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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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An effect of fen reclaming (mainly drainage) on species composition and structure of an Enchytraeid community has been studied. Contribution of that group of animals to peat mineralization was assessed in relation to other soil saprophages. The studies were carried out in four meadows: one natural and three drained ones. Considerable similarity between communities of enchytracids occurring in the meadows of different peat origin was found. Moreover, it appeared that agrotechnical management accompanying drainage did not reduce species diversity of those communities. Despite little contribution of enchytraeids to mineralization, they play significant role in soil processes of the examined sites as they exist more successfully than earthworms under unfavourable soil conditions.
An estimate was made of the home range size of Apodemus agrarius (Pall.) using the method of calculating the number of traps. The results were compared with the results obtained by a second generally employed method of estimating home range size which is based on calculating the center of activity. The two estimates were found to vary greatly.
An experiment was conducted in plastic pots filled with loamy sand and inserted into the soil. Half of the pots were sown with one species, orchard grass, and half with a mixture of six grass species. Every year at the end of May, half of the pots in each variant was enriched with 300 g d.w. of earthworm casts per pot. The experiment was continued for three years. Changes in numbers of enchytraeids were observed, and at the end of the experiment also their species composition. Total numbers steadily increased from about 5 103 ind. m-2 to over 60 103 ind. m-2. In all years, enchytraeids were significantly more abundant in monoculture of orchard grass. No statistically significant effect of earthworm casts on enchytraeid abundance was found. A total of 10 enchytraeid species were recorded. No unequivocal differences in the species composition and dominance structure of enchytraeid community were found between different variants of the experiment.
An integrated, holistic analysis of the avian jaw apparatus within the system of avian cranial kinesis shows a complex series of movements of the two jaws, rather than just a simple opening and closing of both jaws. Because of the complex arrangement of the jaw muscles, birds have achieved different adaptive configurations of these muscles for various movement combinations. Specialization of the several jaw muscles are correlated, nevertheless, with the different possible movements of both jaws, such as the evolution of the M. ethmomandibularis in parrots for independent raising of the lower jaw and the M. pterygoideus retractor in several avian groups for independent lowering of the upper jaw.
An intensive removal of small mammals in three forest biotopes in the Bialowieża National Park has been carried out. The Standard-Minimum (SM) method (Grodziński, Pucek and Ryszkowski 1966) has been applied. Additionally coniform traps were set up at the points of trapping with the purpose of removing Insectivore. Total 1,522 individuals of small mammals were captured. The SM method not always enables to estimate the number of lnsectivora according to the method of linear regression. It has been shown that Rodentia from the first day of removal come intensively to the area where the removal is carried out. Differences in the captures on the external strip and in the centre are significant for Rodentia and this may cause an overestimation of the number when catches from the whole area are considered. The density per one hectare should be calculated, according to this method, only for the central part. The period of removal can be shortened from seven to four-five days.
An inventory of the localities of common hamsters was conducted in the years 2007-2009. It revealed 14 localities of this rodent in 12 communes within the Silesian Voivodeship. The sites are situated in four macroregions: the Silesian Upland (7 localities), the Woźniki-Wieluń Upland (3 localities), the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland (1 locality) and the Przedbórz Upland (3 localities). The present western border of the distribution range of the common hamster in Poland is marked by the following places: Kamieńszczyzna (the Wieluń Upland), Piekary Śląskie (the Tarnowskie Góry Hummock) and Chorzów (the Katowice Upland). A comparison of the number of communes currently inhabited by the common hamster with the data from 40 years ago proves a significant reduction in the population of this species (12 communes out of 43) in the Silesian Voivodeship. The common hamster usually occurs in agricultural areas; however, it can also be encountered in home gardens or in allotments. Moreover, populations inhabiting fields extremely isolated by urban infrastructure were discovered (Siemianowice Śląskie, Piekary Śląskie) and they will be constantly monitored..
An investigation of the habitat structure in nesting territories and the breeding success of the White Stork population in an agriculture landscape of the Kolno Upland adjoining the Biebrza river valley was conducted in 1994-1997. From 85.7% (1997) to 96.8% (1994) of nests were occupied by pairs of storks. The percentage of nests without nestlings was exceptionally low (0%-5.7%). Broods with three nestlings made up the highest proportion, c. 41.7-44.6 % of all the nests occupied by pairs. The average number of nestlings in nests with young was lowest in 1997 (2.53); in 1994-1996 it had been significantly higher (2.84-3.06). Pairs with nests sited up to 100 m from the nearest wet meadows in the river valley have a higher average breeding success in comparison with the pairs whose nests are sited farther away. The White Stork population tended to inhabit the area near the edge of the river valley. In the nesting territories (an area of 1 km radius around the nest site) cereal crops, meadows, green crops, pastures and wet meadows constituted the greatest proportion of the habitat structure. The proportions of these habitat types varied significantly between the nests. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of nestlings raised and the proportion of wet meadows, peat bogs and water bodies in the nesting territories.
An unusual case of plesiobiosis of two competitive ant species, Formica fuscaL.(non-territorial opportunistic form) and Formica aquilonia Yarr. (territorial form), is described.F. fusca was nesting on the edge of the latters mound, after the F. aquilonia colony had experimentally been transferred to the site. We discuss the possible significance of our finding to the evolution of social parasitism in ants.
Analyses have been carried out of the rate of phosphorus and nitrogen regeneration by the zooplankton of 42 lakes representing a trophic and morphometric gradient. For unpolluted lakes a high growth of the rate of P and N regeneration has been found, as well as a reduction of the turnover time of phosphorus and of the value of the N : P ratio in the products of regeneration following an increase in the pool of total phosphorus. The importance is discussed of changes in the internal cycles of P and N, connected with changes in the trophical conditions of the lakes, to the consequences of the process of eutrophication.
Analyses o f 69 collections o f the tawny ow ls’ pellets (28 containing over 100 prey items) revealed the presence of three rare mammal species on several localities in central and northeastern Poland: Muscardinus avellanarius (11 localities), Sicista betulina (3), and Crocidura leucodon (2). The obtained results supplemented data on their distribution close to the borders o f continuous ranges. The Kampinos Forest was confirmed as important refuge of M. avellanarius, and the lower basin o f the Biebrza Valley for both M. avellanarius and S. betulina.
Analyses of 179 pine wood samples and 73 wood chips samples from sawmills showed presence of four species of Bursaphelenchus, B. mucronatus being the commonest (7.5 % of samples). The identification of species was done using microscopic as well as RAPD-PCR methods.
Analyses of lake water taken in discrete sites along a c. 2 km transect from a 1 m depth in a eutrophic Lake Mikołajskie revealed a uniform horizontal distribution of temperature and oxygen concentrations. Conductivity, soluble reactive phosphorus and particularly chlorophyll concentrations showed, however, a marked variability along the transect. Significant correlation between pH and conductivity suggests that a local photosynthetically induced calcite precipitation may be responsible for the observed horizontal variability of these parameters. Biotic response (inferred from chlorophyll concentrations) was not coupled with chemical differences. Different temporal scales of chemical processes and phytoplankton growth are assumed to explain this discrepancy.
Analyses of tawny owl pellets were used to determine the species composition and distribution of small mammals in Kampinos National Park and its protection zone (central Poland). The total material collected from 58 localities contained the remains of 11,235 vertebrates (including 8,335 mammals). The study revealed 29 species of small mammals of the following orders: Soricomorpha – 4, Chiroptera – 9, Rodentia – 14, Lagomorpha – 1 and Carnivora – 1. These included two bat species of special interest (Myotis myotis and Barbastella barbastellus) listed in the 2nd Annex to the Habitats Directive of the European Union. Muscardinus avellanarius, a rodent typical of broad- leaved woodland, appeared to be relatively common and abundant in suitable habitats. Species inhabiting wet habitats, Microtus oeconomus and Neomys fodiens, were found in many localities, whereas Arvicola amphibius was rarer and less abundant. Some important refuges of small mammals were found, mostly in strictly protected areas. Although the studies conducted to date in this area likely reveal a complete list of small species of Soricomorpha and Rodentia, it is possible that 3-5 species of Chiroptera and 2 small species of Carnivora may remain to be identified.
The analyses were carried out for the Märkisch-Oderland-district (660 km2) in East Germany (near Oder river) where the density of breeding pairs reached 4 per 100 km2. The landscape structure was investigated within a 1 km radius of nesting locations ("breeding sites") and randomly selected points in the villages without stork nests ("control sites"). The landscape structure (habitat proportions, Shannon's diversity index H', density of edges, etc.) was measured by evaluating aerial photographs (1:10000). The land-use of "breeding sites" was characterised by a higher proportion of grasslands and inshore waters as well as by a significantly higher value of H'- 1.37 compared to 0.95 for "control sites". Storks clearly preferred more differentiated landscapes - 80% of "breeding sites" were localised in very high diversity classes (0.81-1.7), while 80% of "control sites" were in much lower diversity classes (0.21-0.8). Also grasslands were found to have a strong influence - storks preferred more grasslands in landscape. In addition, White Storks most frequently built up their nests in the moderately fragmented areas.
Analyses were done of the influence of origin, size and location in landscape of forest islands, on the structure and functioning of entomofauna. It was ascertained that birch-aspen woodlots which form natural overgrowths in wastelands, are significant for the fauna. They have been more intensively inhabited by entomofauna than forest islands of the Pino-Quercetum type, which are the remnants of larger forest complexes from the watershed of the Jorka river in the Masurian District. Between the birch-aspen woodlots and the surrounding cropfields there was a continuous exchange of fauna, particularly in the periods of changing and deteriorating environmental conditions in the agricultural landscape. We think, that this type of woodlots can play an important role in determining the structural and functional character of the fauna.
Analysis concerned the carbon content, main fractions of soil humus, total nitrogen content and contents of selected exchangeable elements (P-PO4, K, Ca, Mg and Mn) in the casts produced by earthworms, and in the upper layers of the soil, on several leys and permanent meadows. The percentage contents of C, fulvic acids and humic acids are always higher in casts than in the soil and rise along the sequence from younger to older meadows. The content of total nitrogen is also clearly greater in earthworm casts than in the soil and the C/N ratio rises along the sequence to older meadows. Exchangeable elements other than manganese show similar trends. It is shown that these trends probably result from changes in the proportions of two dominant species of Lumbricidae with alternate feeding specializations, namely the geophagous Aporrectodea caliginosa (Sav.) and the detritivorous Lumbricus rubellus Hoffm.
The analysis covered 1332 Tree Sparrow eggs, 1053 of them hatched, in 257 clutches of which 114 were fully successful, 119 partially so, and 24 were deserted. The mean egg mass in deserted clutches was lower than in clutches where hatching success was total or partial but not significantly so. The mean hatching success per clutch increased with the mean egg mass. The individual eggs in fully hatched clutches weighed significantly more (2.21 g) than those in partially hatched clutches (2.17 g), and were also heavier than "infertile" eggs(2.14 g). During nest inspections to ascertain the egg laying sequence, the egg mass in 5-egg clutches with full and partial hatching success was found to be higher than in deserted clutches. The eggs in fully hatched clutches were broader than "infertile" eggs.
The analysis is given of emigrational abilities of adult beetles, males and females cultured separately, of 12 strains of Tribolium and of the incidence of adult beetles on the surface of the medium in confined groups of these strains. The strain and sex effects with regard to these two features were proved to be significant in both species examined. Specific comparisons are also given of these two features between each pair of the productivity-criterion strains and between wild strains and body-colour mutants of both species. The strain sequences according to the decreasing emigrational ability and decreasing surface numbers, are presented. The presumed correlation between surface numbers and emigrational abilities of these strains is also analysed.
Analysis of chemical and biological research carried out in the Junes of 1968 and 1995 did not reveal changes in the trophic status of the majority of lakes over the 27-year period. The lack of significant changes in either physico-chemical parameters (SD, conductivity, pH, N-NO3, N-NO4, P-PO4, FeTot, Ca and Mg) or biological indices (chlorophyll-a concentration, structure and abundance of phytoplankton) allowed for the classification of the lakes into three groups: dystrophic (Lake Orchowe), moderately eutrophic (Lakes: Spólne, Pereszpa, Koseniec and Brudzieniec) and highly eutrophic (Lake Brudno). Only in Lake Płotycze was a change in status revealed – from moderately eutrophic to dystrophic. The findings allowed conclusions to be drawn regarding the effectiveness of the protection afforded the area to date.
The analysis of pellets of the tawny owl Strix aluco collected in the years 2009–2023 in 22 sites (ten in the Biebrza Basin and twelve in Knyszyn Forest) allowed for finding four species of Soricomorpha, nine species of Chiroptera and fifteen species of Rodentia (4, 5 and 12 in the Biebrza Basin and 4, 7 and 13 in Knyszyn Forest, respectively). Most common and most frequently caught by owls were: the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus, the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis and the common shrew Sorex araneus. Valuable species of bats included the pond bat Myotis dasycneme and the western barbastelle Barbastella barbastellus noted in Knyszyn Forest. Rare rodents found in both study areas were: the northern birch mouse Sicista betulina and the common dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius while the forest dormouse Dryomys nitedula was noted only in Knyszyn Forest. The European water vole Arvicola amphibius commonly noted in the Biebrza Basin was not found in Knyszyn Forest. On the contrary, the common pine vole Microtus subterraneus was reecorded only in Knyszyn Forest. <br>
Analysis of stomach contents from 386 Lesser Kestrels Falco naumanni obtained at Bloemfontein, South Africa, during the austral summer over a 12 year period (1984-1996) showed this species to be predominantly insectivorous. Isoptera (Harvester Termite Hodotermes mossambicus), followed by Solifugae and Chilopoda, formed the staple food. Lesser Kestrels consumed large quantities of small-sized prey, mainly Isoptera, early in the austral summer, while larger-sized food items, mostly Acrididae, dominated at the end of the non-breeding season. Results from pit trap sampling suggest that Lesser Kestrels are opportunistic foragers utilising the most abundant prey species.
Analysis of the benthos from 5 oxbow lakes, made over the period from July to November, provided a basis for arranging these habitats in evolutionary order depending on their progressive isolation from the influences of the river, increase of oxygen deficit and degree to which they are overgrown by macrophytes. As evolutionary advance of the lake proceeded the qualitative richeness and abundance of benthos, as well as frequency of appearances and abundance of the juvenile instars of Chironomidae decreased, while the sharply defined domination and percentage of predatory forms increased (Procladius sp. and Heleidae).
Analysis of the influence of habitat factors, food relations and interspecific competition on: 1) number of species, density and activity of individuals, 2) abundance and trappability of the different groups and species of predators and their percentage in the whole macrofauna examined. On the basis of results it is assumed, that: 1) interspecific competition was certainly of fundamental importance in the communities of macrofauna examined, 2) the chief basis of competition in the communities of predators was formed by food relations, 3) the influence of habitat factors on the different predators was connected with their dominance in the community, 4) organisation of the competition systems may be based on the differentiation of the ecological valence of species.
Analysis was made of food and faeces composition of Asellus aquaticus L. distinguishing ash, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and lignin contents. Calculated percentages were applied to absolute values of consumption and defecation rates assessed earlier (Prus 1971) for various groups of these animals. Absolute values of components of assimilated food obtained by difference (C - F = A) were then expressed as per cent of dry weight or ash-free dry weight. Efficiencies with which nutritional components of food were assimilated by various groups of these animals are also given.
Analysis was made of literature on mosquitoes, from the standpoint of prospects for biological control of their larval stages. The possibilities are discussed of utilizing the following phenomena in such control: biocenotic (predation, competition for food, parasitisation), population (density - dependent processes) and habitat phenomena (habitat structure, water management): Attention is drawn to the fact that successful results in control operations have been obtained mainly by means of the direct action on mosquitoes of a factor which has been introduced or modified by men. This is the case in utilization of the predatory activities of fish for reduction of mosquitoes, in introducing parasites or pathogenes of mosquitoes or doing away with mosquito breeding places by draining land.There are also possibillities of making use of indirect action, for instance by introducing nutria into the control of mosquitoes. The influence of these animals consists mainly in intensification of the predatory activities of a large number of aquatic predators in relation to mosquitoes, through conditioning of the environment (rerrnoval of shore-1ine vegetation and prevention of the development of floating vegetation).
Analysis was made of some elements of the structure and functioning of three meadow ecosystems, on the basis of examination of soil, vegetation, invertebrate fauna and micro-organisms. It was found that invertebrate phytophages and decomposers occur numerously on fertile, more productive meadows. The decomposition rate of dead plant matter is correlated with the abundance of earthworms and bacteria dominating among the decomposers. Predatory forms are concentrated in the epigeion layer, where thev find the most abundant food supply.
Analysis was made of the feeding habits of Chironomidae larvae associated with plants, mainly of: Glyptotendipes ex gr. gripekoveni Kieff., Endochironomus ex gr. tendens F. and Cricotopus ex gr. silvestris F. Chironomidae associated with plants have different kinds of food available in the littoral, such as: plant tissue (living and dead), plant and animal periphytic organisms, material suspended in water etc.Literature on the subject of the food and feeding habits of Chironomidae larvae associated with vegetation is somewhat scanty, particularly in respect of quantitative data.The utilization of plant tissue by these larvae, whether mining or living on the surface of plants, is problematical and their main source of food is periphyton and detritus.The frequent differences in data on the subject of the feeding habits of Chironomidae may be due to the different conditions under which the observations were made.The data in literature which have been analysed show that the Chironomidae larvae studied can change their feeding habits and composition of their food depending on their living conditions. It may by assumed that the changing habitat, including the potential food resources, dictates the kind of food which can be used. Chironomidae larvae are thus in the majority of cases typical polyphages. It would appear that relations between the kind of food and age, structure of the mouth apparatus, physiology etc. of the larvae themselves contribute to the variations found in their feeding habits.
Analysis was made of the occurrence of crustacean plankton in the littoral of 37 Mazurian lakes. It was found that the composition of the crustacean plankton does not exhibit any correlation with the limnological features of the lakes. The specialised littoral species occur, as distinct from the ubiquitous species, in the overwhelming majority in single habitats with presumably narrow specialisation.
Analysis was made of the occurrence of different species of water mite and of the formation of groupings of Hydracarina in shallow littoral environments. A total of 48 species was found to occur, differin11 as to abundance and de11ree of distribution. The lakes included in the 11roup examined in 11eneral exhibit considerable similarity of the specific composition of Hydracarina. Parallel development of groupings of water mites was found in littorals with and without emer11ent vegetation, characterised by peak abundance in July and maximum percentage of nymphs in August, It was also found that when the number of species increased, the level of the dominatin1 species ,.,,., reduced, while the abundance of individuals increased. With an increase in the abundance of individuals, on the other hand, the level of the dominatin11 species does not alter.
Analysis was made of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the nematodes occurring in plants and soil in two alfalfa crops situated in the Warsaw district. The aim of the first part of this study was: 1) to determine the full species composition of the nematodes occurring in the two crops (younger and older), which would at the same time permit of obtaining a knowledge of the variety of ecological forms of these nematodes and 2) to compare the intensity of occurrence of species in the upper parts of the alfalfa plants, in roots and in the soil, that is, to assess the penetration of different species from soil to plants.
Analysis was made of the significance of the migration rate of individuals in the regulation of intensivity of penetration of a given section of the population's area. Study areas were marked out in a pine wood and the imagines of Carabus arcensis Hrbst. and Pterostichus niger Schall. caught in traps in these areas were marked with individual numbers. Observations were next made of the rate at which they left the study area. It proved that with increasing intensivity of penetration of the habitat by part of the individuals - expressed by a decrease in the rate of their disappearance – the percentage of individuals not penetrating that habitat increased.
Analysis was made of variations in density, biomass and species structure of coprophagous beetles over the course of two seasons (May-September in 1970 and 1971). A total of 16 species of beetles of the Scarabaeidae family were found both in sheep excrement and in the 10-centimetre layer of soil beneath the excrement. The imagines of Scarabaeidae make their appearance in one-day old excrement (after 1 day's exposure of sheep dung on the pasture), and the larval forms slightly later. It was calculated that during a season the imagines of scarabs carry from 12-33 g d. wt. of sheep excrement per 1m2 of pasture into the soil.
Animal food (mainly Molluca, Chironomidae, Trichoptera, Sialis sp ), which is on average 94% of the reconstructed food weight, is the most important in the food of two year old carp. The remaining 6% is plant food (mainly macrophytes). In particular years of the study the quality of consumed food did not vary much. The weight percentage of particular components and their frequency of occurrence (feeding) changed slightly in consecutive seasons of the year. The feeding by the carp is most intense between June and August. A thermocline is a thermal barrier significantly limiting the vertical feeding range of the carp in this type of water body. The littoral zone is the main feeding ground for two year old carp almost entire the whole vegetation season. The carp reeds sporadically in other zones.
Annual total-P input (TP) to 20 lakes of Suwałki Landscape Park (SLP) with a fluvial inflow, surface runoff and precipitation has been estimated. In most cases, the annual TP input is lower than the dangerous one ace. to Vollenweider's (1976) criteria, whereas the weight ratio TN:TP points to stimulation of the phosphorus deficit. A relatively high correlation has been found between the annual load expressed in TP per lake surface unit and TP concentration in surface layers in summer. TP concentration in surface layers does not determine the variation of water transparency (SD) and chlorophyll a concentration with sufficient accuracy, whereas the relation between the latter two trophic parameters and algal biomass is high. For the majority of lakes, and practically for all mesotrophic and deep lakes, regressions of SD or TP vs. chlorophyll found for different groups of Masurian lakes, do not apply. The values of these parameters are much lower than they should be according to these models at relevant TP concentration. A conclusion has been drawn about the low bioavailability of TP supplied and present in SLP lakes, and thus the slower eutrophication rate of SLP lakes. This conclusion is convergent with results of previous investigations (Hillbricht-Ilkowska 1990).
The ant collection of W. Nylander (Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki) is investigated. The lectotypes of Myrmica rugulosa, M. sulcinodis, M. lobicornis, M. lobicornisvar. lobulicornis, M. scabrinodis, M. ruginodis, M. laevinodis, and Formica piceaare designated; the type specimens of the other species are considered as the syntypes (except of the earlier designated lectotypes and paralectotypes). New synonymy is established: Myrmica hirtulais junior synonym of Harpagoxenus sublaevis; Formica glebariais a junior synonym of F. fusca (not of F. cunicularia!); Formica majoris not a synonym of F. rufarather it is a synonym of F. polyctena. However, I will apply to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature with the proposition to suppress the namemajor and keep priority for the name F. polyctena. Some problems on the taxonomy of the different species are discussed, and the non-type material is partly redetermined.
The ant Myrmica karavajevi is an extremely rarely found and poorly known workerless social parasite of ants of the Myrmica scabrinodis species group. Hereafter detailed information of its previously published findings from four geographical regions in Poland (Bieszczady Mts, Pieniny Mts, Pomeranian Lakeland and Mazovian Lowland) as well as data on three new records from the Roztocze Upland, Lubelska Upland and Krakowsko- Częstochowska Upland is given. The latter suggests higher than hitherto suspected degree of host species infestation by M. karavajevi. Use of M. rugulosa as a host by M. karavajevi is also discussed.
Anurida riverina sp. nov. from river floodplains of Poland is described. Notes on distribution and systematic relationship are given.
Apterous and alate viviparous female, oviparous female and alate male of Macrosiphum symphyti sp. nov. living on Symphytum asperum (Boraginaceae) are described and illustrated. A key to the apterous viviparous females of the genus Macrosiphum Passerini species distributed in Georgia is given.
Aquatic and eulitoral vegetation of 21 small water bodies in the Suwałki Landscape Park was investigated. On most sites the submerged vegetation prevails with consideration to the dominant species, four groups of water bodies were distinguished: with dominating, elodeids, pleustonic plants, nympheids and helophytes. On the basis of species colonising the shores, two subtypes of water bodies were distinguished – water bodies with shores of fen and peat bog types. Particular groups of plants may indicate the main routes and cycling rate of nutrients as well as the type of hydrological regime within small water bodies.
Aricia agestis (Lycaenidae) is a widespread and not endangered species, however its biology is poorly known in Poland. Helianthemum nummularium L. (Cistaceae) and Erodium cicutarium L., Geranium pratense L., Geranium sanquineum L., and Geranium pusilum L. (Geraniaceae) were mentioned as larval host plants from Poland so far, but no data about preimaginal stages of the species were known from south-eastern part of the country. From 2009 up to 2014 many new records of imagines of A. agestis were revealed in mountain and sub-mountain zones of Podkarpacie region, where A. agestis was known from few isolated localities. Additionally, during the observations carried out in 2012 in central and south Podkarpacie region, eggs and early instar caterpillars (L1 & L2) of the secondgeneration were found for the first time in nature on Geranium phaeum L. (Lipnik), and their occurrence on G. pratense L. was detected at the locality of Markowa. Interactions of caterpillars with ants were not recorded. In conclusion, A. agestis is in expansion in mountain and sub-mountain zones of Podkarpacie region (south-easternPoland) and Geranium phaeum L. is established as the new larval host plants of A. agestis from Poland.
Arthropod assemblages living in tree canopies in two habitat types — a rich woodland and poor parkland were studied in 2003–2005 as a background for describing the dynamics of caterpillars; the study system was located in central Poland. Caterpillars, the optimal food of breeding tits, varied in abundance between both habitats and years. The peak abundance of caterpillars was at least 3 times higher in the woodland than in the parkland habitat. There were also pronounced differences in caterpillar production between years, with every consecutive year during 2003–2005 being trophically worse than the previous one. The Blue Tits' timing of breeding coincided roughly with the timing of caterpillar abundance in particular years. Mean clutch size corresponded strictly to the inter-habitat and inter-year pattern of variation in caterpillar availability, suggesting adaptive responses in Blue Tit reproduction to food resources.
The article conitains a discussion of literature dealing with the effect of temperature and concentration and kind of food, on seasonal and habitat variations (both between habitats and within one habitat) of zooplankton (crustaceans and rotifers belonging to plankton filtrators and sedimentators). Such variations relate both to the size and growth rate of individuals, and to length of development, length of life, reproduction rate and fertility. The results of a large number of field observations and laboratory experiments shows beyond doubt that there is a distinct correlation between variations in temperature and concentration and kind of food and differences, both seasonal parameters. Among the main factors determing variation in growth rate, reproduction, fertility and development of zooplankton, attention is drawn chiefly to the temperature factor, and less often to the food factor, a distinct tendency being observed here to carrying out experimental work in a laborartory at a constant temperature and referring the results obtained to natural conditions. As a result the effect exercised by the temperature gradient on development, growth and fertility of zooplankton is not taken into consideration.
The article contains a discussion of the more important studies concerned withchemical analysis of sediments, and classification of sediments and lakes on thisbasis. Particular attention has been paid to the problem of the contents and composition of organic matter in bottom sediments and its energy value in differenthabitats, and its origin in the sediments discussed. A review is given of studiesdealing with mineralization process in bottom sediments , emphasising the importantrole of oxygen in these process. In conclusion some methodical aspects of investigationsof oxygen consumption by sediments are discussed. Attention is drawn tothe lack of studies on processes taking place in bottom sediments and to the insignificant number of elaborations of this type of field experiment carried out under natural conditions.
The article cosists of a review of literature on biocenosis reaction in reservoirs and lakes receiving heated waste water from traditional and atomic power stations. The results are given of studies on phytoplankton, algal blooms, periphytic algae, macrophytes, zooplankton, fauna associated with macrophytes and bottom fauna. A discussion is given of the occurrence, species composition, abundance, biomass and production of aquatic organisms.In summing up the material presented it may be said that:— Physical, chemical, and biological changes in heated waters depend on the type of habitat, character of biocenoses, climatic zone, time of year, distance from discharge of heated water etc. and must therefore be considered locally. This shows the importance of complex studies from many aspects in order to be able to interpret such changes. For instance attempts of this kind have been made in relation to the power stations at: Chalk Point, Connecticut Yankee, Dresden, Flevo, Konakovskaja, Kozienice, Marshall, Merrimack, Ostrołęka B, Pątnów and Konin, Pcheinsberg, Pickering, Siekierki, Quad-Cities etc.— Heated water is usually accompanied by communal and technical pollution, and it is difficult to distinguish between the effect of thermal pollution and other pollutions on the physical, chemical and biological properties of cooling habitats.— Under certain circumstances temperature is not an only factor determining biological changes in the cooling system, the other factors may be:increased flow of water, changes in water level, chlorination of water, pressure of fish, pollutions etc.— On account of the frequently fluctuating operation of the power station — which results in considerable variations of temperature — it has been suggested that it is not average temperatures which should be studied, but the range of temperature variations, in connection with thermic shock to aquatic organisms.— It has also been suggested that more intensive analysis should be carried out during the summer period, when organisms react more distinctly to the group of factors as a whole in heated water, particularly to temperature.— In recent years it has been observed that biologists have become far more active and recommendations are far more often made as to the conditions with which location of power station should comply as to biological research on heated reservoirs and lakes, and attempts are far more often made at foreseeing the biocenotic changes which will take place in such reservoirs and lakes.
The article deals with the ecological classification of nematodes living in soil and in plants. A review is given of ecological classification based on the views of diffferent authors.The authors aim was to base classification of soil and plant nematodes primarily on trophic relations and to treat all other characters of the group distingushed, even those of an ecological nature, as of secondary importance from this aspect. If therefore the kind of food consumed is to be accepted as a criterion for classification then the following trophic groups can be distinguished: I - microbivorous, II - fungivorous, III - parasites of higher plants, IV -omnivorous and V - predators.The author considers this division as the most suitable for studies aimed at ascertaining the connections between the trophic levels of dififerent ecosystems, and consequently also for studies on the flow of energy through the ecosystem. It must, however, be remembered that this division involves a considerable degree of simplification. The systematic appurtenance of each of the trophic groups is given, indicating difficulties in classifying of the systematic units. The phenomenon of mycophagism connected with the facultative way of life of some Tylenchida, is dealt with in slightly greater detail. Omnivorous nematodes, obtaining their food from different trophic levels. also present a difficult problem in ecological classification. When our knowledge of the different species of this group is extended and the natural situation determining the kind of food they consume known, the matter will become far more simple, and this will permit of far more exact differentiation of his group from the trophic aspect. Mention is also made of the act that the role of nematodes as consumers has an additional aspect, namely the pathogenic activity of pathogenes and the indirect influence of many species of nematodes (from different trophic groups) on occurence of plant diseases.
The article describes how to make use of the method of estimating the degree of coincidence of two or more species in samples by comparison of the most probable number, in the given series, of cases in which both species concur in the sample, with the actual number of such concurrences (E d m o n d s o n, 1944, K a j a k A., 1957). The author demonstrates that this method may be applied where each species occurs in about 30-40% of the samples. Where the percentage of complete samples is different, analysis of the concurrence of species in the samples should be preceded by a mathematical manipulation reducing the series examined to the required form. An example of this manipulation is given. The author points out that all estimates of concurrence of species in the field should be related to the corresponding space. Categories of size of the area of samples with differing ecological sense are given as examples.
The article is based on studies either already published or prepared for printing on the relations between predatory birds and mammals and the common vole. The functional reactions of predators to variations in density of voles are discussed (Fig. 1). The group of species highly specialized in catching this vole and the group of species with diets of a polyphagous character have been distinguished within the community of predators examined. It is emphasised that penetration for hunting purposes of different crops is conditioned by the vole’s density (Tab. I). Numerical increase in predators depends on the biology of the species and may be the effect of migration (to a considerable distance in the case of buzzards or short expeditions in the case of cats) or natality (Fig. 2).Using estimates of the extent of pressure by predators on vole populations as a basis, the author states that the predatory birds and mammals examined are not capable of counteracting mass irruptions of the vole neither are they responsible for reducing such mass irruption (see Fig. 3). Mass appearance of the vole coincides with the period of particularly luxuriant development of vegetation, which makes it far more difficult for the predators to catch the rodents. Therefore despite the lack of accuracy in estimates of pressure it would appear that the controlling role of predators cannot be considered as equivalent to the possibility of counteracting mass appearances of the vole. It may be that the high degree of pressure by predators on voles when densities are low increases the length of the cycle and reduces the threshold numbers of the future irruption. Further studies are necessary to solve this problem. It is suggested that the mosaic character of the area should be intensified (e.g. alternating crops preferred by voles with cultivated fields of root crops) which wTould make contact between voles more difficult and facilitate their capture by predators. Emphasis has also been laid on the question of unjustified shooting by hunters and gamekeepers of certain predators (e.g. cats).
The article is concerned with the problem of the effect of heated water on Oligochaeta fauna in reservoirs used for cooling in power stations. We still know very little about the connections and relations between the occurrence of the majority of these species of animals and heated water, because studies have not so far been made on the whole of the Oligochaeta fauna of heated waters. Studies made up to the present have been concerned chiefly with the quantitative distribution of Tubificidae on the bottom of retention reservoirs connected with the cooling system of thermal power stations and atom power stations, their biomass and the reproduction biology of several dominating species. The autor’s studies on the Oligochaeta fauna of the heated lakes in the Konin district showed that the results obtained during faunistic research can also serve to estimate the degree to which the water is heated. Observations on communities of Oligochaeta species and the progressive changes in their structure and species composition, and also the occurrence of certain species of these animals are, in the author’s opinion of considerable importance as indicators.
The article present history of the Warsaw Zoological Collection as well as institutions with it. The begining of this collection stretches down to 1819 - the year in which a collection of ca 20000 specimens of animals, mainly birds, was bought for the Zoological Cabinet of the Royal University of Warsaw.
The article presents the profile and scientific achievements of the Polish entomologist - orthopterologist Anna Liana, who dealt with the systematics, biology, ecology and bionomics of orthopterans and related groups of insects as well as physiography and the issues of nature conservation. A list of publications and a list of described taxa are attached.
The article presents the results of the several years studies dealing with two subjects:1) Productivity of the Masurian lakes (regularities and mechanisms of the abundance, biomass and production of organisms). Investigations were carried out in several lakes with different trophy (Tab. I). The following were studied allochtonous matter, primary production of macrophytes, periphyton and littoral plankton, destruction in the eulittoral zone, production of pelagial phytoplankton and zooplankton, processes of destruction and sedimentation in the pelagial, production of bacteria, biomass and production of profundal benthos, and trophicrelations in benthos. On the example of Mikołajskie Lake a general scheme was made of the energy flow through the ecosystem (Fig. 1). Synthesis of these studies was presented in several papers at the IBP-UNESCO Symposium on productivity problems of freshwaters (Kazimierz Dolny, May 6–12, 1970). 2) The effects of artificially increased fish stocks on lake biocenosis. The following were studied: biomass and production of phyto- and zooplankton, food resources of the eulittoral zone and their accessibility for fish, abundance and biomass of bottom fauna and fauna living on plants and feeding habits of fish. The results were presented in several papers at the VIII Conference of Polish Hydrobiologisits (Białystok, September 16-20, 1970).
The article presents the silhouette and scientific achievements of Polish dipterologist, Agnieszka Draber-Mońko, who researched the systematics, morphology and bionomy of parasitic flies. A list of publications and described taxa has been included.
The articles presents observations on the way in which the concept of landscape has formed in natural sciences, particularly in physical geography, geochemistry and ecology. Attention is drawn to differences in the way landscape is treated in the above scientific disciplines due to their different approaches tolandscape problems and different tasks facing sciences concerned with the naturalenvironment. These differences are, however, only apparent, since in eachof the scientific disciplines referred to only one characteristic factor, on the basisof which landscape is defined, is brought to the fore. Landscape studies should,however, cover the whole of the processes taking place in such complex naturaland geographical areas and not, as has been the practice up to the present, onlycertain particular aspects. The author emphasises that the problem of landscapeboundaries, which have clearly received too little attention in all the abovescientific disciplines, continues to be especially unclear.Problems of protecting the landscape from devastation and pollution havetaken on particular importance in present times. Landscape ecology aimed atanalysing physical elements and also elements conditioned by human activities~their structure and significance to the life bound up with them, is destined toplay a leading part in this field. Landscape ecology understood in this sense isthe basis for protection and conservation of nature as a whole, in which the chieftask consists in the necessity for maintenance of the biosphere and attainmentof a state of balance favourable to both sides, between all the elements ofthe landscape and the economic activities of man for the satisfaction of humanneeds.
The artificial increasing of the abundance of larvae of Tendipes plumosus L. in experimental cages on the bottom of a lake exerts an unfavourable influence on the growth and development, and also on the survival, of the larvae of this and some other species. Artificially increased abundance of the large larvae of T. plumosus was not in general maintained - it fell to a level only slightly higher (or even lower) than in the lakce. These facts, evidence of the strong interaction of the benthos organisms, took place even when the abundance of the benthos was relatively small. The reduction in numbers taking place is not however evidence that more numerous fauna cannot live in this habitat, since in many cases a spontaneous growth in numbers of T. plumosus and also of other species was found. It is, however, probably only possible as a result of the gradual changes in conditions taking place in the cage during the duration of the experiment.
As a result of intensified agriculture, farmland in Europe is the habitat where the most pronounced changes have occurred in recent decades. In parallel, breeding populations of birds have been declining over much of Europe. Today, farmland has the largest proportion of Red-List species. This paper reviews studies on the impact of agriculture on birds breeding in the farmland ecosystems of Europe: breeding bird density in relation to farming practice, effects of agriculture on foraging and feeding ecology while rearing young, and consequences for breeding success. Specialised bird species are most affected by farming practice. They are rare or even absent in intensively managed farmland with a much reduced habitat and structural diversity. As crops grow fast and as their vegetation is very dense, large fields become inaccessible to or unprofitable for ground feeding birds. To exploit alternative food resources, parents feeding nestlings have to cover larger distances to isolated and distant food patches. Reduced food availability in modern farmland and increased time and energy costs of foraging may result in lower body conditions of parent birds and their broods, in a reduced breeding success and lower survival. Some species breeding in intensively farmed areas are at least locally unable to produce sufficient recruits to maintain their numbers in the long term. Our knowledge of the breeding ecology and population dynamics of farmland birds is growing, but it is still based mainly on short-term and small-scale case studies on a few species. Little is known about whether measures to improve habitat quality (e.g. set-asides) are adequate to halt negative trends in bird populations. Hence, there is a need for internationally coordinated scientific work with important implications for conservation.
As a result of observations, lasting one and a half years, on the quantitative dynamics of a spontaneously developing population of Philodina citrina in thirteen aquaria containing higher green vegetation and algae, the variable occurrence of this rotifer was established. In the majority of the aquaria (9) Ph. citrina is a scarce species (i. e. often occurs in single specimens) or sporadic species (i. e. occurs rarely and then only single specimens). Ph. citrina occurs in the four remaining aquaria also, usually in small numbers, with the exception of certain periods, varying in duration, of intensive development of the population of this species. During the periods of intensive development of Ph. citrina, the algae present in the aquarium form the basis on which the eggs are laid and individuals of varying size were grouped. The numerical level of occurrence, however, of this rotifer in aquaria, and also its quantitative dynamics, are not strictly bound up with the development dynamics of algae.Three classes of size were established (small -up to 150 μ, medium -150300 μ, large -over 300 μ). It was found that during the period of occurrence in small numbers (the most frequent periods in the materiał examined) -about 20 individuals per litr -and also certain periods of greater numbers, the population of Ph. citrina consists solely of large individuals. In periods when numbers are several times greater than this (up to 900 individuals per litr) differences in the size of individuals occur as the result of intensive reproduction. In phases of increase in population numbers, small and medium individuals predominate, and in the peak phase and in phases of decrease in numbers, large individuals predominate. The above cycles of population development took place most clearly in two of the series of 13 aquaria in which Ph. citrina occurred in the greatest numbers. In the remaining aquaria in which Ph citrina occurred chiefly in small numbers with small and short-lived increases in numbers -large individuals always predominated.
As a result of studies carried out from 1987 to 1990 in the Roztocze Upland, the occurrence of 19 centipede species has been found. Among the most frequent and numerous species there were Lithobius mutabilis, Lithobius curtipes, Lithobius cyrtopus, Strigamia acuminata.
As a rule they are pure predators in oligotrophic waters, at least in adult stages.But they shift at least in part onto phytoplankton food in eutrophic conditions.It is not coincidence that animal as well as plant food is noted for most ofthe cyclopoid species in Figure 1. From experimental work carried out on manyspecies it would appear that they feed readily on both animal and plant food(depending on which is in great aboundance) although they do not necessarilydigest each equally well. The same is probably true in natural conditions. Theconcentration of animal food is much higher than of phytoplankton in oligotrophicconditions, and in eutrophic conditions the oposite is true.This problem is further complicated by seasonal changes of phytoplanktonspecies composition, standing crop and production, both in the case of “herbivores”and “carnivores”. Even in eutrophic water body the nannoplanctonic algaeavailab le for filter feeders sometimes dominate during spring time, but in midsummerthey usually give way to net phytoplancton blooms. In addition, latesummer brings from the littoral to the limnetic zone a large amount of the organicmatter in the form of macrophytes detritus or dissolved organic compounds,stimulating a mass development of 'bacteria. This changes the trophic status of“herbivores” to an even greater extent (Fig. 3)2.It would than seem that overall classification of plankton animals in termsof their trophic status is almost impossible. Such an attempt should probably besuccessful with each zooplankton community taken on its own and only for a particularseason. The only possible general classifica tion would have to foe presentedas a continuum (Fig. 1).
As has been indicated by practice, the traditional trial and error method is not an efficient tool for estimating the parameters of ecological models. The degree of complication of a typical ecological model also makes it impossible to use available formal algorithms. Two techniques can, however, be suggested which considerably improve the process of parameter estimation. One of them is the method of step by step merging subsequent state equations, and the other that of aiding the estimation process with sensitivity analysis.
As the breeding season progresses, the rhythmic periods of the little auks' presence and absence in a colony are subject to a gradual shortening (from several days to 24 h). The breeding season stage, behaviour of little auks and gulls, meteorological conditions and variation in zooplankton availability may exert an influence on the maximum number of little auks present in a colony during successive periods, as well as on the time of the day at which the peak numbers occur. There does not exist one superior lactor responsible for the attendance rhythm of the little auks. This rhythm is governed by the resultant of many intra-population, biocoenotic and environmental factors whose intensity of action varies with the breeding season stages.
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