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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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The paper describes the history of Dictionary of Medieval Latin from Polish Sources both in institutional and methodological aspects. It shows what challenges as for the establishment of the editorial rules the first editor of the dictionary M. Plezia had to face and how these rules thank to his successor, K.Weyssenhoff-Brożkowa, had evolved. It presents, as well, the most recent e-projects undertaken by the dictionary team.
The paper is an outline of the issue of Neo-Latin vocabulary in the context of dictionaries covering words taken from early-modern Latin texts. Apart from the “Dictionary of Renaissance Latin from prose sources” by René Hoven and some very useful minor Neo-Latin word-lists scholars dealing with the works of 16th and 17th century do not have specialized Latin lexicons on mainly Renaissance and Baroque literature. Even dictionaries on classical, mediaeval or ecclesiastical Latin sometimes are helpful only to some extent. The author proposes preparing the early modern Neo-Latin dictionary mainly from the works by the Polish authors.
The paper is the first part of a larger study aiming at characterizing toponyms of the Wadowice district (Małopolska Voivodeship, southern Poland), an area so far regarded as more densely populated only in late Middle Ages or later, on the basis of its etymons, both appellative and anthroponymical. Only names confirmed in the course of data collection in the late 1950s were taken into consideration. The main question to be answered is to what extent the procedures identifying etymons of geographical names currently used by toponomasticians can prove both effective and accurate. In this part of the study, attention was focused on appellative etymons. A list of such items has been compiled, containing words attested in the major dictionaries or collections of the Polish lexis, as well as archaisms reconstructed solely on the basis of related toponyms. Some of the latter ones are discussed at some length in the body of the paper; some have been preserved in their topographical meanings in other Slavic languages (*čelo ‛precipitous slope’ metaph., *čьrtorъja ‛valley’, *xobotъ ‛river bend’ metaph., *sъbojь in various meanings, derivative *svьrkъl- ‛(dwarf) spruce’ locally distorted to *ćwierkiel), others remain mere reconstructions, sometimes encountered in the toponymy of other parts of Poland as well (*gorěńь ‛burned forest”, *pertiŕь ‛path?’) or even endemic to that area (*nesъlnь ‛shaded place?’, *pobedr- ‛slope?’, *prik(ъ)ŕaznь ‛precipitous slope’, *ryšь -a -e ‛reddish’; *tьlčanь ‛valley?’ metaph.). The only few unattested terms can be easily explained as Polish in origin (e.g. *gorьnica ‛upper part of a village etc.’). To sum up, the 20th century toponymy of this area is characterized by a notable lack/paucity of more archaic native derivational models (no structures in *-ьsko, *-ьno or *-yni), but at the same time by a surprisingly large number of Slavic lexical archaisms preserved in place names.
The paper presents the elements of prison argot, which has occurred in the documentary book called Polskie morderczynie by Katarzyna Bonda and in the novel Drzwi do piekła by Maria Nurowska. I attempt to describe the meanings of excerpted words and word combinations, as well as illustrate them with quotations. I also divide these elements into individual categories.
The paper shows the results of an internet survey on metalinguistic awareness about the dialect conducted among the inhabitants of Konin region (including towns and villages). It is an interesting area for sociological reasons (intensive development of the city in the 1960s and 1970s, rapid industrialization of the region and numerous migrations) and language (dialectal borderland and the influence of the language brought by former migrants). The attitudes of the respondents towards dialect were examined, how they evaluates this type of language and whether they use it. The analysis of 147 questionnaires makes it possible to take into account such criteria as age, sex, education and place of residence. An additional aim of the article is to formulate conclusions as to the use of an online survey in the study of language awareness about dialect.
Paul Woodman has called it the “great toponymic divide”, but the endonym/exonym distinction is not a concept confined solely to toponymy, it can be transferred to all name categories, where the name used by insiders may differ from the name used by outsiders, e.g., to ethnonyms, anthro ponyms, names of institutions, where we frequently meet, for instance nicknames and derogative designa- tions used by outsiders. But there is no doubt that this divide has its focus on toponymy, since it corresponds there to two basic human attitudes: (1) to the distinction between ‛mine’ and ‛yours’, ‛ours’ and ‛theirs’, and (2) to territoriality, the desire to own a place, which appears at all levels of the construction of human community — from the level of the family up to that of nations. Thus, it has always a political, social, and juridical meaning and is frequently a reason for dispute and conflict. However, even after long and intensive discussions, e.g., in the UNGEGN Working Group of Exonyms, to date we can still see rather divergent approaches to this divide. There is the linguistic approach regarding the endonym and the exonym rather as poles of a continuum, with various intermediary stages. Alternatively, there is the cultural-geographical approach that accepts no other criteria than the spatial relation between the name-using community and the geographical feature denoted by the name. The article elaborates on these items, mainly on the basis of the discussions and publications of the UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms since 2002.
Polish glosses contained in 15th-century manuscripts are one of the basic elements of Polish historical-linguisticresearch. They are the largest and most diverse group of medieval monuments of the Polish language.Although they reflect almost all areas of life of the 15th-century inhabitants of Poland, they remain separatedfrom the mainstream of historical and linguistic research. The author summarizes the history of research onPolish glosses and refers to the discussion on the term ‘gloss’, tools for describing glosses, and source research.
Possibility to observe large samples of texts related to advances in technology have allowed the researchers to see diverse patterns of co-occurrence. In this paper we introduce one of such patterns — semantic prosody. We start with an overview of semantic prosody definitions. Then we move to some controversial points such as the unit of the prosody or the problem of meaning transfer between collocates. We also describe how to determine semantic prosody, to finally conclude with examples of its application focusing on socially oriented discourse analyses.
The present paper analyzes English as a lingua franca (ELF) from the perspective of Talmy’s (2000b) typology, which divides languages into S- and V-types. S-languages express the path of motion in a verb particle and the manner of motion in a verb, while V-languages encode the path in a verb and manner in an adverbial. Talmy’s (2000b) typology has been felicitously applied in research on standard languages. However, studies on dialects (Berthele 2004) have shown that a division into S- and V-categories may not be sufficient in the case of contact languages. To test this hypothesis, we apply Talmy’s (2000b) typological distinction to English as a lingua franca. Based on the results of a qualitative pilot study among Polish users of English, we demonstrate that although Polish and English are both classified as S-languages according to Talmy’s (2000b) typology, ELF – a contact language between them – reveals characteristics not yet classified as belonging to either S- or V-types. We thus conclude that Talmy’s (2000b, 2017) dichotomous distinction is in need of further refinements to be applicable in the context of ELF.
The present paper deals with Polish lexical units referring to curling. The material is taken from Polish Eurosport live transmissions and website of Polish Curling Federation. The aim of the first part of the paper is to collect and describe Polish curling terminology. Curling in Poland is not a very popular sport and therefore the most of the lexical units are borrowings from English (eg. skip, end,hamer,curler) or simply translations or calques of English words and phrases (e.g. dom‘house’,kamień‘stone’, prosty/kołyszący się lód ‘straight/swinging ice’). There are also several Polish lexemes (or old borrowings) like dogrywka ‘extra end’, remis ‘blank end’, trener ‘coach’. The second part of the paper is devoted to corpus analysis of the curling vocabulary, in order to decide, is the Polish curling vocabulary worth defining in one of the newest Polish general dictionaries, PAS Great Dictionary of Polish. The analysis of the National Corpus of Polish pointed out, that the lexical units referring to curling are poorly represented in NCP, so they do not fulfill the criteria to be put into the dictionary (the basic criterion for a terminological unit is at least 10 occurrences in at least 2 printed (non electronic) documents in corpus).
The present paper describes linguistic situation in the Cieszyn/Těšín Silesia on the Czech side of the border where Poles and Czechs live together. Assuming that many language codes are used here, including the Cieszyn/Těšín dialect, the authors investigated the sociolinguistic situation in Polish-minority schools in this region. The analysis of the vernacular used by students, who were 6–18 years old, enabled the authors to describe their colloquial speech, which includes the dialect as well as the elements of the Polish and Czech languages. Having analysed the transcripts, the authors came to the following conclusions: 1) the colloquial speech clearly differs from a traditional form of a dialect; 2) it is not the indicator of ethnicity of the speaker; 3) its usage depends on each individual communicative situation. The authors’ comments are illustrated by small parts of transcribed texts.
Presented text is a review of the book "Reading beyond the female: The relationship between perceptionof author gender and literary quality" by Dutch researcher Cornelia Koolen. Discussed book undertakesthe issues of relations between the gender of the author, evaluation of literary quality of their work andactual features of the texts, thus fitting in the larger trend of research on gender stereotypes in languageand literature. The innovative use of quantitative methods also grants it an important place within literatureon stylometric, making it an interdisciplinary work.
Presented text is a review of the book The Many Faces of Multilingualism. Language Status, Learning and Use Across Contexts, edited by Piotr Romanowski and Martin Guardado. Discussed book undertakes the issues of multilingualism, one of the most vivid phenomenon in applied linguistics and sociolinguistics recently. The volume consisting of 11 chapters, is divided in two parts: ‘(Socio) Linguistic Aspects of Multilingualism’ and ‘Pedagogical Aspects of Multilingualism’. The contributors (all multilingual), coming from different countries (e.g. Poland, Latvia, Canada, Brazil, Japan, South Africa), focuse on specific questions related to multilingual education and analyze challenges of the multilingual society.
The productiveness and localization of modern place names with the component *volja that underwent further onymization in the 15th to 16th centuries was authenticated in the article. It signifies a new type of newly coined localities in Polish and Ukrainian oikonymy designating settlements that were free from taxes, in particular, Polish (Wola, Wolica, Wólka), Ukrainian (Воля (Volia), Волиця (Volytsia), Волька (Vol’ka)) and their derivatives. Polish and Ukrainian oikonyms with the components Wola ~ Воля (Volia) over the period of history of their use formed homogeneous structural types that are used today: single-word oikonyms, multiword oikonyms with pre- and postpositional adjectival components, and pre- and postpositional component -воля (-volia)/-волиця (-volytsia), multiword onyms: 1) Adj. + Subst. Wola, Wolica, Wólka ~ Воля (Volia), Волиця (Volytsia), Волька (Vol’ka); 2. Subst. Wola, Wolica, Wólka ~ Воля (Volia), Волиця (Volytsia), Волька (Vol’ka) + Adj. From the point of view of signification, these oikonyms denote a type of a free settlement indicating their owner or founder, geographical location, location in relation to neighbouring settlements, i.e. the differentiating and localising function of these types of onyms is emphasized. The number and geographical distributions of the oikonyms in Poland and Ukraine are presented. It was established that their highest number is in Lublin, Małopolskie, Podkarpackie and Mazowieckie Voivodeships (Poland) and in the west of Ukraine (Lviv, Volyn, Ternopil Oblasts). The naming tendencies of the further onymization of the appellative *volja in Ukrainian and Polish oikonymy were emphasized
The properties of experimentally built association networks were studied from many different points of view. The results of those investigations show that if one aims to treat an empirical network as a ‘natural dictionary’ suitable for text processing algorithms, one should develop a consistent and linguistically valid set of semantic relationships which may explain information borne by word associations. The aim of this paper is describe a preliminary set of relationships which are applicable to word associations, and show how those associations, if classified, define the meaning of a noun which is a node of the network.
Przemyśl used to be a fortified border town between the Kingdom of Poland and Kievan Rus. The influence of various languages, religions or nationalities existed in that area for centuries, and the numerous traces of such interference can be observed in the toponymy of the region. The aim of this article is to attempt to answer the question to what degree the complex linguistic and national and religious relations have been reflected in both contemporary and old urban names, which are younger and more changeable than settlement names.The impact of the location of a fortified town was analyzed, as well as the reflection of national (the ethnic border) and religious (the multiconfessionalism of city dwellers) relationships in urbanonyms and linguistic interference. The conducted analysis has shown that the complicated past of the region has had only a slight impact on the contemporary onomastics, but cannot be ignored. The influence of the language and culture of ethnic and religious minorities on the urbanonyms is mostly noticeable in the names motivated by religion, and less so in localizing, cultural or commemorative names
The purpose of the article is to characterize syntactic and word-formation phenomena that appear in thefamily language of Joachim Lelewel. The language material originates from letters addressed to his family,which were included in Żupański’s two-volume publication. The sociolinguistic and historical-linguisticperspectives were combined in the interpretation of language phenomena. Due to the fact that Lelewel’sidiolect was influenced by several varieties of Polish, the description of the properties of both systemsrequired a confrontation of research material with monographic studies and lexicons dealing with generalPolish of the 18th and 19th centuries as well as publications devoted to the northeast variety and the Masoviandialect. The distinguishing feature of language from the researched mail is the occurrence of variant forms atboth characterized levels of the grammar system and the ease of creating occasionalisms. Additionally, therelationships of Lelewel’s family language were confirmed with colloquial and dialectal Polish – Masovianand North-Eastern Polish – with which archaic language of his letters should also be associated.
The purpose of this article is to describe the syntactic and semantic properties of the units normalny andnormalnie. The basic thesis concerns the existence of units normalny/normalnie, representing the classesof adjectives and adverbs, as well as metapredicative operators. The adverb normalnie, which the adjectivenormalny is semantically derived from, conveys the idea of no distinction between a certain x and the otherx’s in the cluster x. Someone or something is not different, in terms of a certain feature, from the otheritems in the same cluster. The metapredicate normalnie constitutes a comment on the theme: it confirms theaccuracy of use of a particular predicate.
The purpose of this article is to present a possible etymology of the Polish word for ‛dog’ as a continuation of the Proto-Indo-European form. The majority of the hypotheses postulated so far concerning the origin of this lexeme considers it to be a Slavic innovation which superseded the inherited Proto-Indo-European word. The author argues that current models of Indo-European nominal derivation permit a connection of the Slavic word with the Proto-Indo-European forms for ‛dog’ and ‛cattle’.
There are many studies concerning Wisława Szymborska’s works, especially in the field of literary studies. Researchers (including S. Balbus, E. Balcerzan, A. Legeżyńska) have discussed in detail the features and the most important themes of her poetry. They also paid attention to stylistic devices and language games used by the poet. However, they were little interested in the onymic layer of her poems. Meanwhile, Szymborska’s poetry is a rich source of proper names, which appear independently or constitute elements of metaphors and comparisons. Among these onyms, there are both anthroponyms and place names, hydronyms and ideonyms. The poet’s oeuvre also includes works devoid of proper names, which is also an important signal of textual functions (e.g. concealment, evanescence, uncertainty). The conducted analyses (e.g. of the poem “Portrait of a woman”) show how the analysis of proper names enriches the interpretative conclusions.
There are many ways of choosing or creating a name, the ways of which vary from culture to culture,and from language to language. Chinese onyms are usually constructed of one or more elements,being mostly lexical items (morphemes or words), and retaining in most cases their own lexicalmeaning in a name, therefore they are usually semantically transparent. However, the “true” significanceof some names is sometimes very difficult to discover, and the conclusion is often basedupon guesswork. What is evident, Chinese onyms are not random combinations; they usually havea certain underlying significance, reflecting the reason or reasons why particular lexical items areused in the naming process. Chinese researchers usually do not mention “the meaning” of namesas a criterion for their semantic divisions. Their classifications are mainly based upon the variouslytermed “reasons”, “methods”, “motivations”, or “sources of naming”. Therefore, this paper dealswith some selected, typical and untypical, “methods” of creating Chinese names, especially givennames and place names.
There is no doubt about the lingua franca status of the English language (e.g. Mair 2003). It even manifested itself in an evolutionary linguistics study based on the methodology of iterated learning (cf. Kirby and Hurford 2002). In an experiment with human participants, all of whom were native speakers of Polish, aimed at producing basic yet novel linguistic systems, entrenched linguistic structures related to English could easily be found, despite the fact that the experiment’s participants were asked not to use linguistic units from existing languages (e.g. Rogalska-Chodecka 2015). When the experiment’s participants tried to notice a lexical or syntactic pattern in a set of CVCVCV strings, they referred to English words regardless of their level of language knowledge or the experimenter’s instruction. Consequently, the final product of the experiment was not a novel linguistic system, but one containing entrenched linguistic English-related structures, which proves that in the absence of known linguistic structures, referring to English ones seems to be the easiest option.The present article asks whether it is possible to “force” participants in an experiment to use certain items from the Italian lexicon (related to colour, number, and shape) instead of those that come from English, despite their declared lack of knowledge of the Italian language. The results of two studies, one with a control group where the participants were asked to learn words in English as well as random CVCVCV strings, and one “contaminated” with Italian, where random words were exchanged with Italian ones, are compared in order to determine whether Italian is as useful as English from the perspective of participants in experiments and possesses lingua franca features that can be noticed in the case of the original evolutionary experiment. It turned out that, due to its high learnability, Italian exhibits lingua franca features and, given similar historical conditions to English, could regain its historical lingua franca status.
The review is devoted to the book by Laura Polkowska Values and anti-values in weekly opinion magazines.Comparative discourse analysis with elements of quantitative linguistics. This is a study in the field of valuesin the language of politics. The author uses both quantitative and qualitative methodology to analyze liberaland conservative discourses in weekly opinion magazines.
The review is devoted to the latest book written by Piotr Rybka, The Vowels in the Dialects of Upper Silesiaand in the contemporary Polish language. Comparison with the Use of Acoustic and Articulation Data,published in 2018 as part of the work of the Institute of the Polish Language of the Polish Academy of Sciences.This is an experimental study in the field of dialectal phonetics. The author has developed acousticand articulatory models that made it possible to compare features of the vowels in the speech of UpperSilesian residents with Polish standard pronunciation.
The review is devoted to the monograph paper written by Dorota Brzozowska, Chinese traces in Polishcontemporary discourses, published in 2018. The Author of the book collected and analyzed traces ofthe Chinese language and culture present in Polish discourses: axiological, artistic, humorous, media anddidactic discourse.
The scope of this book it the creation of innovative materials for teaching/learning Latin language. The list of a basic Latin vocabulary is being prepared in accordance to the guidelines of the Council of Europe at the A1 level of language proficiency and will be presented as a thematic dictionary— it will consists of lexems, phrases and very typical for Latin teaching sentences to each issue. Moreover it will also include exercises which are made to enable the consolidation of grammar acquired at any given stage of a learning process. The scope of my research includes the development of innovative materials for teaching and learning Latin language based on the guidelines proposed by the Council of Europe. It also includes the assessment of achieving the A1 level in Latin language within the four language skills (reading, listening, writing and speaking). This project provides, inter alia, the answer to the lack of modern teaching materials for Latin teachers as well as the lack of learning materials. This project also attempts to develop the four mentioned above language skills in learning Latin process.
Since 2011, or since the entry into force of the Sign Language Act, there has been growing interest in Poland in this form of communication not only among public institutions or mass media but also among scholars. To date, Polish research into sign languages, not very extensive anyway, has focused on their grammar aspects. This paper is an attempt to bring a new, sociolinguist perspective in sign language research in Poland. Hence, it has some of the character of a review. The Authors propose four areas ofsociolinguist research into sign language. The first one is the description of lexical variants (especially the phonological and the lexical ones), the second one is the observation of the life of words and the historical changes in the sign language lexis, while the third area involves research on language interactions, especially the codes included in the so called sign language continuum. The last area considered by the Authors is the reconstruction of deaf Poles’ attitudes to sign language. The suggested direction of research is especially important in the light of the global tendency of languages (and thus of cultures) to die out, mostly for reasons of civilization.
The situation of the Polish minority living in Stryi is not clear-cut. Depending on the communication situation, members of the community speak Ukrainian, Russian or Polish. The latter is used mainly in contacts with Polish-speaking relatives and friends, during church masses and celebrations held at the Society of Polish Culture of the Lviv Region (TKPZL). The article attempts to discuss the social conditions of the linguistic competence of the Polish minority representatives. The language material was obtained during the summer school held in 2019 at the Stryi branch of TKPZL, its results were compared with those of the 2018 pilot study at the same institution.Two methods were used in the research – a questionnaire and an interview. The aim of the first one was to collect written material on the beliefs of respondents, among others, about their language skills. The second method allowed the informants (expressing their willingness to discuss the previously completed questionnaire) to develop their written beliefs and the actual assessment and verification of their skills.The analysis of the collected material showed that the Ukrainian language is currently the basic communication tool for the representatives of the Polish minority in Stryi, and the Polish language is used either occasionally or practically not at all. Both in the questionnaires and in the interviews, the respondents/informants took care to comply with the literary norm of the Polish language. The spontaneous change of the topic of the conversation during the interviews allowed for a more precise assessment of language skills and the verification of deviations from the norm in the statements. In the course of the conducted research, it was shown that the Polish language has a high position in the value system of the Polish minority representatives in Stryi, which stems from, among others, the will to preserve the language of the ancestors and maintain family traditions. Although nowadays it is used occasionally, there has been an increased interest in it in all generations, especially in the younger generation, which results not only from blood ties, but also from its attractiveness.
Some parents, motivated or forced by circumstances of life, do not stop at a bilingual education, but introducea third (or even another) language to their children’s linguistic repertoire exposing them to trilingual(or multilingual) acquisition process. In the specialist literature and handbooks, as yet, there has been significantlyless scientific exploration and scholarly attention dedicated to this field of study compared to the wellresearched bilingualism and dual language competences which are considerably more spread worldwide.Based on interviews with parents of trilingual children, the paper presents communication strategies usedfor raising trilingual children, which are often adaptations of well-known models used in bilingual education.The findings of the study may be of theoretical interest to linguists, and of practical interest to parentsshowing curiosity or concern about growing a multilingual family.
The study presents materials for learning English as rarely exploited sources for research into the pastof Polish-English linguistic and cultural contacts. The viewing of educational texts allowed to: examinethe factors determining the high prestige of English among Poles, observe ways of using elements of Anglo-Saxon culture for educational purposes, indicate the types of interference phenomena possible to analyzein texts written by bilingual people. The observations were carried out in accordance with the assumptionsof anthropological linguistics, stressing the relationship between man, language and culture in the studyof our ancestors’ language use.
The subject of the article are phonetic and inflexive properties of the family language of JoachimLelewel. The analysis combines the sociolinguistic perspective with the historical and linguistic perspective.Substantial basis consists in two volumes of correspondence written in many places visited by the historianat different stages of his life to his parents and siblings. The analysis was conducted in a two foldmanner — the excerpted phenomena were referenced back to the resources of the general Polish languagesystem contemporary to the writer and to the north-borderland dialect and to the masovian dialect. The basicdistinction of Lelewel’s family language in field of phonetics and inflection is its variants and presenceof archaic and regional elements.
The subject of the article is an attempt to describe the running team names: the structure and the meaning. This category of onyms is new and connected with popularity of running. A basis is the material collected during the marathons in 2014.
The subject of the article is the analysis of the variants of nomenclature in contemporary public discourse relating to women engaged in business activities. The aim of the analyzes is to explain the conditions of the existing variance in the linguistic (systemic and stylistic) and extra-linguistic (political, social and cultural)perspective. The research on the contexts of the functioning of the analyzed units was carried out on the material obtained from dictionary-corpus queries and own excerption. Due to the discursive implication of personal female names, the communication narratives of women’s communities were subject to separate verification. The presented discussion allows for the following conclusions: 1) the variability of the analyzed nominations present in the public discourse is the result of changes in language and communication determined by cultural and social factors after the turn of the ‘89 and next Poland’s accession to the UE; 2) the existing nomenclature alternatives are the result of the process of adapting anglicism businesswoman in the Polish language, with simultaneous competition from native forms, and interweaving these phenomena with changes in the communication of female business communities; 3) the nomenclature choices have stylistic and discursive justification; 4) the newest unit in the study, kobieta przedsiębiorcza, becomes one of the linguistic manifestations of the professional emancipation of Polish women.
The subject of the article is the unique nature of Polish and Ukrainian names of sweets, the motives for their creation and the sociopolitical and cultural circumstances in which they were formed. A comparative analysis showed that both Polish and Ukrainian names shape the image of these products in a similar way. They inform the potential customer about the interior of the product (i.e. the product content, its taste, as well as the type of sweets) and about its outer side, i.e. its texture, shape and function. Other elements of the characteristics go beyond the physically experienced object. They relate to its market characteristics and create the image of its recipients, inherently embedded in the product name, not only specifying their character (sports fans, students, children, adults, or the elderly), but also suggesting the season and time of day when particular products can be enjoyed. The names also specify the place and the occasion for possible tasting, emphasizing the important values of the food product: its local / regional character and its originality. Ukrainian names express regionalism in two ways: by reference to old brand names from the USSR times and by their translation into Ukrainian, and — to a much lesser extent, compared to Polish names — by endonyms. In the Ukrainian marketing space, in contrast with the Polish one, foreign names are also very popular. In Ukrainian brand names, names from color terms are more numerous, similarly to the titles of literary works and the names of their heroes.
The subject of the article is to show a new, modified way of avoiding Polish inflection by the Church, understood here as an institution represented by priests. The analysis included first names and surnames excerpted from Holy Mass intentions and parish announcements published on the Internet from October 2020 to March 2021 by selected parishes of the Podkarpacie region. Publishing Mass intentions on the parish website resulted in the fact that inflection mistakes became permanent and could easily be indicated. In order to avoid criticism for linguistic incorrectness, the Church decided not to inflect first names and surnames in the messages published online.The analysis of the Mass intentions indicates that the Church promotes the use of an official and practical model of inflection that prefers nominativisation of names and surnames, as well as writing them in the form of lists. First names and surnames of the deceased (which are preceded by the symbol of the cross) are written in the nominative form, as opposed to inflected names of living parishioners. As a result, a name/surname that is not inflected (even without the cross) has begun to be perceived as a linguistic symbol of a dead person.
The subject of the discussion is the linguistic image of the body in people with eating disorders (ED) who communicate via the Internet. The analysis concerns the language and style of blogs and microblogs written in 2012–2020 by people (mostly young women) identifying with the pro-Ana and pro-Mia movements. The most important transformations taking place in this cyber-community were indicated, including the transition from somatic exclusion, through body neutrality, to body acceptance. Leanness, even excessive leanness, is now often interpreted in this context not as a disorder (disease), but as a synonym for a healthy, responsible lifestyle. The purpose of the analysis, apart from updating the findings of linguists and researchers representing other disciplines (especially psychologists and sociologists writing about eating disorders), was to recreate the relationship between the medial (constructed) and perceived body image (resulting from self-exclusion practices) and to observe the linguistic mechanisms that build and maintain a sense of community among people with ED spectrum. In discussing these issues, the author combines a linguistic approach with findings in the field of cultural studies and sociology, with particular emphasis on research in the field of sociology of the body. The subject of observation are lexical and onimic contexts in which the attitude of people with eating disorders to the body is visible, especially in the aspect of its fragmentation and transformation. These findings are part of a broader context related to the interpenetration of (contradictory) discourses: diet discourse and the so-called body positivity (anty-body shaming), i.e. accepting your natural body.
The subject of the paper are the so-called przemianki (social names), which were excerpted from the Opoleguild book of potters from 1727–1820 available in the State Archives in Opole. This topic is an importantsupplement to the findings concerning the Polish anthroponymy, because, as historians claim, these names,which have a nickname character (e.g. Płaczybabka, Marionek, Fiolla, Goniwiecha), later became officialsurnames. The personal names are shown in the context of the functioning of the social group of the eighteenth-nineteenth-century craftsmen, in particular, the role of guilds in the training of young professionalsand the associated customs are shown. The social names are the proof of the existence of rites of passagein Polish guilds and a relic of ancient rites of initiation.
The subject of the paper is Silesian geographical names motivated by colour terms. The analysis comprised Polish and German appellative-derived names of inhabited and uninhabited buildings as well as oronyms and hydronyms. The term colour appearing in the title is broadly understood as every element naming a colour, deriving from a colour term or evoking associations with a colour term. The analytical part contains a description of particular colour terms constituting the basis for proper names, with their meanings, connotations and prototypes. It is followed by a presentation of geographical names in which colour terms are elements of juxtapositions, simple compounds and closed compounds, as well as bases for derived names. Polonised and transitional names were also considered in order to emphasize certain phenomena. Apart from the basic colour referring to Silesia (such as black, green, white, red) the bases for proper names can be non-basic colours, such as golden, silver, copper, ginger as well as more rarely used: purple, azure, grey, greyish.It can be concluded from the analysis that colour names motivated by colours terms not only present a real colour palette but also preserve the image of surface formation, hydrography and the natural characteristics of the landscape, with the minerals, metals and soils in the area, and they can be carriers of valuation and emotion as well.
The subject of this paper is to determine the linguistic and cultural picture of communicative community of CB radio sociolect’s users, i.e. what image based on stereotypes and autostereotypes sociolect’s users create of themselves. The average CB radio user on the road is mainly perceived by the fluency of sociolectal vocabulary, gender, vehicle type and make, driving manner, place of living, origin and ethnic group. As a result (auto)stereotypical CB user is a complex construct consisting of several stereotypes and autostereotypes. The most prototypical CB radio user on the road is (tir driver) truck driver.
Surnames and values from the perspective of universal perceptual-adaptive mechanisms: Remarks on the Iza Matusiak-Kempa’s “Nomen omen. Studium antroponimiczno-aksjologiczne”
The term of freedom belongs to crucial social, ethical and moral issues in the Russian languaculture.Its dichotomous structure is reflected in two basic embodiments: воля and свобода. An issue crucialfor understanding its functioning in conditions of totalitarianism is taking into account the actual perceptionof freedom by senders, and an analysis of the rhetorical use of this concept in propaganda and documentarytexts. On a basis of the analysed material it can be said that the dichotomy of свобода — воля, traditionalfor the Russian languaculture, underwent significant reinterpretation under the analysed discourse, firstby elimination of its second components as implying a lack of restrictions, while having a positive meaning,and thus being potentially harmful from the system propaganda point of view, and then by updating the threecategories corresponding to three basic groups mentioned in the discourse. US (FRIENDS) is the firstof these categories, to which настоящая свобода corresponds, THEM (STRANGERS , an external enemyмнимая свобода) form the second of these categories, while the third one describes THEM (STRANGERS, an internal enemy, произвол).
The text addresses the problem of relationships between grammatical gender and the possible existence relationbetween gender-based linguistic asymmetry on the one side, and thinking and organization of social lifeon the other. It is commonly believed that language not only describes but also creates reality, and the lackof gender-based linguistic symmetry leads therefore to a number of negative phenomena that impede theposition of women or even exclude them from participating in public and political life. Not dismissing thisview entirely, the texts demonstrates that the influence of grammatical gender and the feminine equivalentson thinking and on the situation of women is marginal. The comparison with the Arab countries and Iranprovides the most convincing evidence. Arabic is characterized by an almost ideal symmetry with regardto gender, and Persian has no grammatical gender at all. Despite this fact, the situation of women in bothareas of the Arab-Muslim culture is one of the worst in the whole world.
The text deals with the problem of multiculturalism as a concept which functions in social sciences and humanities; it also functions in onomastic research and in the theory of onomastics. The author in her reflection refers to the recently published monograph “Names and Naming. Multicultural Aspects” edited by O. Felecan and A. Bugheşiu (Palgrave Macmillan 2021, pp. 490). In the first part of the article, the author briefly explains the most important concepts related to this issue, including: globalization, glocalization, transethnicity, cultural hybridity. She draws attention to the changes in their understanding in contemporary humanities and social sciences. She presents the most important assumptions of the monograph and the possibilities of including the important concept of multiculturalism into onomastic research carried out all over the world. In the described studies, proper names become an important determinant of individual and group/ethnic identity. The second part of the article presents detailed concepts and research approaches presented in the volume, concerning e.g. proper names in the USA, Russia, Kenya, Zimbabwe and Nigeria. The third part discusses the texts of Polish authors, with particular emphasis on Professor Barbara Czopek- ‑Kopciuch’s (1952‒2020) “Multiculturalism in Polish Toponymy”, which is her last onomastic text. In conclusion, the author pays attention to the application of the notion of multiculturalism in empirical research and in theoretical reflection in onomastics. She stresses the necessity of interdisciplinary research in this field.
The text, inspired by the book in question, is devoted to contemporary investigations of Slovak terrainnames, presenting them to the Polish reader. The main questions discussed are perspectives ofa study of the archaic lexical stock, chiefly of Slavic origin, conserved in Slovak toponymy, as wellas the current organization of the dictionary entry, which is judged to be far from optimal. Somecorrections to the entries in A- regarding concrete etymological solutions are suggested as well.
The text is dedicated to the outstanding Polish researcher of proper names — prof. AleksandraCieślikowa, author and co-author of many significant monographs and onomasticons, which wentbeyond the limits of previous onomastic studies. The most important, selected her scientific achievementsand expert activities at the Polish Language Council and the Commission on Names ofLocalities and Physiographic Objects were presented.
This article aims to outline issues related to equal treatment of women and men that can be observed at the languagelevel in Poland, Russia and Bulgaria. So far, the Polish, Russian and Bulgarian languages have not beensubjected to a comparative analysis with regard to the use of feminitives. The article provides a contrastiveanalysis of names for professions and functions as well as certain linguistic conventions in the languagesin question. Drawing on extensive linguistic material, the authors’ research exposes the problem of linguisticasymmetry in the creation of female names in the three Slavic languages representing the Western, Westernand Southern groups respectively.
This article concerns nouns referring to specific objects or phenomena in their original meaning and, combinedwith other nouns, may mean a quantity indefinitely large or small. The result of gradual lexicalizationin the numeral function are formal changes. The changes of grammatical categories cause the transferof units from one class to another. The author of this work presents the process of numeralization ofnouns occurring in Polish dialects, against the background of general Polish, basing on materials gatheredin the files of “Dictionary of Polish Dialects” by the Institute of Polish Language at the Polish Academy ofSciences in Krakow.
This article examines the localness of commercial names in Finland and focusses specifically on thenames of grill food kiosks and products. There are two research objectives: firstly, to determine thenumber of local names that occur in the material, and secondly, to analyse how these names workas indexes of localness. This article explores the claim by sociolinguist Barbara Johnstone that particularlinguistic forms can index meanings along a variety of dimensions and some forms may indexlocality. Furthermore, these types of linguistic forms can be used in discourses that shape people’ssenses of place and the social identities associated with place.Of the 15 names of kiosks, almost all names, a total of 13 names, can be interpreted as manifestinglocal characteristics. Most of the kiosk names include a local place name. Of the product names, morethan half (46 out of 84 names) are to be construed as describing something local. Although most ofthe local names in the group of product names include a local place name, personal names are alsorather common. In addition, local dialect or slang is also visible in the product names. Another typeof reference to a region appears in two kiosk names and in some of the product names. These namesconstitute a special case and demonstrate how local history can be incorporated in names creatively.
This article explores the critical dimension of news coverage of Pope Francis’s speech on refugees in market-leading newspapers from three countries — Spain, Poland and the UK — using Critical DiscourseAnalysis methods. As hypothesised, it revealed bias and fallaciousness in the arguments against refugeesin the tabloid press. The daily broadsheets’ news articles from the three countries expressed the same positivestance towards accommodating refugees in Europe, which was to be expected. Surprisingly, though, theirargumentation was almost identical, weak and scarce, especially when compared to tabloid argumentationon the topic. None of the news articles presented the issue from the point of view of refugees. Given the influenceof media discourse, this study discusses important, real-life implications of racially biased discourseon the cognitive, affective and behavioural levels.
This article presents modes of folk-linguistic awareness as defined by Dennis R. Preston, who first introduced them to American folk linguistics in the 90. of the past century. These modes are as follows: overt availability of language phenomena that are being commented, the degree of the opinion’s accuracy, the level of the specificity of folk knowledge, and the ability to control language varieties. The essential feature of the modes is that – unlike typical linguistic awareness research tools that help to analyze the layers and levels of language awareness – they allow the study of the ways in which the linguistic awareness of the averagelanguage user, so-called language layman, is revealed. In Polish studies on linguistic awareness, these determinants have not been described and used, although they present new possibilities for research explication. In this article, the explanations of Dennis R. Preston’s concept are partly based on the examples used by the researcher in his publications, and partly on comparable examples, but coming from Polish linguistic sources that include linguistic examples excerpted among the Polish ethnic group in Canada. The paper also presents the relationships between the modes of folk-linguistic awareness which are illustrated graphically. A preliminary diagnosis of the suitability of the characterized determinants in research on the linguistic awareness of Polish speakers invites in-depth studies to what extent these relatively objective tools may turn out to be useful in the analyses of the modes by which the linguistic awareness of social groups is revealed.
This article presents the results of a review of terminological peculiarities among onomastic metanames (“names of proper names”) that have been proposed by onomasticians or other language researchers, and have been accepted as naming terms within the scientific discourse or not. The analysis begins with an overview of the application of analytical model in the process of establishing the key phrases of onomastic terminology, formulated since the 1960s in the Slavic and international area. The historical analytical model consisted in the creation of descriptive terms according to the concept of a Czech onomastician Jan Svoboda, adapted to the Polish onomastics by Mieczysław Karaś. The descriptive formula of onomastic terms is reproduced in onomastic research currently conducted in Western Europe. At the same time, a tendency to create terms constructed in a synthetic way on the basis of combinations of elements from classical languages has developed (mainly a Greek or Latin prefixoid + the base onym). Proposals for such terms in the three linguistic areas of French, English and Italian were therefore reviewed, based on specific sources (among others H. Dorion & J. Poirier, 1975, “Lexique des termes utiles à l’étude des noms de lieux”; A. Room, 1996, “An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies”; and contributions by Enzo Caffarelli and other Italianspeaking authors from the years 1990–2021). The terminological units and their definitions are considered in terms of their onomasiological motivation confronted with the perspective of semasiology.
This article shows and analyses the language differences in the region of former Yugoslavia. Language politics in the countries of former Yugoslavia is aimed to prove that differences really exist, that is why this research would like to show the fact that those differences are symbolical (example of translation from Croatian to Serbian and labels of food products). Four languages which came into being from Serbo–Croatian language family are still based on the New Shtokavian dialect and the differences are discernible only on lexical surface characteristic for region, not nation. The result of the analyses of those examples show that differences are artificially created because very often a word considered to be unique in one language exists in other languages too. During the analyses the comparative method was used.
This detailed report concerns a conference on language and prejudice, held at the Örebro University in November 2019. Summaries of the keynote lectures and talks given by participants from Europe and beyond have been complemented by excerpts from their works to provide a better understanding of some recent accomplishments in the field.
This is an article that is a part of the discussion on the formation of the Old Polish text. The author examines the causes of the emergence of specific, irregular, exceptional forms, while pointing out a variety of sources: it can be both writer/copyist error, unfamiliarity of the missing source or, finally, memory usage in the drafting of the text. Adjudicating on entering text from the memory needs to be cautious and made with the proviso, that these are arrangements which may be varied each time when it detects a source for the non-repetitive text. It should also be taken into consideration that not every source of that irregularity must exclude the aspect of memory. It’s more about taking into account such a possibility than proving that a particular, specific version is the result of input from memory. The repetitive irregularities in relation to other versions of the text indicate that a different form could be the result of writing it from memory. Although the memory factor is difficult to examine and not always a certain element of the analysis, as the source of the text irregularities may be found (lost editing), this factor can not be underestimated, especially when there are indications telling us different, for example: large occurrence of specific construction or text similarity relative to another verse from the Bible.
This paper addresses an interesting issue in name theory, specifically the relationship between top-onyms and spatial representations, as well as the cultural differences manifesting themselves in con-nection with these. Studies have shown that the name model (a general knowledge of names) cre-ated based on the mental representation of names is partly language and culture dependent. Thus, the knowledge of the speaker on how reliably the toponyms correlate with the actual features of the landscape or whether they should only be considered as labels identifying an area is culturally determined. This, in turn, influences the extent to which name-users may rely on them in structur-ing space and in creating a cognitive map.
This paper attempts a pragmatic analysis of a way in which terms related to the sphere of religion functioned in publications of the official Soviet discourse about culture during the so-called thaw. The status of those terms in the said discourse is not easy to determine precisely. Certainly, it lacks the value of stability. The common opinion that the religious lexis was completely marginalised in the so-called newspeak must raise doubts, as any generalisation of this kind. The analysed group of expressions represented an important measure in development of persuasive discourse, with their strong emotional load and deep rooting in usage (religious or, forty years after the revolution, atheistic). It was even more useful in texts concerning culture, in which the conflict between what was considered rational (socialist realism) and irrational (e.g., modernist trends) by a sender of analysed communications was revived again during the thaw. The set of religion-related terms was perfect for visualisation of those tensions.
This paper discusses nouns serving as means of expressing continuous multiplicity in Arabic and Polish. In both languages the following categories of names serve this purpose: word-formative category of collective nouns (nomina collectiva), names of sets which are separate lexemes (not derivatives), plurale tantum nouns. The most important similarities occurring in both languages are: the categories of collective nouns (except for Arabic personal nouns) and of names of sets being separate lexemes have similar characteristics; most collective nouns and plurale tantum nouns denoting substances are subject to partitive quantification. Differences are: plurale tantum nouns have different meanings and usages; Arabic personal collective nouns are subject to numerical quantification.
This paper discusses the Polish expression potąd. The author makes a distinction between its anaphoric(endophoric) and deictic (exophoric) uses. The author also distinguishes between two language units: ktośma kogoś/czegoś (genitive) potąd and the pronoun potąd, which replaces a locative expression. The first unitexpresses an excess of objects, causing a speaker’s dissatisfaction. This unit very often coexists with gestures,and the potąd segment is stressed in the phrase. The pronoun can only be used to describe the areanear the speaker, it is rhematic (TRS), and the coexisting noun is in accusative.
This paper focuses on presenting the most important, as it seems, lexicographical assumptions for a new Polish-Latin dictionary, that can be used, if the works on it will ever start. The main contained there questions deals with problem of potential target user (basing on his own experience as a translator, author of paper suggest to aim new dictionary at two kinds of people: professionals (philologists, translators etc.) and non-educated in Latin, and also gives some guidelines,how practically join the needs of both types of users), selection of Polish lexemes for its word-list and possible parts of its macrostructure. Presented assuptions had been work out using the ideas of great Polish lexicographers and also bases on observations of modern languages’ dictionaries (and history of Polish lexicography) with special regard for unique character of Latin as a target language in dictionary. Secondary aim of paper is to point out as a problem the lack of adequate dictionary of this kind on Polish lexicographic market.
This paper presents a contrastive Polish-Arabic analysis of the strategies of equivalentization of internationalismspresent in both language systems based on the example of nouns and adjectives with the anti- prefix.Its conclusions refer to semantic and pragmatic effects of different strategies assumed in both systems.
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