 19 to 29 parameters describing the community as total density, density of trophic groups, diversity indices and maturity indices. The pattern of successional changes was obtained for periods from 2 to 117 years after drainage. Natural not-drained fens were used for comparison. Soil structure and soil processes occurring over the time considered can be characterized as follows: soil moisture (by weight) 80-52%, total soil porosity 90-77%, bulk density 0.16-0.44 (to 0.92) g cm-3, total C content in soil 47-7%, total N content in soil 4.4-0.5%, ranges in the sequence from Mt I (poorly moorshified soils) to Mt III (strongly moorshified soils). In natural fens, soil moisture was 80%, soil porosity 90%, bulk density 0.15-0.35 g cm-3, and peat-forming processes (Pt) were continued. As compared with natural fens, drainage and management of fens was associated with increasing density of total nematodes and their components such as bacterivores, fungivores, facultative plant feeders, obligate plant feeders, omnivores, and predators. In drained fens the density of nematodes declined with succession with the exception of omnivores. The increase in the density of omnivores was positively correlated with the number of years after drainage (r = 0.48, P<0.01). The indices of taxa diversity and maturity indices were positively correlated with years after drainage (P<0.001-0.05). In natural fens, ranges of density of all trophic groups were lower, and maturity indices higher than in drained peat meadows. The mechanisms driving the first stage of succession in nematode communities (until about 30 years after the drainage of fens) seem to be tolerance to the droughts and to the excess of nitrogen what was accompanied with higher density of herbivores (mainly Paratylenchus). In later stages, interspecific competition is likely to play a more important role. Also a statistically significant relation was found of some taxa and parameters to peat type.
The age structure of nematodes occurring in two alfalfa plantations was determined on the basis of the relation in percentages between larvae and imagines. These relations were examined in the case of nematodes occurring in the upper parts and roots of alfalfa plants and in the soil, and also among ecological nematode groups, and additionally in populations of different species.
The aim of the present studies was to determine the distribution pattern of the forest floor vegetation species along the gradient of selected environmental factors. Studies were performed in a small forest area of diversified relief (Brzesko Headland, the Carpathian Foothills). Floristic and environmental data collected by the transect method were analysed by numerical methods. Soil moisture content is the factor determining plant distribution. Ecological amplitude of different species changes in dependence on the season (spring, summer). Slight perturbances (e.g. the occurrence of fox burrows) increase the species richness of the investigated forest communities.
The aim of the research was to define changes taking place in scuttle fly communities in the course of secondary succession of moist pine forest, and to determine which variant of secondary succession was being realized by this community. For this purpose the following were analysed: data on the number and abundance of species, on the species diversity of their communities and on the frequency distributions of the species which determined the structural relations within the taxon.
The aim of the study was the inventory of mammals in the vicinity of Rogów. In the years 2000–2011 most of the standard methods for such explorations were used (i.e. live-trapping, pellet analyses, tracking). Additionally, literature data, as well as unpublished data, were analysed. Another source of information was the collection of mounted mammals of Forest and Wood Museum in Rogów. Altogether, 51 mammals from 7 orders were recorded. This included 7 alien species (muskrat, brown rat, eastern house mouse, rabbit, American mink, raccoon dog, fallow deer). Another two species were anthropogenic predators (domestic cat and dog). Abundance trends analyses were done for the selected species i.e. brown hare, rabbit, common hamster and red deer numbers decreased while beaver, wild boar, red fox and raccoon dog increased. In XXI century only one species from the Polish Red Data Book of Animals was recorded (Leisler’s bat). Another important information was the record of the most northern present locality of common hamster in Poland.
The aim of the study was to compare different habitat types according to species richness and estimate their value for total species richness at a landscape level. The study was carried out in the years 1995–2001 in the Tarnów region (1400 km2, S Poland). All bird species were classified according to broadly defined breeding habitat type. Four main, easily distinguishable habitat types were specified: forests (18% of the area), open areas (70%), wetlands (1%) and anthropogenic areas (11%). Birds were classified as habitat specialists if they bred in only one habitat type, or as habitat generalists, if they bred in two or more habitat types. Altogether, 151 species nested in the study area, and a total of 87 species were habitat specialists. There were statistically more endangered species (so called “losers”) among the habitat specialists than in the habitat generalists' group. Habitat specialists were also statistically less abundant than habitat generalists. The following numbers of species were recorded in the specific habitats: forests — 70, open areas — 75, wetlands — 61, anthropogenic areas — 46. Among these, the percentages of habitat specialists were the following: forests — 41.4%, open areas — 18.7%, wetlands — 52.5%, anthropogenic areas — 26.1%. It was found that the numbers of species inhabiting the various habitat types differed from the number to be expected on the basis of their area. This was especially apparent in the case of wetlands, which constituted only a small part of the total area, but as many as 32 species (21.1% of all) occurred only there. For conservation purposes, wetlands appear to play the most important role in shaping species richness in the landscape studied here. However, each habitat type contained some species that were not noted in other habitats.
The aim of the study was to contribute the knowledge about the coincidence and species selectivity of bird parasites. The subject of our study were Chaffinches captured in Masurian Lake region (NE Poland) from 1996 to 1998. Each bird caught was visually examined for the presence of ticks. Birds' droppings and small volumes of birds' blood were collected in order to ascertain the presence of coccidia and blood parasites. Additionally the presence of bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi - the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis in birds' blood was measured with the nested-polymerase chain reaction method. In total amount of 225 Chaffinches were captured. 44% of them were infested by ticks belonging to Ixodes ricinus species (larvae and nymphs) only. Coccidia from genus Isospora were found in 80% (n = 35) of birds. Protozoans from genus Haemoproteus were ascertained in 53% (n = 59) of Chaffinches and bacteria B. burgdorferi was found in 12.7% (n = 166) of the birds. Three groups of parasites (I. ricinus, Isospora sp., Haemoproteus sp.) were found together in 26% (n = 38) of Chaffinches whereas only 5% of the birds had no parasite infection.
The aim of the study was to determine the pattern of dispersion in Feral Pigeons, as well as the factors influencing the degree of dispersion. Aside from studying variation in dispersion among the bird colonies, the direction and distance of dispersion were also analysed. The results of the study point unequivocally to strong dispersion asymmetry in the population, which is mainly age-biased. There were great differences in dispersion between adult (reproducing) individuals and young individuals that had not yet joined the breeding population. Each year, young individuals which had permanently left their natal colonies accounted for 20–30% of the young birds that ultimately joined the breeding population. The insignificant degree of dispersion among adult birds (from 0 to 0.8% per year) was due to their strong philopatry towards their breeding sites. A lack of reproductive success did not have any effect on dispersion in the case of the breeding pairs studied. A factor conducive to a bird's departure from the natal colony was the high density of breeding pairs present in the colony. It was found that the direction of dispersion was from a colony with a higher density to a colony with a lower density of pigeons. The Feral Pigeons did not emigrate to join colonies of domestic pigeons kept on the outskirts of the city, nor did they emigrate to other towns in the neighbourhood of the study area (Słupsk, NW Poland). The time when young birds left the natal colony did not influence the degree of their dispersion. Young birds that left their natal colony experienced significantly higher breeding success in their new colony, compared to those young birds that remained in the natal colony, where the density of breeding pairs was high. Young females dispersed more often than young males, although this difference was not statistically significant. This article also discusses the dispersion mechanism in the case of young pigeons.
The aim of the study was to determine the relation between landscape structure, point counts number and the number of breeding bird species occuring in different types of farmland. Species number was evaluated using point counts on six plots localised in Polish and German farmland (from 30-52 points/plot, 10 min/point, radius - 100 or 150 m). The equation: S = cAz, where S - species number, A - sample size (number of points), c, z - parameters, was used to test the relation between point counts number and species numbers. The coefficients of determination amounted to 0.95-0.99. Among the parameters of equation, c was more strongly correlated with landscape parameters (e.g. wood cover). The analysis revealed, that unified farmland requires bigger representative sample size compared to other, more diversified types of farmland. At least 50 points are needed for proper comparing bird species number between farmlands or periods.
The aim of the study was to recognize the current distribution and biology of the noctuid moth – Xylomoia graminea (Graeser, 1889) which was spreading in the Podkarpacie (SE Poland) in recent years. The material includes observations collected from 2012 to 2018 from two macroregions: Kotlina Sandomierska and Pogórze Środkowobeskidzkie. The paper contains a number of details on phenology and biology of the species – the female’s behaviour during oviposition, host plant, eggs and young caterpillars up to the 3rd stage, which are illustrated with photos.
The aim of the study was to test whether the methods using the playback technique produce accurate data of population size when compared to the standard mapping and nest-searching methods. The three-visit method with audio-stimulation was found to produce data of the same accuracy (100%, N = 11 territories) as the standard mapping method, but the nest-searching method and single-visit with audio-stimulation yielded slightly lower estimates, 91% and 82% respectively, in comparison to the previously mentioned methods. However, the three-visit method with audio-stimulation was 2.2 times less time consuming than the five visits which used the standard mapping method (9h vs 20h). The three-visit method with audio stimulation could be appropriate for assessing distribution and abundance, and also for monitoring purposes.
The aim of this study is to describe Fannia sanihue sp. nov., a new species of Fanniidae that was captured in the proximity of a pig carcass in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. This contribution is a part of the first study to be undertaken into forensic entomology in the biogeographical province of the Monte, which is a warm shrub desert extending between Puna and Patagonia at the east of the Andes Mountains.
The aim of this study was to estimate the survival of young Magpies between fledging and the next breeding season and to identify some of the factors affecting it. A total of 50 nestlings were colour-ringed in two breeding seasons in the valley of the Pitarque River (Teruel, E Spain), and were monitored weekly until May of the following year. 59 nestlings were also colour-ringed in two nearby localities (4–5 km) to detect possible dispersal to and from our study area. Mark-recapture analyses were used to estimate weekly survival, which was assumed to be constant for periods of four weeks in order to reduce the number of parameters. Models with the effect of time, age class, season and year were fitted, and the best models were selected using quasi-likelihood Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (QAICC???). The best three models included seasonal variation in survival, and the second and third models also selected the effect of age class. The seasonal variation in the survival of young Magpies exhibited two critical moments: firstly, on becoming independent of the parent birds (August—September), and secondly, when individuals abandoned the communal roost and started to establish their own territories (February—March). The weight of 14-day-old nestlings positively affected survival until 4 and 6 months after leaving the nest. No evidence for dispersal was found; this supports the view that survival does indeed decrease in the cited periods, possibly because of the increased risk of predation.
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of lake morphometry, emergent vegetation and the surrounding habitat on breeding bird communities. The analysis was based on the published data covering breeding bird communities of 18 lakes in Western Poland. Seven habitat variables were used in the analysis: lake area, length of shore line, maximum depth, area of rushes, length of shoreline covered by emergent vegetation, length of shoreline covered by forest and presence of islands. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that most of the variation in the total bird species richness was explained by the length of shoreline covered by emergent vegetation. The number of water bird species was predicted by the lake area, since the number of reed and bush birds was dependent on the area of rushes. The most important factors determining the total number of pairs were the lake area and the area of rushes. The number of pairs of water birds was dependent on the lake area and the maximum depth. The density of water birds was negatively correlated with the area of rushes and positively with the lake area. The number of pairs of water birds was statistically higher on lakes with islands than on those without. The abundance of reed and bush birds correlated positively with the area of rushes, hence the density was dependent on the maximum depth and the area of rushes. There was no effect of shoreline covered by forest on the abundance of studied groups of birds.
The aim of this study was to provide optimal methodological criteria for the quantitative and qualitative estimates of bird communities inhabiting woodland areas using point counts. Compared were results obtained from counts carried out once or twice during the same breeding season and the optimal duration of each session was assessed. Data obtained from a total of 46 point counts, performed in three different woodland areas, each lasting 20 min. and repeated twice in the breeding season were analyzed in 5-min. blocks. It was concluded that 10-min. sessions repeated twice in a breeding season can provide a good description of the passerine bird community. However, some rarer species of the breeding community under study, including some diurnal raptors, woodpeckers, and scarce passerines, could be underestimated with this duration.
The aims of the study were determine the effects of anthropogenic pressure on the species composition and population size of amphibians of small water bodies in Olsztyn city (NE Poland). The presence of 11 amphibian species was noted in 83.5% of water bodies. The dominants were: the common frog Rana temporaria, the edible frog Rana esculenta, the pool frog Rana lessonae, the common toad Bufo bufo and the moor frog Rana arvalis. The fire-bellied toad Bombina bombina was an influent, while the common newt Triturns vulgaris, the common spadefoot Pelobates fnsciis, the tree frog Hyla arborea, the green toad Bufo viridis and the crested newt Tritimis cristatus were the recedents. The most frequent were “green frogs”, which occur in 71.9% of water bodies inhabited by amphibians (60.0% of all water bodies). The species characterized by the lowest occurrence frequency were the tree frog (6.0% and 5.0%, respectively), the green toad (5.4% and 4.5%) and the crested newt (3.6% and 3.0%). In the paper the urban pressure on amphibian communities is widely discussed.
The alfalfa plantations under observation were visited by honey bees, 104 wild bee species and 17 bumble-bee species. The length of a working day and the daily variations in the flights of individual species of the bees under study appeared to depend to a large extent on the body size of the individuals.
All elements of energy budget of Tribolium confusum have been investigated. Consumption and excretion were determined using the method based on analysis of uric acid in faeces, production – by gravimetric and calorimetric methods, whereas respiration – using volumetric respirometer and cartesian divers microrespirometers. Full instantenous and cumulative energy budget was given as well as indices of energy transformation efficiency: U-1, K1 and K2. A great difference was observed in production and metabolism level between the male and the female. T. confusum was compared as regards bioenergy characters with an allied species T. castaneum Hbst. and other insect species.
All type specimens of Platystomatidae (Diptera) preserved in the Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Scienes.
Alterations to riverine ecosystems and the establishment of new man-made habitats along rivers have been accompanied by changes in vegetation composition and structure, which affect the birds inhabiting riparian stands. We examined the differences between bird communities inhabiting the relict growth of river meanders and those inhabiting secondary plantations along the Rivers Otava and Blanice (Czech Republic). In addition, we investigated whether the well-developed oak plantations on artificial fishpond dams, which are common in the studied landscape, might compensate for the loss of bird diversity following river regulation. Breeding bird community and habitat attributes were studied on 30 fixed-width line transects and analysed using Multivariate Redundancy Analysis. Relict meanders were the most structurally diversified habitat type, with the highest species diversity and the great richness of forest birds. In contrast, secondary plantations were the simplest stands with the poorest communities inhabited by more farmland species. Fishpond dams, though resembling the meanders more so than secondary stands, were found to be insufficient compensation for river meanders in regard to avian diversity. Supporting diverse plantations of softwood tree species and widening the narrow belts along river banks are highlighted as ways of managing riparian stands that are beneficial to birds.
The alysiine wasp, Orthostigma cratospilum, is reported for the first time from Poland (Dziekanów Leśny near Warsaw). It was found to parasitize the larvae of the phorid fly, Megaselia minor, which developed in dead pentatomid bugs, in the litter under pine trees. The hitherto unknown female of O. cratospilumis described.
Among Palearctic waders (Charadrii) there are species that winter relatively close to their breeding grounds, as well as those that undertake one of the longest migrations among birds. The majority of them are not able to cross the whole distance between breeding and wintering grounds in one long-distance flight. They divide the migration route into several or even over a dozen of steps between which they stay in areas abounding in food. In stopover sites birds accumulate fat and proteins. Fat is the main source of energy, while proteins indirectly take part in oxidation of fatty acids.Two main migration strategies were defined. Birds that realise the time-minimisation strategy cross long distances accumulating large fat reserves in stopover sites. They reach the destination of migration very quickly, but their total energetic expense on migration is very high due to the high cost of flight with large fat supply. The strategy of energy-minimisation is realised by migration with Iow fat reserves, short stops at stopover sites and short-distance flights. Migration speed is Iow in this case, but also the overall energetic costs of migration are relatively Iow. It was also shown that waders could change the realised migration strategy within a season. The mechanism of the choice of the realised migration strategy acts at the level of individuals. Each bird takes the decision to depart from a stopover site individually on the basis of information coming from the surrounding environment (the quality of a feeding ground, inter- and intraspecific competition for habitat resources, weather, predation pressure), and of its physiological stage (the amount of accumulated fat reserves and the ratę of their accumulation). As these factors at a given stopover site usually influence on many individuals in a similar physiological stage in the same way, a whole flock takes off to the next step of the migration.A bird probably can assess the quality of a feeding ground according to foraging success. Basing on it, the individual takes the decision to depart quickly with Iow fat deposit (energy-minimising strategy) or to stay and accumulate large fat reserves allowing for a long-distance flight (time-minimising strategy). According to the quality of the next feeding site the individual can continue realised strategy or change it. Young birds during their first migration visit by a principle of trial and error many potential feeding grounds. The strategy of minimising the energetic expense allows them for using feeding sites even of a Iow abundance, on condition that such areas are relevantly numerous and they are not too distant from each other.
Among Phoridae collected at Sallanches (France, Rhône-Alpes) are Megaselia marekdurskii Disney, previously only known from Poland, and the new species: M. betrugspinata Disney sp. n., M. museoconfluentis Disney sp. n., M. siffointei Disney sp. n. and M. similipropinqua Disney sp. n.
Among the 24 native clausiliids, 15 were subject to laboratory observations.Eleven of them were found to be oviparous, three – egg retainers and one – ovoviviparous. Batches, containing most often one to about a dozen of partly calcified, ellipsoidal orspherical eggs, appeared usually in the spring and autumn (in non-hibernating individualsthroughout the year). Probably the main factors determining the onset of reproduction arehumidity and temperature while the photoperiod has no significant effect. The incubation period is ca. two weeks (room temperature), the hatching is synchronous or asynchronous. Cases of intra-batch and inter-batch cannibalism were observed. The minimum time fromhatching/birth till adult size is ca. 3–9 months and after further 5–8 months the snails start producing eggs/babies. Clausiliids are iteroparous. Anatomical studies on the developmentof the reproductive system show that just before lip completion the reproductive system is still in completely developed. Penis, epiphallus and spermatheca develop within the firstmonth after growth completion (which would indicate attainment of ability to copulate), andthe reproductive system becomes wholly mature only after a few months. The clausiliid development strategy is probably the following: the quickest possible growth and attainment of adult size, then development of the reproductive system and attainment of sexual maturity.
The amounts of food consumed by silver carp introduced to eutrophic Paproteckie Lake were investigated. The period of food passage, diurnal and periodical food rations, fish increments and feeding coefficients were determined. Annual food consumption was estimated as 8.8 kg, 90% of which was in the three warmest months in the year. Weight increase of fish approximated the average one for the region. Feeding coefficient was about 19, fluctuating between 7.9 and 24.6.
Amounts of various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as suspended solids and chlorides carried by waters of 17 streams were analysed. The seasonal dynamics of nutrient runoff from watershed was measured and the attempts undertaken to relate nutrient loading to the character of watershed drained by stream. In conclusion the effect of nutrient runoff on selected lakes was presented.
An abundant resident in Israel, the Graceful Warbler breeds in the northern and central parts of the country and has recently invaded desert areas following their human settlement. Possible seasonal changes in age and sex structure were investigated, as were differences in body measurements in individual sex and age classes as well as changes in the numbers of the Graceful Warbler population in Eilat. No difference was recorded between spring and autumn in the proportion of males to females, nor were significant differences found in the numbers of males and females ringed during the spring and autumn seasons. There was a significant difference in the proportion of juvenile to adult birds trapped in spring and in autumn. Moreover, males had longer wings than females in both seasons. There were no differences in body mass or body condition between sexes in the two seasons. Furthermore, adults had longer wings than first-year birds. Juveniles had longer wings in autumn than in spring, but no differences were recorded in the adults in this respect. In addition, juveniles were in better condition in spring than in autumn; however, there was no difference in body condition of the adults between seasons. The fact that a significant trend was found in the numbers of Graceful Warblers trapped in spring but no such trend in autumn, that a large proportion of recaptured birds were noted in both seasons, and that a high number of individual birds were caught repeatedly during the study period, suggests the existence of a stable or increasing breeding population in Eilat all the year round. In addition, the Bird Sanctuary is like an oasis in the desert environs of Eilat. Hence, the lack of differences among the years in the proportions of males and females between the seasons suggests that it is mainly breeding pairs that occupy the area.
An analysis has been carried out of the typological and spatial boundaries between deciduous forest communities of the Potentillo albae-Qucrcetum and TilioCarpinetum types, and the old range has been reconstructed of a selected oak wood in the Bialowieża Primaeval Forest. It has been demonstrated that the encroachment of Carpinus betutus undergrowth causes thermo- and heliophilous species to retreat, which leads on to the decline of the oak-wood composition of species at the biochore edges and shrinking of the oakwood area. This process may be the cause of the disappearance of oak-wood sites in north-eastern Poland.
An analysis has been carried out on the fecundity, mortality, and numbers and biomass dynamics of a population of the Tree Sparrow. The number of young birds raised by a pair in the breeding season is quite considerable (8.70). The reproductive output depends on the number of pairs raising third broods, while the number of young raised from all broods depends on the extent of egg loss which amounts on average to 1/4 of the total number of eggs laid. The total biomass of the population changes during the year by 3-5 fold. In view of the considerable biomass of the population (500 birds per 1 km2) and its seasonal changes Tree Sparrows play a significant part in the energy flow through field ecosystems.
An analysis of the distribution and abundance dvnamics of the molluscs of the brackish lake Łebsko is made. Habitats with sand bottom and no vegetation, exposed to strong waves or rapid currents, are least favourable for the life of molluscs. In areas where the medium-muddy bottom is covered by abundant vezetation, the currents or waves being weak, the molluscs find the best conditions for their life. The salinity of the water is not the most important distribution-limiting factor for the freshwater molluscs found in the lake under study. A characteristic feature of the mollusc fauna of lake Łebsko is its strong seasonal and spatial variation.
An analysis was made of certain regularities found in the formation of the biomass of the bottom fauna in a group of Masurian lakes. The biomass of the lakes examined varies within limits of 0.2 to 37.0 g/ 1 m2, not exceeding 6 g/1 m2 in the majority of the lakes. It was found that lakes of the pond type possess a greater biomass than eutrophic lakes. The positive correlation of the biomass with primary productivity, and the negative correlation with the mean size and depth of the lakes were shown. In some cases, however, certain deviations were observed from the above mentioned regularities.
An analysis was made of the differences in the abundance of benthos fauna within small and apparently uniform habitats of the central part of three Mazurian lakes. Examination has been made of the influence of sample size and sample series size, and also the type of sampler used, on the estimate of abundance obtained.
An anałysis was made of the directions in which research on the predatory activities of fish in relation to mosquitoes has developed over the last fifty years. The following problems are discussed: 1) aclimatisation of species of predatory fish new to a given area, 2) utilization of local species of fish in biological control of mosquitoes, 3) determination by ecological factors (biotic and abiotic) the intensity of the predation of fish on mosquitoes. A discussion is given under 1. and 2. of the problem of introduction into different: types of waters - artificial and natural - of exotic species of fish (in. particular the species Gambusia and Lebistes reticulatus), the adaptations of these species to different climatic conditions and the possibilities of using of the species of the local ichtiofauna in control of mosquitoes. Studies are discussed under 3. dealing with the influence on intensity of the predatory activities of fish: a) of the predator population structure (age, sexual), seasonal activity and food preferences of the predator, b) density of prey populations, c) competition among predator populations, d) habitat structure (vegetation) determining the distribution in space of prey and predator populations. In addition the problem is discussed of the indirect effect of fish on mosquitoes through transforming the habitat in a direction unfavourable to them. Attention is drawn to studies concerned with the predation of fish as a factor in biological regulation of the numbers of mosquitoes.
An artillery rangę in Nowa Dęba (Sandomierska Basin, SE Poland) was investigated in the years 1998-99. Its central part has self-desert character; the rest is covered with forest. Six localities were studied: a stream (locality no. 1), oligotrophic and dystrophic fire-fighting rese- rvoirs near the stream (2), transitional peat bogs (3, 5), a fen (6) and dystrophic reservoirs between dunes (4). (Fig. 1). 36 dragonfly species were recorded (Tab. 1). Taking into account the relatively smali number of water bodies and their smali diversity the number of species is high. Two species from the national Red list (Aeshna juncea, Cordidegaster boltonii) and one protected (Sympecma paedisca) were found. Species assemblages in stream and peat bogs were very valuable. It can be stated that the rangę is important for dragonfly protection. This conclusion agrees with the results of entomological studies in other military areas in Poland, Czech Republic, Germany and Belarus. They show that existing and old military areas should be evaluated and protected if it is possible. The State of knowledge about dragonflies of Sandomierska Basin was also discussed. To 90s there were only some contributions with 40 species recorded. 11 papers have appeared sińce 1994 and the number of species has increased to 57 (Tab. 2). But it is still impossible to entirely characterize of the dragonfly fauna of the region. Modern studies were conducted only in its northem and north-eastern parts and the older data is incomplete (Fig. 2). Basing on literaturę from neighbouring areas it can be stated that at least 66 species occur in Sandomierska Basin. The region is an important refugium of endangered dragonflies: 7 of 11 protected species and 9 of 16 species of the national Red list were recorded. Probably there are: 9 protected species and 12 from the Red list. Species diversity and natural species assemblages in the region should be protected too. <br>
An attempt has been made to characterize the landscape as an integrated ecological unit of a superecosystem character. It has been pointed out that the landscape basically differs from other ecological units such as population or ecosystem. This difference is due to the specific structure of the landscape where the elements forming it (ecosystems) border with one another but do not penetrate one another in space. Also the kind and intensity of interactions among ecosystems depend probably on the distribution of ecosystems in space and on the type of ecosystems bordering together, and on their size and shape. Not only the intensity of interaction of one ecosystem on the f unctioning of an ot her is important, but the susceptibility of one ecosystem to the influence of the other. Four basic ways of transmitting matter and energy by an animal population from one ecosystem to others have been distinguished (Fig. 2).
An attempt is made in this article at a synthesis of all available data in literature on the subject of manifestations and causes of group effect. This phenomenon has been defined as fellows: Group effect is increase in the biotic potential of insects (and also of other animals) caused by given intensification, specific to the given species, of contacts with individuals of the same or also certain other species. Group effect is a phenomenon of neuroendocrine origin expressed in a certain field of changes: ethological, morphological, biological and ecophysiological, anatomical, histological and biochemical. Group effect occurs when food requirements are fully satisfied. Manifestations of group effect — diffferences in individuals forming a group in comparison with isolated individuals — have been classified into six categories.These are as follows:1. Ethological — relating to differences in behaviour.2. Morphological — expressed in changes in colour or certain body demensions.3. Biological-ecophysiological — relating to different intensivity of metabolic processes, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors , viability and fecundity.4. Anatomical — in relation to the structure of internal reproductive organs and the alimentary tract — relating to differences in the haemolymph picture.Biochemical — relating to the level of occurrence of certain chemical components of the body. The causes forming the phenomenon of group effect have not as yet been fully explained. It is considered that these causes consist in the different activity of the glands of the neuroendocrine system, e.g. corpora allata, due to increase in the number of stimuli received from contacts between insects belonging as a rule to one species.
An attempt was made to evaluate the response of the ecosystem to changes of climate in ten pine forest stands. It was assumed that the ecosystem response to environmental change can be evaluated by examining differences in ecosystem structures and would be measured through the change in the rates of ecosystem processes. The changes of structures and rates are registered along the longest, N-S transect available on the European Continent above 50° N. This transect is within the belt crossing Northern Scandinavia (Norway and Finland up to 70°N), the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and Eastern Poland (from 50°N). The transect covers 20 degrees of latitude and is more than 2000 km long. The difference in average annual temperature (long-term measurements) between the two extreme sites exceeds 9° C, and there is a regular southward increase of average site temperature. Precipitation does not show any regular pattern of change along the transect. Average site elevation is 86 m a.s.l., and the average forest age 110 years. All sites are dominated by an overstory of Scots pine, and in the Braun-Blanquet classification they all belong to Vaccinio-Piceetea class of forests, which are common in Europe. During four years of study (1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000) four expeditions to the transect were organized. The following studies were conducted on each site: the origin and structure as well as physical and chemical features of soils; tree stand age, height, basal area, biomass and carbon content; vertical and horizontal structure of ground vegetation, its diversity, biomass and carbon content; litter fall, its decomposition and accumulation; and radial growth of trees.
An attempt was undertaken to compare pelagic indices commonly used to describe trophic status of lakes (SD, chlorophyll, total phosphorus and total nitrogen) with parameters characterising submerged littoral zone of lakes (maximum depth of plant occurrence, number of species, mean plant biomass and percentage biomass of the dominating species). The data were collected from 20 lakes of various morphometry and trophic state selected from the Great Masurian Lakes system (north-eastern Poland) from 1985 till 1995. The greatest impact on submerged littoral structure (species abundance and diversity) was exerted by water transparency, nutrient concentrations had negligible effect on littoral parameters. From among four littoral characteristics, submerged plant biomass seems to be of the poorest indicative value since its correlation with pelagic indices was usually weakest and statistically insignificant.
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