Search for: [Abstract = "The vastness of the fields covered by ecology, the way in which it is linked with so great a number of other fie1ds of activity, including the practical ones such as agriculture, forestry, water management etc, and the continuing extension of its range in connection with the problems of Man and Biosphere, make it impossible to give a representative review of achievements in one paper. Almost every agricultural or forestry study is to a certain degree ''ecological'' \(review Polish Ecological Bi1bliography and reports of various institutes and comprehensive elaborations from different fields\). In the science of populations important information has been obtained on the regularities and mechanisms relating to structure and function, the role of alien individuals, differentiation and adaptation of numbers to conditions, the relations between amount of space and numbers of inhabitants etc. The result of research on population dynamics of plants and animals are imposing but not as yet generalized results obtained from inter alia studies on protection and conservation of plants, agriculture, forestry etc.\). For a considerable time studies in the field of biocenology proceeded independently in relation to phyto\-and zoocenotic questions. The enormous amount of descriptive work done in ration to phytosociology has made it possible to classify associations and simultaneously habitat factors as a whole, obtaining in this way a basis for studies on management and organization of large areas of land and on the engineering of ecosystems. The most important achievement of zoocenology consists of studies on animal communities, predation and competition, and also descriptive studies on the composition and quantitative relations of the fauna of various halbitats. In the field of research on whole biocenoses and ecosystems it is perhaps hydrobiology which can boast the earliest and greatest achievements \- studies on lakes, fish ponds and rivers made by the Warszaw\-Olsztyn, Cracow and Wrocław research centres. The International Biological Programme, in which Poland intensively participated, has played an important part in the development of ecology, by bringing about\:1\) considerable increase in real cooperation and coordination of research in Poland and abroad\: carrying out complex studies, including connections between ecology of plants and animals, the separation of which had always been a weak spot in ecology,2\) functional view of the ecosystem essential to an understanding of and consequently to directing processes in nature\: an evaluation \-closer to the natural situation of the role and significance of different groups of organism and processes in the functioning of ecosystems,3\) enormous development of methods for quantitative estimates of organisms and processes in ecosystems and ensuring that results from different ecosystems and different research centres were comparable."]

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