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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
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INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
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INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
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INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
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INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
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INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
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INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
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INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
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SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
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MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
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INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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- According to Pavlenko (2010), linguistic landscape (LL ) studies cannot be fully understood without consideringthe past. Consistent with this idea is conceptualising LL research as a diachronic process. In this study,we explore the LL of George Town (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Penang in Malaysia, which is filledwith evidence of historical changes from the past until its current state. A unique characteristic of GeorgeTown is its blend of different languages, which are displayed on shop signs and can be traced back to the late18th century. To understand the social and historical changes that have taken place in George Town, data wasgathered from several resources, including personal narratives by shop owners and historical artefacts suchas postcards, books, and brochures obtained from the heritage centre. A geosemiotic approach is adoptedto categorise, analyse, and interpret the subsequent collection of shop signs. In terms of the materiality of signsand their linguistic content, the findings reveal that old shop signs from the British colonial period wereengraved on wooden boards and mostly written in Chinese or English. After Malaysia gained independence,metal signboards and non-standard Malay were used. In 1975, several Malay terms were changed, and shopowners started using Modern Standard Malay on signs. Currently, shop signs are more multi-modal, colourful,and most likely made of polycarbonate. More recent signs also light up at night. Through a diachronicexamination of the LL , we reflect on how phenomena such as globalisation and technological innovation arehaving an impact on the nature of George Town’s shop signs, and the materiality of these signs.
- The aim of the article is an attempt to systematize Polish cosmonomastic terminology. A separation was proposed between cosmonomastics as a part of onomastics dealing with the names of cosmic objects, and astronomical chrematonomastics as a part of chrematonomastics dealing with the names of human products that are used to research the cosmos. The existing terminology was analyzed from the point of view of the rules of creation of scientific terms. Moreover, certain terms were clarified and a number of new ones proposed. It was also assumed that cosmonomastic terms should be of foreign origin, like the astronomical terms on which they are based. Thus, guidelines for the possible formation of future cosmonomastic terms were suggested.
- The aim of the article is an attempt to trace the fate of several appellatives grouped in the lexical fieldaround the hyperonym świnia ʽpig, swine’ (wieprz ʽhog’, knur/kiernoz ʽboar’ and prosię ʽpiglet’) asthe motivation of many names in Polish onymy, mainly in anthroponymy and toponymy. My researchhas been conducted along the lines of historical anthropology. Proper names in this approach play animportant role in the reconstruction of the past. The field of interest of this article includes mainlynames belonging to the old onymic layer. Proper names arise from the lexicon of a given language,which is why my analysis is based on lexical and semantic methodology. My point of departure isthe meaning (often reconstructed) of appellative lexical units, including their semantic modificationsin the proprial layer. I interpret proper names on the basis of findings regarding their originand motivation. The first names motivated by the lexeme świnia were associated with the economicorganization of the Piast state. In the article I present the history of their creation. I go on to discussthe other lexemes which became the basis of many names belonging to different naming categories.The presence of etymons of interest to us in so many proper names during the Middle Ages allowsus to draw the conclusion that pigs played an extremely important role in the lives of our ancestors.
- The aim of the article is to discuss various phenomena concerning the transposition of geographical names presented in the French diary of Franciszek Dalerac, the courtier of Polish King Jan Sobieski, and referring to places located in Poland in the second part of the 17th century. The analysis is focused especially on those places situated in the area of the former eastern borderlines (Right-bank Ukraine and the area of Podolia with Kamianets) and the territories outside Poland that were important for Polish history, mainly areas belonging to the then Moldavia, Wallachia and Bukovina). The French polyglot was interested in linguistics and therefore included in his diary geographical names exotic to him. On the one hand, he tried to reflect their original Polish pronunciation and spelling and on the other he subjected them to adaptation.
- The aim of the article is to indicate how many Slavic dialectal plant names have Latin or even Greek origin. Conducting such research, linguists dealing with the history and origin of these names cannot be satisfied with solely Slavic sources and dictionaries, but should extend their research to Latin and Greek botanical names, both ancient and medieval, using obviously suitable sources in this domain. Medieval Latin dictionaries play a prominent role in such investigations providing ordered collections of plant names originating from ancient Latin documents, which otherwise remain largely inaccessible to slavists.
- The aim of the article is to present and discuss contemporary street names motivated by transitional (pre-commission) names of places in the so-called Recovered Territories (Ziemie Odzyskane) in Poland. The latter names were often created spontaneously directly after the Second World War by the first settlers to the area, typically existed for a short time only, and usually in a few years gave way to the names finally approved by the Commission for the Determination of Place Names (KUNM). However, not all the hodonyms created from such transitional placenames in the first post-war years have been changed to this day. Thus, these hodonyms constitute a non-obvious relic of spontaneous post-war place naming.
- The aim of the article is to present the attestations of contemporary Polish surnames of Lithuanian originwhich are absent from the dictionary of Lithuanian surnames (“Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas”, LPŽ),excerpted from the anthroponymic index card files that have been stored in the Lithuanian LanguageInstitute in Vilnius and continually enlarged for several decades now. The files contain data excerptedfrom historical sources of the 16th to 19th centuries and consist of about 200,000 index cards(the actual number of excerpted anthroponyms is lower since some recur in various sources). Dueto space limitations, generally only directly attested names have been included in the article, to theexclusion of those whose relationship with the researched name can be inferred rather than consideredproven. Each listed attestation of an anthroponym (probably not in all cases an already establishedhereditary surname) is accompanied by information concerning its location and year (or timebracket), wherever available in the card index file. Given names or other details (e.g. the role of theperson mentioned in documents, such as godmother in the data excerpted from baptismal registers)have only been included occasionally, if there was some reason to do so.
- The aim of the article is to reflect on the development of research within broadly understood culturallinguistics in Germanic studies. The collected corpus of texts of key importance for the development ofcultural linguistics in Germanic studies shows how language and culture are defined in the context of theirmutual relations. The article also discusses the terms used in the literature by linguists to define and describetheir research, in order to use the examples from these two fields to illustrate the aims of anthropologicallinguistics (anthropologische Linguistik) and cultural linguistics (kulturanalytische Linguistik) and themethods used to analyse the linguistic material. The article ends with a summary of developmental trendsin the discussed linguistic sub-discipline and with an interlinguistic commentary.
- The aim of the current paper is to characterize particular parts of a section / sections of clinico-diagnostic case reports in comparison with the reports derived from psychology / psychiatry in order to examine and present the narrative used there as a one of the distinguishing factors between these two microgenres. It is a fragment where a particular disease in a patient is described. The goal is also to determine to what extent the differences in the character of these two areas of medicine affect the character of the narration as well as the linguistic resources used in the description of the patient, which, in turn, has consequences for their image in the text. The analysis was carried out on the basis of two groups of texts: 30 case reports from the publication outlets “Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska” (“Advances in Respiratory Medicine”) (18), “Otolaryngologia Polska” (8), “Choroby Serca i Naczyń” (2), as well as 1 from “Arterial Hypertension” and 1 from “Folia Cardiologica”, published between 2006–2021 and referring to a variety of medical areas; and 30 psychiatric / psychological case formulations from three Polish specialised medical journals: “Psychiatria”, “Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna” as well as “Psychiatria Polska”, published between 2006–2021. The results demonstrate a significantly different character of the narration as well as partial differences in the lexis used, which results primarily from structural differences in the texts. These, in turn, may be resultant of the different character of psychiatry / psychology and clinical medicine. Consequently, what can be observed is a narrative-like and holistic image of the patient in psychiatric and psychological texts and the technical and partial one in clinico-diagnostic reports. The outcomes of such studies may be used in practice in a twofold way. First, they may be treated as valuable guidelines for doctors and medical students how to write a case report in a more ‛patient oriented’ manner, including the patient’s perspective. Secondly, from the educational point of view, they can be treated a starting point in the creation of vocabulary lists/glossaries for courses in medical terminology for doctors, medical students and linguists (future translators and interpreters).
- The aim of the paper is to address a centuries-old question: What is a proper name? However, the question seems to be asked incorrectly. One should rather ask about the nature of properhood and the criteria used to assess the level of properhood of a given language sign. In the article, proper name is defined as a bilateral sign consisting of “the signifier” (an onym or an onymic form) and “the signified”. Building on that, several types of possible meanings within a single proper name are listed: the denotational, the referential, the etymological, and the structural meaning. This constitutes a frame of reference for a classification of the criteria of properhood found in selected works of Polish material-oriented name researchers. Finally, a concept of poly-polar “space of properhood” is proposed, which is constituted by a set of several separate scales, indicating levels of properhood of each single language sign.
- The aim of the paper is to analyze the discoursive strategies of multilingual receptive communication applied in Drach, a novel by Szczepan Twardoch, which is considered to be written in three languages. The novel portrays the rich linguascapeof Silesia through the XX century and contains many Polish— German or Polish — Silesian or Polish — Russian dialogues. The analysis is theoretically grounded in the concept of lingua receptiva, which can be regarded as a vehicle for effective communication between members of diverse language communities while using different languages simultaneously to achieve mutual understanding.
- The aim of the paper is to apply the catalog of the most characteristic forms in which the Biblical text circulatedduring this period, recognized by Margriet Hoogvliet, to the Old Polish sources and to answer thequestion about possible differences in using the Bible in texts from divergent groups recognized by Hoogvliet.The article analyses two Old Polish texts referring to the same biblical pericope in Latin, namely, the healingof the courtier’s son (John 4: 45–54). One of the texts comes from a Polish-Latin collection of preachingmaterials, known as “Kazania augustiańskie”, dated to the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, while thesecond one is included in “Rozmyślanie przemyskie”, the most extensive Polish Apocrypha, dated to wellbefore the beginning of the 16th century. In this paper I discuss the differences between the ways in whichthis pericope had been translated and interpreted in these two texts. The analysis lead to the conclusion thatthe ways of using the fragments of the Bible are different in texts from both groups. The reasons of suchdifferences are mostly the functions of respective texts, and their intended use. Moreover, it can be assumedthat in medieval Poland there were all the forms recognized by Western researchers, even though only traces– but very different from each other – of their presence have preserved.
- The aim of the paper is to discuss selected verbal behaviours of salesmen, in the context of the Polish culturalmodel, including the Polish communication style and the politeness maxims. In addition, the authorexplains the relation between the presented linguistic phenomena and the cultural trends in the Westernworld or the Anglo-American cultural patterns. The analysis proves that the language behaviours of salesmen,such as decreasing language distance (through addressing customers informally or using colloquiallanguage), excessive expression of „good feelings” (particularly enthusiasm), as well speaking of oneselfin superlatives, are not compatible with Polish cultural code, including the rules of language politeness andcommunication style. Only the strategy of pressurizing corresponds with traditional verbal customs of Poleswhile the assessment of giving compliments is not clear and certain. The material of the paper includes boththe recordings of authentic talks between salesmen and customers, the heard snatches of conversationsand the selected materials and books about effective business communication.
- The aim of this article is to make an attempt at answering the question whether nominative and instrumental forms can be considered variants. In the contemporary Polish language, a predicative adjective can be used in three normative situations, an namely 1. as the only correct one, that is non-variant, i.e. Kiedy się jest inteligentnym, można się mniej uczyć; 2. as correct but stylistically marked and allowing variants with a more natural nominative, i.e. Po forsownym treningu rehabilitacyjnym stałaś się odporniejszą // odporniejsza; 3. as incorrect (at least dated or archaic), i.e. Wojna jest długotrwałą. In the last two cases, one can see a comeback of the instrumental form in the contemporary Polish language. It seems that such type of predicatives are more and more often regarded as stylistically better, more careful and elegant. Nominative and instrumental variant forms of a predicative adjective are definitely more popular in usage than in normative recommendations, which should be considered a natural phenomenon. One may expect that it will be spreading to include more and more structures which are now considered dated, archaic or substandard.
- The aim of this book is to create an outline of a theory of toponymic usus. This goal covers the introduction and the definition of the concept of toponymic usus as well as the description of linguistic and extralinguistic factors that mould a toponymic usus. Thereby an attempt is made to introduce some normative(i.e. descriptive and not prescriptive!) components to the theory of onomastics and to extend the theory ofnormative linguistics with a more precise description of mechanisms that influence language usus. In theempirical part of the present work the proposed theoretical apparatus has been exemplified with descriptions of formation processes of the Polish toponymic usus regarding some selected geographical names ofthe Hutsul region (in Ukraine)
- The aim of this paper is to discuss selected formal and pragmatic aspects of the Austro-Hungarianmilitary name policy in the last quarter of the 19th and in the early 20th century. In the introductorysection the proprial status of the names of military units (which constitute a part of military chrematonymy)is discussed. An attempt is made to outline the location of these names on the classificatorymap of chrematonomastics as well. A brief discussion of the historical and terminologicalbackground of the Austro-Hungarian military unit names follows. The most important concepts ofthe theory of name and naming policy are outlined. The presentation of the analysed onymic materialcovers unit names included in the officer lists (Schematismen) of the Austro-Hungarian forcesas well as names present in the paper seals (Verschlussmarken). On the basis of the material, polymorphismof the discussed names is shown in the sense that obligatory and facultative elements ofthe names may appear in different ways and within various syntactic name models, depending onthe context (including continuous text within which a name is used). Two main syntactic modelsof the discussed names are proposed. The orthographic and syntactic rules of unit numbering andthe ways of embedding geographical names and names of patrons and honorary regiment owners(Inhaber) into unit names are outlined. The meaning and spelling of the expressions imperial-royal(k.k. = kaiserlich-königlich) and imperial and royal (k.u.k. = kaiserlich und königlich) are explained.
- The aim of this paper is to discuss the main syntactic and semantic features of the Polish predicate śmiać się (tolaugh) within the theory of Semantic Syntax (Karolak 1984, 2002). It forms two, only seemingly similar, predicate-argument structures containing a prepositional phrase connected with the Polish preposition z + Gen. (at):1) [ktoś] śmieje się z [kogoś ABSTR / czegoś ABSTR] ([somebody] laughs at [somebody ABSTR / somethingABSTR]) and 2) [ktoś] śmieje się [z kogoś / czyjegoś], że_ ([somebody] laughs at [somebody / somethingwhat belongs to somebody] + SENT). The analysis shows they are different in terms of status andsemantic roles of their arguments, axiological markedness, objective or subjective reference of the humourincorporated in the act of laughter. Also, they denote different semantic scenarios: the first means a vocaland facial reaction to ludic humour, the second constitutes a complex act of speech in which satirical, verbalor non-verbal humour is used as a pretext to communicate the agent’s disapproving judgment of thepatient, or an antipathetic attitude towards it.
- The aim of this paper is to present the project called Elektroniczny Tezaurus Rozproszonego Słownictwa Staropolskiego (ETRSS — Digital Thesaurus of Scattered Old Polish Lexis). The planned database will gather digital editions of linguistic sources preserved to our times, from the oldest until 1500, which contain Polish vocabulary. The authors present the assumptions of the project, describe the characteristics of scattered Old Polish lexis, outline history of its research, as well as formulate basic principles of the database structure and functionality. They provide examples showing the diversity of the material and some issues related to its presentation and interpretation. The paper also describes the prospects for the development of the project and cooperation with researchers pursuing related projects.
- The analysis of names of animals in Polish and Modern Standard Arabic shows that in both languages the most diverse names refer to domestic animals and game animals (the latter particularly in Polish). In both languages those names differentiate between animals in terms of sex, age, group organization and in case of Polish language also in terms of their functionality. These semantic categories are represented bylexical-semantic classes of names being both derivatives and separate lexemes (the latter mainly in case of farm animals).
- Aphasia is a communication disorder of adults that results from damage to the central nervous system. It gains an increasing interest among scientists due to the increasing number of patients with stroke. Along with medical, psychological and psychiatric research we observe the development of linguistic methodology which begins to describe the pathogenesis disorder with an analysis of the language system — as requested by Roman Jakobson. This paper provides an overview of the most important linguistic thought: structuralism, generativism and cognitivism and their input in understending the aphasia. Overriding criterion that guided the present analysis is to evaluate their usefulness in understanding the disintegration of the language system.
- The apparently nominal forms szkoda ‘pity’, wstyd ‘shame’, żal ‘regret’, when used predicatively, havebeen analysed either as ‘quasi-verbs’ (inflecting only for tense and mood), or as adverbs, or as nouns. Theauthor recalls and reinforces arguments against their verbal analysis, and shows that such forms are categoriallyambiguous. In their adverbial guise, they may be modified by other adverbs, they do not agree withthe copula, they may co-occur with a dative experiencer, and they may occur in other predicative constructions,apart from copular constructions. In their nominal guise, they may be modified by adjectives, theyagree with the copula, they do not easily combine with a dative experiencer, and they do not occur in otherpredicative constructions. The author also argues that this categorial ambiguity is correlated with the twocopular constructions in Polish: one involving the purely verbal copula być ‘be’ and the other involving theso-called ‘pronominal’ copula to (być).
- The article aims to describe how the Internet generation uses, in natural speech in a new medium, themythology-based phraseological inventory (of Graeco-Roman provenance) for virtual communication.The analysis of research data gathered from forum and discussion group posts, based on Stanisław Bąba’sphraseological innovation typology, indicates that in everyday talk Internet users do make use of highbrowmythological phrases and have no qualms about modifying them, changing their structure and syntacticcollocability. Several factors can be the source of such a practice, including active Internet users’ level ofcultural and linguistic competence, their imitation of speech patterns emanating from the media, consciousreference to tradition and playfully toying with it, along with the specificity of online linguistic communicationand the quality of Polish it occasions.
- The article analyses internet comments concerning feminised forms of address triggered as a result of the discussion that took place in German media in September 2020 regarding the plans of German Federal Ministry of Defence to introduce feminised equivalents of existing military ranks. The article presents the collected research material and discusses its social and linguistic arguments that have led to the decision of not introducing top-down planned changes. The analysis deals with relevant sociolingustic aspects incl. relations that currently take place in processes both within German society and in standard language vs the development of military sociolect. Moreover, the article indicates crucial dependencies between constitutive values for military community and communicative practices of this community. Those dependencies, on the one hand, influence the choice of linguistic forms used daily in military communication and, on the other hand, determine factors that have an impact on the development of the sociolect (its linguistic forms and behavioral scripts). The article also presents historical determinants that provoke certain approach to feminised forms in the military. Furthermore, the article highlights the character of communicative community which creates the opportunity to introduce crucial changes (also in linguistic routines such as the discussed introduction of feminised equivalents of existing military ranks) in a formal, top-down manner. The conducted analysis of internet comments displays a significant linguistic awareness of military community members also related to behavioral scripts that tend to be difficult to change. The said analysis allows to define the specificity of how the addressing system functions in military sociolect and its impact on creating feminised forms of address.
- The article analyzes several dozen anthroponymic nicknames of politicians, which arose as a result of contamination and are motivated by the name of a politician and a common noun. I consider them not as isolated units, but formations within messages which include multimodal texts. The present analysis has been conducted within the framework of discourse onomastics and draws on the methodological tools of cultural linguistics. The examined structures are not so much a reflection of the extra-linguistic reality as an interpretation of the political, economic and social situation in Poland. The aim of the article is to answer the question: What image of Polish politicians is created in anthroponymic nicknames obtained by contamination. The conducted analyses prove that these onyms are the carrier of judgments concerning, for example, the intellect (Donald Półmusk, Paligłup), or the character and disposition (Bucek, Cykorski, Fałszydło) of politicians. Their behavior is sometimes compared to that of animals (Bydłoszewski, Szyszkodnik). Most of the surveyed individuals express emotions related to e.g. the artifacts attributed to politicians (Ryszard Swetru, Vateusz Morawiecki) or the event they became famous for (Andrzej Cuda). Some of the studied names are motivated by more than one anthroponym, e.g. the onym Vateusz Maowiecki was formed as a result of contamination of such units as: Mateusz Morawiecki, Mao Zedong and VAT. The interpretation of this type of units is possible only thanks to the knowledge of the extra-linguistic context and taking into account semiotic codes other than the verbal code.
- The article concerns monotonicity properties of two temporal operators, namely before and until. Every natural language operator can be either monotone increasing, monotone decreasing or non-monotone. Usually, the first two mean that it preserves or reverses the direction of entailment. However monotonicity does not have to be defined in terms of entailment. In the paper three types of monotonicity are defined: with respect to temporal precedence, to the relation of being a sub-event, and to entailment. In this framework different definitions for before and until are proposed. Using these definitions I state exact empirical predictions, which are then tested in an empirical study
- The article concerns Polish personal names and their various unofficial versions and names of animals in thefamily language of Polish gentry families. Based on the diaries of representatives of landed gentry familiesconcerning the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the author presents andinterprets the unofficial forms of names and nicknames used in these families. She shows the main structuraltypes of word-formation variants of male and female names, discusses their pragmatic functions andtypical contexts of use. She reveals the forms of names characteristic of the gentry. The author shows thelandowner’s name as an essential component of the family language of this social class.
- The article concerns selected aspects of bilingualism among Poles in Strzelczyska. Strzelczyska (ukr.Стрілецьке) is a village located near Mościska in Ukraine; almost all of the village’s current residentsare Poles (499 Poles and 5 Ukrainians). The basis of the article consists of semi-structured interviewswith 20 respondents representing two generations: the youth (14–16 years old) and the oldest generation(66–86 years old), recorded in 2017. A comparison of these two generations showcases the changes thathave occurred in this community since the end of World War 2, when the village became USSR territory.The research leads to the conclusion that Polish is the first language of the inhabitants, they learn Ukrainianat school age (their bilingualism is successive). The level of knowledge of Ukrainian changes at differentstages of their lives: young people are in the phase of ascendant bilingualism, seniors are in the phase ofrecessive bilingualism (they lose their skills due to a lack of contact with the language). Some of the olderresidents understand Ukrainian, but speaking Ukrainian is an issue (their bilingualism is receptive). Theinter-language interactions of the inhabitants of Strzelczyska are accompanied by Polish-Ukrainian receptivecommunication, as well as the phenomena described as code-switching or translanguaging.
- The article concerns the functioning of the specialized language in statement of journalist, who covers live broadcast of sports competitions. On the basis of observations of the verbal layer of volleyball matches telecasts the author concludes that professional forms are mandatory elements of the commentator’s communique. They not only enable a precise terming techniques or sports actions, but also condition the simultaneity of the journalistic narration and games presented to the viewer.
- The article concerns the issue of code switching, which I noted in two idiolects of persons resettled from theformer eastern provinces of the Second Polish Republic to the Lubusz region. In obtaining and developingthe material, I used the methods: snowball sampling, biographical interview, language biography andgrounded theory. I presented the explanation of the term for code switching, taking into account Polishand world literature. I presented some examples of code switching and I made their sociolinguistic analysis.
- The article concerns verbal fluency in dementia in the course of Alzheimer’s disease. The test describedallows one to detect dysfunctions within linguistic processes, semantic memory or dysfunction of executivefunctions already present in the early stages of the disease, when no attention is paid to the dysfunction oflanguage functions. The article compares the results of verbal fluency tests in selected categories of propernouns and common nouns, and determines the effect of the Alzheimer’s disease stage on the test result.Comparison of the test group results with various degrees of dementia indicates a progressive decrease inverbal fluency, adequately to the degree of dementia, regardless of the type of task. The experiment showsdifferent profiles of verbal tasks in terms of common nouns and proper nouns.
- The article consists of two parts. In the first one, “Names of Pagan Wives of Mieszko I”, the author presented the names which the authors of four novels and one interview gave to the wives of the first historical ruler of Poland. In two of the novels, they mention seven names (according to the information provided by Gallus Anonymus, who wrote that Mieszko I “enjoyed seven wives”). In one of the novels one name is mentioned, and in the other one — two names. All those Old-Polish anthroponyms can either be found in dictionaries, or created in line with the convention of the time. It has to be admitted that the authors of the texts in question were faithful to the realistic trend while introducing proper names into historical novels. The interview with an American historian is different, as he created seven grotesque and ludicrous names.The other part of the article is “The Name of the First Christian Wife of Mieszko I”. Eight historical novels were taken into account. Their authors used three forms of the Czech princess’ name: Dubrawka, Dobrawka and Dobrawa. This diversity resulted from the debates concerning the proper pronunciation of her name in Polish. Linguists prefer the form Dąbrówka (derived from the stem that means ‛dark’), which did not appear in any of the novels. It seems that the authors of the novels follow the idea of historians who prefer the form Dobrawa (connected with the adjective dobry ‛good’). The novels of the following authors were taken into account: J.I. Kraszewski, K. Bunsch, A. Gołubiew, F. Fenikowski, K. Dobkiewiczowa, and E. Cherezińska, as well as the interview with P.E. Steele, an American historian living in Poland.
- The article continues discussion of the results of the attitude research conducted among students of the JagiellonianUniversity, University of Wrocław, AGH University of Science and Technology, Silesian Universityof Technology. This paper examines two open-ended questions of the survey: 1) what is the main motivationof foreigners for learning Polish (from the point of view of native speaker); 2) whether the fact thatforeigners speak our language provides any real benefits to us. The respondents realise not only practical,market but also symbolic value of language. In students’ opinion language gives a huge insight into cultureand tradition, it is considered to impact on image of the country and its economic development. The attitudesof the students towards language seemed to be related to some degree with their field of study.
- The article deals with interlingual similarities and the phenomenon of false friends in Slavic plant names. In all Slavic dialects and in the history of Slavic languages it is observed that one name may refer to several species of plants, and a given species may have even dozens of names. As analyses show, it is not uncommon for these names to be formally and semantically compatible across large areas where Slavic languages are spoken. In the conclusion of the paper, it is suggested that comparative studies of Slavic materials always require great caution to prevent possible mistakes in identification. Formal similarity does not guarantee the adequacy of the content, i.e. the true meaning, as in some cases we deal with complete equivalence of the names and their designates in the given Slavic languages, and sometimes the names constitute false friends.
- The article deals with the presence of the word amba in the Polish language. Apparently, in contemporaryPolish the noun functions in numerous new meanings. Referring to contemporary tendencies and phenomena,the author proves that word amba, of jargon origin, was spread and became a tool of communicationbetween social and ethnic groups. The lexeme amba was well-known in the 19th century, but only becamea fashionable word in its final years. The author discusses two paths of the word’s development: „Russian”,associated with Russian partition of Poland, which comprised a few of its regions including Mazowsze(amba is a word borrowed from Russian criminal dialects and Polish argot or jargon is an intermediary);and „German”, connected with the linguistic situation in the Prussian partition (various meanings of wordamba are the result of neo-semantization of German loanwords). Today’s semantics of the word depends onthe source of the loan, since the word was present both in the Russian and German languages.
- The article deals with the subject of criminal and prison vocabulary used behind the walls of prisons for women in Poland. The author used the survey method to collect the material. The main aim of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, was to find the elements of a specific language used by inmates in female prisons, and in particular to check: 1) To what extent do elements of criminal and prison vocabulary function in the communication of female prisoners? 2) Do women imprisoned in Polish prisons develop specific vocabulary about the situation in which they find themselves and the realities that are their common experience? 3) Does their communication contain vocabulary not previously recorded in studies on the “male” variant of prison communication? The paper presents the results of a survey conducted in five Polish prisons for women – the custodial remand in Warsaw-Grochów, prisons in Nowa Huta, Czersk, Grudziądz and Krzywaniec. The study was conducted in 2019 and it was attended by 336 women sentenced to imprisonment for various crimes. These women came from different backgrounds and levels of educa- tion, some were recidivists, while others were serving their sentences for the first time. The questionnaire presented to them by the researcher contained closed and open-ended questions. Closed-end questions checked whether the elements described in the literature on the subject as criminal vocabulary were used by women in prisons. In open-ended questions, the inmates shared their own examples of elements specific to the environment in which they found themselves. The article is an attempt to reach the authentic linguistic material. The text is part of the trend of empirical research and has the character of a research reconnais- sance. The survey results showed that most of the specific vocabulary used by female inmates comes from the general crime resource. The lexicon of female realities, created by the community of female prisoners, is a very small group.
- The article describes the history of the European lexicographic tradition from the 8th to the 15th century with the particular attention devoted to those vocabularia and glossaria which contain Polish glosses. The author discusses the terms such as:dictionarium, vocabularium, granarium, rosariumandglossarium. All the locations of the 15thcentury Latin lexicographic sources which include Polish words are enumerated and new research perspectives are shown, in particular those concerning the problems which are awaiting further examination.
- The article describes the possibility of storing and reconstructing collective memory in the text of the preambleto the Constitution. The source material, which was analyzed, was the introduction to the currentlybinding constitution of the Republic of Poland.The aim of the study was to identify and describe fragments of the preamble, having a real potential ofinfluence on shaping the social memory of the community. The methodology of cultural memory, proposedby Aleida and Jan Assmann, became a methodological basis for the conducted observation, with particularemphasis on the assumptions about the figures of memory, that is facts or objects, recalling memories orimaginations about memories.
- The article discusses a file with around 450,000 geographical names that has been freely accessible on the Internet for a few months. The title of this file is Nomina Geographica Europaea. Bibliographische Sammlung zu europäischen Orts-, Flur- und Gewässernamen reachable at the following Internet address: https://adw-verwaltung.uni-goettingen.de/ortsnames/images_lightbox.php/.The text describes the file in more detail. Its origin, principles and structure are outlined and refer- ence is made to the fact that its use is completely free and open to anyone interested.In the second part of the article, an example of the migration of Slavic tribes to the Balkans is intro- duced to show how the file with its large amount of data can be used: the collection of geographi- cal names allows, thanks to the information it contains, to create mappings, the results of which are important for the question of the routes by which Slavic tribes made their way south.
- The article discusses basic issues related to Polish anthroponomastic terms, their development andfrequency, taking into account the variability of terminological units and the co-existence of nativeand foreign forms (usually Greek or Latin). It presents problems related to defining a term, determiningits scope or (in particular cases) status, indicating preferred, permissible or non-recommendedvariant forms, selection (reduction) of sub-terms, the existence of doublets with a grammaticalnumber, acceptance or rejection of new terms, etc. In the text, among others, the following sourceswere used: the dictionary “Osnoven sistem i terminologija na slovenskata onomastika” [“Basic systemand terminology of Slavic onomastics”] (1983), an article by Mieczysław Karaś “W sprawiepolskiej terminologii onomastycznej” [“On Polish onomastic terminology”] (1968), studies byHenryk Górnowicz (1988) and Ewa Jakus-Borkowa (1987), encyclopedia “Polskie nazwy własne”[“Polish proper names”] (1998), the compendium “Słowiańska onomastyka” [“Slavic onomastics”](2002–2003) and selected articles published in the journal “Onomastica”.The second part of the article presents the history, scope and definitions of the term ethnonym //ethnic name (based on selected compendia, monographs and contributory studies), paying attentionto the types of names it covers. In addition, a preliminary structure of an entry in the terminologicaldictionary has been outlined, including such elements as: the term, its definition, variability// equivalent term, origin // explanation, its English equivalent, examples // usage, context of use,and additional aspects.
- The article discusses one of the categories of marketing chrematonyms — the names of cafés, whichconstitute a colourful element of the naming landscape of Upper Silesia. The analysis has severalresearch aims: 1) discovering the naming techniques and types, 2) the presentation of structural models,)3 identifying the changes of meaning and the (con)textual functionality of linguistic units whichserve as a commercial medium of evaluation. The names of cafés are presented from the perspectiveof cultural linguistics, sociolinguistics and pragmalinguistics, as well as the theory of semanticfields. This combined methodological approach enables the author to draw conclusions aboutmarketing chrematonyms in the sphere of culture and language, whereas the structural-semanticanalysis of the onymic description of Upper Silesian cafés reveals tendencies that confirm the factthat naming models are created in a serial way. The material presented indicates that commercialchrematonyms belong to semantically and structurally diversified naming categories. The structuresshow the repetitiveness of naming, the tendency for language internalization and the use of nativematerial, including local dialects.
- The article discusses problems related to proper name entries in Polish Academy of Sciences Great Dictionary of Polish. The dictionary has been under construction since 2007 and is available at the following URL: http://wsjp.pl. The first part of the text is devoted to the issue of reasonableness of including proper names in general dictionaries. Critical opinions on the issue raised in the past are recalled and discussed. What follows is a presentation on how the description of proper names, especially geographical names and their derivatives, was envisaged in the early stages of works on the aforementioned dictionary. This vision is then compared with the actual state of being in the current version of the dictionary from 2020. In the final part, further prospects of describing proper names in Polish Academy of Sciences Great Dictionary of Polish are presented.
- The article discusses the ability to learn as a key competence analysed in the context of the implementationof the assumption of the European policy and Polish regulations in this regard by foreign language teachers.The study contains results of poll research aimed at verifying the opinions and attitudes of respondents relatedto their influence on the language learning competencies of their students. Results show that although thedefinite majority of teachers find this aspect to be important and declare that they take it into account whenplanning and organising classes, their knowledge on the matter is not structured and rather fragmentary.Few responses of research subjects indicate a holistic perception of the matter and conscious organisationof the learning and teaching process in this regard.
- The article discusses the activities of the state authorities of Second Polish Republic in the field of linguistic policies, focusing on two main areas: determining by means of regulations the binding range of use of Polish language, and also determining the official definitions (official name of the state, government bodies, local authorities) and official local names (which required adaptation to Polish). The research into legal acts containing regulations relating to linguistic issues proves the lack of complex plan and consistency of authorities — which resulted in f.e. the consolidation of legal diversity of the territory of Poland and incoherence in terminology relating to language. These problems have been absent in linguistic writings, however they fall into category of so-called external history of language.
- The article discusses the phenomenon of fashion in ecclesiastical language. It studies this question on the example of the term kerygmat, borrowed from Greek. First a sketch of thehistory of the word is presented, observing the first attestations of the word in the Polish language, followed by an exploration of its meaning and the reasons for its use, and the recent growth in its frequency of occurrence. The final part presents general conclusions concerning reasons for fashion in ecclesiastical language.
- The article discusses the problems of literary onomastics. The aim of the study was a structural, semantic and functional analysis of the family names of the protagonists appearing in Walenty Barczewski’s “Kiermasy na Warmii” (Fairs in Warmia). The story is set on a farm in a village in southern Warmia in the second half of the 19th century. The methods of philological analysis and interpretation of onyms used in literary onomastics have been applied. It has been established that the analysed onyms are Polish surnames, etymologically and semantically transparent, formed according to uniform structural models: male surnames ending in -ski, female surnames in -ska and collective forms used of families in the plural. All analysed anthroponyms were also closely related to the extra-linguistic reality, and derived, similarly to place-based adjectives, from the names of villages in southern Warmia. Linguistic, functional and semantic analysis of surnames allowed to present their polyfunctional character and distinguish many functions ascribed to onyms in literary texts. These functions are the following: identification and differentiation, localising, assignation of prestige and identity, as well as the sociolinguistic, emotive and persuasive functions. The analysed names may serve as examples of the accumulation of various functions performed by the same anthroponyms.
- The article discusses the use of proverbs in Polish hip-hop lyrics. The paper talks about the presence of paremiasin Polish rap songs, analyzes their formal transformations (enumerating syntactic and lexical changesin the shape of proverbs), as well as examines the exploitation of proverbial semantics with a view of presentingindividual and more general values of the Polish hip-hop community.
- The article examines the quantitative differentiation in naming in the various Polish regions during the period of 1951–1960. The aim was to check whether the quantitative data for names are regionally differentiated, and has the interregional differences changed during the period considered. Selected measures of lexical richness (originally applied in the field of lexical statistics) were used to evaluate these differences. The direct reason for considering this case were the previously observed clear spatial patterns of first names with regard to its qualitative features. Present study has shown that also in the case of quantitative data there are some temporal and spatial differentiation in naming practices in Poland.
- The article focuses on toponyms genetically related to the princely law in the Piast monarchy. Historical terms (opole, przesieka, brona, stróża, stróże, dziesiętne, ujazd, lgota) have been recorded in them. The correct explanation of these names implies the use of historical knowledge and appropriate research methodology. The extension of the linguistic perspective of description with the know ledge of the historical context and the reconstructed onyms enables a new interpretation and explains the relations between the form, original meaning and function of the described proper names
- The article gives an analysis of a single public speech in respect of multimodal displays of negation. It emphasisesespecially the relations between signs and symptoms of negation and affirmation. The data — an audiovisualrecording — has been annotated using ELAN with a template, which besides a text transcriptionenables a description of i.a. hand gestures (with a few specific features), arm and head movements, gazeand mimics.Observation of the temporal coordination between the respective means of expression let to distinct somesubcategories of multimodal negative utterances: definitive negations, seemingly mismatched negations,amplifying negations, exclusively non-verbal negations, ironic negations and verbal negations accompaniedby gestures of non-negated predicates.
- The article is a contribution to the discussion on the issue of sociolinguistic competence in teaching Polish as a foreign language for specialist purposes. The text has a research character and constitutes one of the concepts of achieving a definition of sociolinguistic competence. An in-depth analysis of the content (the existing state) of the textbooks on teaching Polish medical language is placed in the linguistic and socio-cultural stream of linguistic research, while the functional context of the tested materials places the presented considerations within the methodological specificity of glottodidactics. In the cognitive dimension, the aim is to broaden the knowledge of the development of sociolinguistic competence in teaching specialist languages on the example of medical language. The first part of the article presents theoretical approaches to sociolinguistic competence in language teaching for general and professional purposes. The second part presents the authors’ concepts concerning the presence of a sociolinguistic component in the materials for teaching Polish medical language. The third part confronts these concepts with the actual state and content of the textbooks. The analysis of the glottodidactic materials made it possible to indicate the most frequently used techniques for teaching sociolinguistic skills, to which the fourth part of the article is devoted. The results of the analysis have shown that in the vast majority of textbooks the authors do not explicitly emphasise sociolinguistic competence in the description of the objectives of teaching Polish medical language, although in the textbook materials themselves the sociolinguistic component is present to a greater or lesser extent. The weak points of the analysed materials include the presentation of only doctor-patient dialogue situations, omitting at the same time doctor-patient family, doctor-doctor, doctor-medical staff communication. As a result, the sociolinguistic component is not fully presented to the learner.
- The article is a demo version of The Seven Sieves Technique in its author’s adaptation to the Slavic lan¬guages family. The illustration (based on Czech-Polish material) is preceded by a theoretical introduction related to the background of research on intercomprehensiveness and methodological assumptions of the technique. The Seven Sieves Technique allows you to acquire the informational value of a message written in a closely related foreign language to your native one in the following steps („sieves”). Uses linguistic competences from native language extended only by elementary knowledge of interlingual analogies. It is an alternative to the classic glottodidactic process in the field of non-professional (i.e. primarily active and normative) use of a foreign language. The article refers to prior publications that have dealt with the issue of the phenomenon of inter-language communication, mutual comprehensibility and interpretation of the phenomenon of interlanguage homonymy (Hofmański 2018, 2019).
- The article is concerned with linguistic construction of the ideology of Ilija Garašanin’s Načertanije. The text was later claimed a manifesto of Serbian nationalism and for that reason it is worthy to inspect more detailedly its symbolics. The first part analyses the historical background of Načertanije, i.e the question of a socio-cultural change in course of the XVIIIth century, the symbolic and ideological production of the socalled ethnarchy, the development of Vuk Karadžić’s philological and political ideas, the impact of the politics of Hôtel Lambert. The second part identifies three ideological layers (pluralistic Slavic mutuality, Slavic-Orthodox community, ethnocentrism) in Garašanin’s document and finds out which linguistic expressions are their vehicles.
- The article is concerned with the studies of local dialects, their syntactic structures, and verb valency. Morespecifically, the text presents several cases of verb valency distinctive for the Polish Spisz dialect. Instancesof those structures are excerpted from the Spisz Dialect Corpus, which is being developed at the Instituteof Polish Language at the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kraków within the project „Język mieszkańcówSpisza. Korpus tekstów i nagrań gwarowych”. The main body of the text presents a description of the examplesfound in the corpus, along with their social characteristics and explanation of how they are different fromstandard Polish, compared with data from such sources as „Walenty” or „Wielki słownik języka polskiego”.Inter alia, it is shown that none of the structures analysed are limited to a single place, and the most popularis present in many parts of Spisz. In addition, several structures are characteristic of all age groups or culturallybound. Furthermore, certain instances of verb valency could have existed in general Polish in the past.
- The article is devoted to language stylization in pre-war cabaret szmonces. Accepting the linguistic perspective,the author analyzes inflectional phenomena, which became the linguistic canvas of szmonces: mistakesrelated to insufficient knowledge of Polish as well as internal and external interference (with the Yiddishlanguage). In cabaret texts, these means have both the identifying function (they point out to a J ewish character)and the genre-making function, they also serve to create a comic effect. The analysis of measuresused by the authors of szmonces is an extension and supplement to the study of the Polish language of Jewsin literary texts that Maria Brzezina conducted in the 1980s.
- The article is devoted to Polish deanthroponymic oikonyms created from the name Stanisław and its derivatives. The aim of the paper was to show the frequency of one of the most popular male names and its numerous derivative forms in place names, both the oldest ones, created by the end of the 16 th century, and newer ones, created later in the 18 th century, and especially in the 19 th and in the first half of the 20 th centuries. The name Stanisław was the basis of few (approx. 10) toponyms (patronymic with the suffix -ice, possessive with -j-, -ów, -owo) included in the oldest naming layer. Many more medieval oikonyms (about 30) have as their basis the derivatives of the name Stanisław (Stan/Stań, Staniek, Stańko, Stasz(o), Staś, Stanisz, Stachel, Stanięta, *Stanom(a), *Stanim(a), *Staniątek). These are possessive names with suffixes -ew, -ewo, -ów, -owo, -owa, -in, -ówka, patronymic names ending with -owice, -ewice, -ęta and plural names Stany, Staniątki. The 18 th century bestowals refer to 9 place names from the name Stanisław and about 9 from its derivatives, while approx. 70 oikonyms with a full name in the base and approx. 20 toponyms motivated by shortened form of compound name come from the 19 th and 20 th centuries. Many of names are certainly related to the cult of St. Stanislaus. Among them there are also names commemorating King Stanisław August Poniatowski and founders of settlements. Over a dozen toponyms were officially introduced after 1945 to replace German or Germanized names with Polish ones.
- The article is devoted to the analysis of phonetic processes in the area of vocalism in the names of the Christian population of Podlasie. The analysis showed that the absorption and functioning of Christian names in the colloquial language and dialects of Podlasie in the 16th–17th centuries in the area of vocalism were determined by the conditions for the development of Slavic phonology and phonology characteristic of the languages and dialects of the region. In the inlaut of the names, heterosyllabic vowels and diphthongs were adapted. In the analyzed period, the transformations of vowels were influenced by changes in consonantism, the quality of vowels in adjacent syllables and paroxytonic accent in Polish as well as dynamic and variable accent in Belarusian.
- The article is devoted to the changes in the Middle Polish syntactic construction in which the predicative function was performed by the nominative, singular, feminine form of the adjective. The research carried out on the corpus data was aimed at tracing the process that led to the transformation of those adjectival forms into defective verbs (verbization). The analysis covers six predicative adjectival forms most popular in the 17th and 18th centuries: MOŻNA ‛it is possible’, NIEMOŻNA ‛it is impossible’, NIEPODOBNA ‛it is impossible’, WIELKA ‛it is great’, PEWNA ‛it is certain’ and SŁUSZNA ‛it is right’. The first three of them changed their grammatical status, whereas for the rest the verbization process stopped. The 2nd half of the 18th century and the 1st half of the 19th century were decisive in this respect.
- The article is devoted to the teaching of languages for special business purposes from the perspective of foreign language learning and teaching. Growing needs related to the use of foreign languages in broadly understood business make this issue important both from the point of view of scientific discourse and in the context of search of new programme solutions. The specificity of communication activities, including not only the ability to communicate in a foreign language, but also specialist knowledge, knowledge of terminology or cultural conditions of the communication process, as well as increasing didactic needs and expectations imply the need to conduct in-depth scientific analyzes in the field of language education for business needs. The paper presents a research project referring to selected aspects of language instructionat a higher education institution, with a particular emphasis on the teaching of German business language (as a foreign language). The importance of the problem and the state of the art knowledge on the matter as well as the assumptions behind the project, its goals, research problems and methodology are discussed. The main research question concerns the specific characteristics of the learning process and of the teaching of a business language at a higher education institution as well as the possibility of influencing it for optimisation purposes. The designed research is to enable a better understanding of the role of individual variables in the process of learning and teaching a specialized language for business needs, grasping the specificity of a learning strategy in this area and assess the possibilities of using new technologies and multimodal texts in education in the field of specialist language.
- The article is supposed to be a foundation for future analyses of adverbial phrases in the Spisz dialect. Thework focuses on expressions describing spatial relations. Firstly, a collection of such phrases is introducedalong with their definitions. Secondly, the phrases are divided into groups defining stillness and movement,simultaneously pointing at their preposition and case used to describe a given relation. The data was providedby the Spisz Dialect Corpus.
- The article presents a detailed syntactic and semantic analysis of the words stosowny [appropriate], stosownie [appropriately] in the Polish language. The author sets a hypothesis that by analogy with the units odpowiedni / odpowiednio one can distinguish homonymous lexical units in the shape of an adjective and an adverb representing different levels of the language (belonging to its subject level and meta level). The lexical units having the shape of stosowny and stosownie represent the adjective and the adverb, respectively, as well as the meta predicative operator stosowny and meta predicative operator stosownie. Accordingly, stosownie cannot perform the function of an enumeration operator, which is performed in turn by the sequence odpowiednio.
