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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
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SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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24
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A new mite species of the genus Epicrosejus has been described and illustrated based on 4 females collected from decaying material from the inside of an oak hollow (Quercus acutissima Carruth) in South Korea. Key to identify adult forms of the species listed in the genus Epicrosejus included.
A new phytophagous mite species belonging to the genus Disella Newkirk et Keifer (Eriophyidae: Nothopodinae: Nothopodini), namely D. ovatum sp. nov., infesting Rhododendron ovatum (Lindl.) Planch. et Maxim. (Ericaceae), is described and illustrated.
A new species, Euphitrea doeberli sp. nov.from Vietnam is described and illustrated.
A new species of Adelpha, A. amazona, is described from Brazil and Peru.
A new species of Mylonchulus Cobb, 1916 is described from Ukraine. Mylonchuluspolitus sp. nov. is similar to M. andrassyi Loof, 1993 from which it differs by shorter (L =0.781.00 mm vs > 1.00 mm) and relatively wider (a = 2635 vs a= 3540) body, smaller buccalcavity (1419 μm long vs > 20 μm long), shorter tail (2837 μm vs > 50 μm), shorter spicules inmales (3235 μm vs > 40 μm), vulval lips sclerotization (rectangular vs triangular pieces), longerposterior uterine sac (75122 μm vs 32 μm). ew species of Mylonchulus Cobb, 1916 is described from Ukraine. Mylonchulu spolitus sp. nov.is similar to M. andrassyi Loof, 1993 from which it differs by shorter (L = 0.781.00 mm vs > 1.00 mm) and relatively wider (a = 2635 vs a= 3540) body, smaller buccal cavity (1419 μm long vs > 20 μm long), shorter tail (2837 μm vs > 50 μm), shorter spicules in males (3235 μm vs > 40 μm), vulval lips sclerotization (rectangular vs triangular pieces), longer posterior uterine sac (75122 μm vs 32 μm).
A new species of plant-feeding eriophyid mite collected from olive seedlings in Southern Montenegro is described. Shevtchenkella barensis sp. nov. inhabiting olive, Olea europea L. (Oleaceae) was found in an olive nursery attacking seedlings and causing serious damage. Aceria oleae (Nalepa), is herein recorded as new for the fauna of Montenegro.
A new species of the crab spider, Diaea kangarooblaszaki sp. nov. is described and figured from Kangaroo Island located south of the southern coast of South Australia. The species is endemic and commonly occurring within the Island.
A new species of the genus Carcinocephalus Bernhauer, 1903 is described from Taiwan (Chiai Hsien, Alishan): C. szujeckii sp. n. All morphological structures both for male and female are illustrated. The new species is compared with all Holarctic species of the genus.
A new species of the genus Thalassogenus Andrássy, 1973 is described and dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. M. Brzeski. It was extracted from Selaginella sp., La Paz Falls, Costa Rica. The main diagnostic feature is the long tail (108178μm, c = 2.64.3); also body length tends to be greater than in the other species (2.33.2 mm vs 1.72.5). Opinions vary with regard to the systematic position of the genus; Oncholaimina (Pelagonematidae) or Mononchina. We show that it belongs to Oncholaimina, where it represents a separate family. The genus is now known from four widely spaced regions in the tropics India, New Guinea, Samoa Islands and Central America. The presence of an ocellus suggests that species of this genus are recent immigrants of freshwater.
A new species of the genus Trichodorusis described from natural vegetation in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Trichodorus iuventus sp. nov. is characterised by a relatively short body, short onchiostyle with inner onchium in all adults; in male, by short spicule length and spicule shape (dorsally convex in anterior part, with indentation at mid-calamus anda straight, striated posterior part); in females, by the small rounded vaginal sclerotized pieces inlateral view, a pore-like vulva in ventral view and one pair of prevulvar and post-advulvar lateral body pores. A population of T. vandenbergae was found associated with fynbos; additional morphological and morphometric information is provided.
A new species Pseudoprobaticus roznerorum sp. nov. from Southern Western Turkey is described. The redescription of Pseudoprobaticus granipennis (Allard,1876) and key to species of the genus Pseudoprobaticus Nabozhenko, 2001 are given.
A novel, skeletal reconstruction of Archaeopteryx skeleton follows Heilmann's (1926) tradition in being based primarily on osteological evidence and free phylogenetic and functional preconceptions. Although the connection between the sternum and ribs remains unknown, a combination of positional and comparative evidence speaks for the presence of cartilaginous sternal ribs. The reconstructed rib cage is compatible with some levels of the airsac ventilation mechanics. The reconstructed segmental position (relative to the vertebral column) of the shoulder girdle at the level of 11th or 12th vertebra agrees with evidence from both modern birds and theropods. The wing must have been largely folded in the resting position, but the geometry and mechanism of wing folding remain conjectural. In its gait and stance, Archaeopteryx was more similar to the modern birds than to the theropods.
A nymph of cricket Modicogryllus frontalis was found near Czołpino (northern Poland) on sandy dunesclose to the Baltic coast. It is the northernmost locality of the species in Poland and in Europe and the first record fromthe Baltic Coast. The distribution of the species in Central Europe is summarized and presented on the map.
A proposed new method for investigation of the forest herb layer is presented in the study. It consists in establishing the density and index of maximum individual increase within all the population forming the herb layer. Population production is calculated by multiplying density by the index of individual increase. The sum total of production of all the populations of course gives the production of the whole herb layer. A method for estimating moss production is also given. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method in comparison with the standard method are discussed.
A quantitative process for the conservation analysis of 179 endangered birds of China is presented. At first, for each bird species its conservation priority status was assessed by calculating its conservation priority index (CPI), using six protection attributes (e.g. extinction risk, taxonomic uniqueness, public appeal). Second, based on the birds' conservation status, prioritisation by alternative approaches was performed. A hotspot score, a heuristic and an optimisation approach were used. The territory of China was divided into 583 grid cells (1° ×1°). The efficiency of the current network of protected areas was tested by comparing it with data obtained from prioritization. Analyses indicated that 28 species should be classified as highest conservation priorities, 13 of them were recommended for inclusion to the national wildlife protection list. The optimisation method for area selection was shown to be superior to the heuristic and hotspot approaches, since it selected more currently unreserved high priority areas whilst keeping the total number of sites low. It is proposed that seven Important Bird Areas (IBA's) should be added to the current protected area network. The suggested avian conservation assessment procedure can identify previously overlooked endangered bird species and candidate priority areas for conservation throughout comparative approaches.
A recently reported (Wilson et al. 1999) effect of spatial scale on evenness is studied and it is shown that such a pattern is not necessarily an effect of changes in community structure at different scales but may simply result as a byproduct from constraints introduced by maximum and minimum allowed densities due to the sampling procedure. Evenness is found to be constant only if the species area relationship of the community under study has exactly the parameter values that are given by the parameter values of the relative abundance distribution of the community. Because such a situation will seldom occur under natural circumstances scale dependence of the evenness (and of related descriptors of structure) is expected to be a general feature.
A redescription of Stenaelurillus guttiger (Simon, 1901) with new distribution data is given, a lectotype for this species is designated. A new species, S. natalensis, preying on Odontotermes badius termites, is described, along with data on its natural history.
A relatively small variability in zoomicrobenthos numbers has been observed within one station and different ones at the same depth in the lake. When comparing the zoomicrobenthos occurrence in succession from litoral deep into the reservoir a distinct number dynamics but a similar qualitative zoomicrobenthos composition was observed. Changes in number on the same stations (examined in two lakes) in six successive years were greater in Mikolajskie Lake than in lake Śniardwy, just the opposite to the changes of the qualitative composition.
A review of papers on sex ratio in populations of Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber 1780 is given. The secondary sex ratio (at the moment of birth) is almost always 1:1, only in some cases — cohorts born in the second half of the reproduction season — there is a prevalence of males (up to 72°/o of males). The tertiary sex ratio (among sexually immature individuals) varies with a tendency to male prevalence, and only in populations having a low density the sex ratio is equal to 1:1. Quarternary sex ratio (among sexually mature individuals) shows a prevalence of females in the majority of ćases. This is atf special significance far the fluctuations of populations numbers.It seems that sex ratio of individuals of a current year shows usually the prevalence of males (especially in the first months of life). When these individuals constitute 9O*/o of population the sex ratio in this category of individuals becomes even (Table I).General sex ratio (for the entire population) has a much lower variability than sex ratio in distinguished categories of individuals. This observation as well as the analysis with regard to changes in sex ratio together with increasing population numbers (with increasing population numbers differences in sex ratio tend to decrease) (Fig. 1) point -to the existence of group reactions in the population responsible for the formation of a determined sex ratio.The relation between sex ratio and demographical strategy in populations of small rodents is discussed (Fig. 2). The necessity of examining the sex ratio as regards the division into sexually mature and immature individuals and within them into cohorts of the same age has been pointed out.
A river-lake system (i.e. a river flowing through the lakes) can be perceived as a system oflentic (lake) and lotic (river sections) landscape "patches" and the transitory zones between them. In this system transport and exchange of matter and biological information take place. Taking the Krutynia river (Masurian Lakeland, Poland) and its lakes as an example, transport of different biologically active compounds (like phosphorus) and non-active substances (like chlorides) was characterized. Phosphorus retention was estimated in successive "patches" of the system. The biotic structure and function of the river-lake-river transitory zones were described. They are the places where the particles selection and sedimentation of matter transported in the system take place as well as they are the sites where the selection and exchange of planktonic organisms of different size and reproduction strategy occur.
A root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus brzeskiisp. nov., is described and illustrated from the roots of Ammophila arenaria (L.). Link from the coastal dunes of the Netherlands; this new species is morphologically characterized by: relatively long females (625735 μm) with two lip annuli, long stylet (+19 μm) with broad stylet knobs, an teriorly slightly indented, short DGO; pharyngeal gland lobe ranging from 65 to 100 μm; four lateral lines present, inner lines closely together; spermatheca faint, oval to rectangular shaped; vulva posterior, ranging from 75 to 78 %, lips slightly protruding, posterior uterine sac 19 to 35 μm long; tail conoid, terminus smooth, rounded to narrowly rounded, relatively long hyaline tail part present. Males occurred abundantly and are slightly smaller in most morphological characteristics. PCR was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer regions of aribosomal DNA-cluster of P. brzeskiisp. nov. and compared with the morphological related species P. coffeae, P. loosiand P. penetrans. The rDNA fragments were cut with restriction enzymes; interspecific RFLPs were observed. Pratylenchus brzeskiisp. nov. was also isolated from the coastal dune grasses Elymus farctus (Viv.) Meldrisand Leymus arenarius Hochst., and detected in coastal dunes of Belgium, France and Poland.
A series of larvae of Podothrombium reared in laboratory culture was subject tomorphometric analysis. Larvae were assigned to P. filipes (C. L. Koch, 1837) a species known hitherto only from postlarval instars. An array of anomalies in the chaetotaxy of various body regions was discovered. The results make it possible to re-consider the taxonomic suitability ofsome characters commonly used in diagnosing larvae of Podothrombium.
A series of partly empty small samples may make it difficult, when analysing ecological material, to obtain a picture giving a proper representation of the course of the phenomenon. Application of a moving average fails when the gaps (subsequences of zero samples) in the completion of the series by materiał are large and unequal (cf. Fig. 2, referring to material set out in Table II). The author suggests a method of calculating the curve by small sections formed from the various gaps which are limited on one side by a completed sample. The different sections may be formed either from single gaps or from two or three neighbouring gaps. The value of each section is defined by the arithmetical average of the values of the empty and full samples contained in it according to the formula:f[xn(k)] =(∑_(i=1`)^(n(k))▒〖f(xi)〗)/(n(k))Figs. 3 and 5 illustrate the elements of the curve calculated according to the method given for the example from Table II. They were calculated on the basis of two neighbouring gaps: n(2).
A short outline of the history of Conferences of Polish Hydrobiologists is given in this paper. The history began in 1948 with the 1st Conference in Wrocław;a record Conference in respect of number of participants and number of paperswas held in Białystok in 1970 (8th Conference) (Table I). This outline is followedby a discussion of scientific problems presented at the nine Conferences held upto the present time. Although these Conferences do not fully reflect the wholerange of hydrobiological studies carried out in Poland, the following tendenciesin development can be observed: 1) Increase in numbers of scientific staff andincrease in number of publications; 2) Increase in the complex character of studiesin which the lake or river is treated as a functional whole, with special attentionon energy flow and circulation of matter in the ecosystem: 3) Development ofstudies on productivity and bioenergetics, as the result of the stimulating influenceof the International Biological Programme; 4) The development in recentyears of studies on protection of waters against pollution and excessive eutrophication;5) The development of experimental studies, both laboratory and fieldones (including experiments on whole ecosystems).In the concluding part of the paper it is emphasised that Polish hydrobiologyrepresents a high world level in the field of production, bioenergetic and trophologicalstudies. The level of research on the problem of water protection againstpollution is also satisfactory, as are the experiments made on whole ecosystems,including experiments on recultivation of lakes. Development of Polish hydrobiologyis delayed in the field of application of new up-to-date research techniques, studies on circulation of matter mechanisms, mathematical modelling and forecastingof processes in ecosystems.
A special feature of spined loaches of the genus Cobitis in Central Europe isthe frequent occurrence of diploid-polyploid complexes in which polyploid gynogeneticforms act as sperm parasites to the diploid form. This tight binding of the co-occurringforms results in a high level of phenotypic and ecological similarities. The present studysearches for morphological differences between them applying the characters traditionally used in loach taxonomy (body proportions, fin formula, scale shape, lamina circularis, suborbital spine, coloration) in 662 specimens from the Baltic (14 populations) and NorthSea (1 population) catchment areas. Ploidy level of each specimen was inferred from blood cell measurements. Discriminant function analysis for biometrical characters and description of qualitative features indicate the morphological distinctness of the two diploidspecies C. taenia and C. elongatoides. The polyploid unisexual biotypes are very similarto each other and to individuals of sympatric sexual species. The genome dosage effectcould be observed in morphological characters, however, in some of them the polyploid biotypes display a mosaic mode of variability: they can be more similar to sympatric parents or to the absent species in the complex, transitional and of a wider variabilityrange. In colouration pattern, the biotypes do not express the whole spectrum of the parental species variability. Meristic traits had no power to identify the different forms.
A specific grouping of nematodes associated with the root region of macrophytes was found in the lake littoral. Nematodes penetrating the tissues of underground parts of pondweeds may contribute to their dying. There were much higher numbers of nematodes belonging to genera Hirschmanniella, Chrysonemoides, Dorylaimoides, Dorylaimus and Mesodorylaimus in the decomposing fragments of rhizomes than in their fresh fragments.
A study aiming at the description of invertebrate fauna trapped in contemporary, coniferous resins was undertaken in a mixed forest of Central Europe (Southern Poland). Resins were collected predominately from spruce (Picea abies), but also from pine (Pinus sylvestris) and larch (Larix decidua), the cadavers were extracted from the ethanol solution of resin. As many as 394 specimens were extracted, consisting mainly of insects, but also arachnids, crustaceans and single mollusc were found. Among the collected specimens, some were identified to species, and a few mutual, ecological interrelationships could be traced. Although the amount of collected resins is far from being comparable with the amount of particular types of amber studied in the world so far, the Discussion focuses on similarities and differences in insect inclusions composition in resins and known amber collections.
A summary of the project for the MAB programme presented at the XVI session of UNESCO. Emphasis is laid on the many-sided, logical and highly accurate el1aboration of this project. Critical consideration of the preference for studies on natural ecosystems over ecosystems changed and created by man. The reason for this preference is based on the idea: a knowledge of the functioning of natural ecosystems will permit of (1) understanding the functioning of transformed ecosystems and (2) foreseeing side-effects, the degree of stability etc. of transformed ecosystems. Thus the ecosystems created by man should be formed in the image and likeness of natural ecosystems. In polemizing with this idea the following assumptions are put forward: (1) biocenoses of cultivated fields are more productive than natural ecosystems: they are essential and the area they occupy will increase: (2) a knowledge of their ecology and functioning will be obtained more rapidly by studying them directly than by comparing their life with the life of natural ecosystems: (3) the biocenoses of cultivated fields are frequently ecosystems so altered (plant monocultures) that they may often be subject to other laws and ecological regularities than natural ones: in such cases even a full knowledge of the organization (structures and functions) of natural ecosystems may be insufficient for obtaining a knowledge of the ecology of culttvated field biocenoses.
A taxonomic revision is made of the Palaearctic species of Myrmica belonging to the schencki-group. Three new species are described: M. siciliana (all castes) from Sicily, M. onoyamai (all castes) from Japan and M. inucta (workers only) from northwest Kazakhstan; also first descriptions are made of the sexual castes for two species: M. caucasicola (queen) and M. koreana (queens and males). Keys to the identification of both workers and males of all species, and maps of their distributions are provided. The distribution of the various species is discussed and it is suggested that the origins of extant Palaearctic schencki-group species is linked to the development of the Steppe Zone during the last 10 million years.
A total number of 70 species representing 44 genera of all the subtribes within the tribe Pedinini sensu Iwan 2004 (Dendarina, Eurynotina, Platynotina, Pedinina, Melambiina, Loensina, Leichenina, Pythiopina) have been examined. The terminology of the female genital structures has been standardized. The use of the internal female genitaliain the classification of Tenebrionidae is presented. The features of the opatrinoid type ofovipositor (sensu Tschinkel and Doyen 1980) (1) dorso-lateral position of gonostylus; (2) 4 lobes of coxites; (3) paraproct partly enclosing the 1st lobe of coxite; (4) transverse orientation of baculus of 1st lobe of coxite are characterized for the examined taxa.
A total of 127 cases of disturbances were recorded, most of them resulting in not-too-serious reactions. An average disturbance affected 25 geese, occurred at 43 m distance to the cause and lasted 31-60 s. Geese feeding prior to the disturbance reacted more strongly than resting ones, and they were more sensitive to disturbances during the hatching and moulting/flightless period. More than fifty percent of the disturbances were caused by dogs they affected significantly more geese, caused longer durations of disturbances, and probably higher energy costs. There were highly significant positive correlations between a reaction, the duration of a disturbance and the number of geese affected. However, distance to the waterline correlated only with the number of geese affected. Distance to waterline and distance to the source of the disturbance had a high impact on the number of geese affected in a regression model. When disturbances occurred at greater distances, these were more serious, lasted longer and affected more geese. Separate analysis of the dogs demonstrated the influence of dog size (the larger the dog, the greater the disturbance), but not whether it was on a lead. Fleeing into the water was caused by dogs more often than expected. Habituation to an urban environment and predictions for fleeing behaviour are discussed.
A total of 62 stomach contents of four Merops and three other coraciiform species, from South Africa, were analysed. Hymenoptera constituted the bulk of the diet of all four Merops species examined, with Odonata and Coleoptera being supplementary components. Upupa epops and Phoeniculus cyanomelas fed mainly on insect larvae, while Coracias caudata preyed upon Scarabaeidae, Acrididae, Isoptera and Solifugae.
Abstract. Based on study of primary types of some Palaearctic Apogonia Kirby, 1819 species, the following new synonymies are established: Apogonia cupreoviridis Kolbe, 1886 = A. nigroolivacea Heyden, 1886 syn. nov. = A. cupreoviridis miyakona Nomura, 1965 syn. nov. Apogonia cupreoviridis is redescribed and compared with closely related A. bicarinata bicarinata Lewis, 1896. The occurrence of A. cupreoviridis in Japan is confirmed.
Abundance and dynamics of autotrophic picoplankton (APP) were studied in four temperate lakes: oligo-, meso- and eutrophic, as well as dystrophic lake. Orange fluorescing cyanobacteria prevailed in APP community in all four lakes, but in spring and autumn eukaryotic contribution increased. The densities of APP ranged between 2x104 ml-1 and 9.5x105 ml-1. There was a trend of increase of APP numbers along classical trophic gradient, but its share in total phytoplankton biomass was decreasing showing decreasing importance of picoplankton with eutrophication. Two types of APP seasonal patterns were described. One characterised by only one, spring-early summer peak, was found in mesotrophic and eutrophic lake. The second pattern described for humic lake was characterised by two peaks, in spring and autumn.
The abundance and reduction of Colorado beetle and the consumption of potato leaves were compared in conditions of chemical control and without. The last larval stage (L4) attains 6-8% of the initial number of eggs in the years with chemical control applied, and 15-31% in the years without chemical control. The consumption of potato leaves is also high in the years with chemical control which does not decrease the tuber crop. The energy consumed by the Colorado beetle larvae and energy returning into the habitat in the form of faeces is determined. The profit due to the presence of the shelterbelt is about 60 kcal/m2 during the season. The ratio of the faeces to consumption is about 50% on the average.
The abundance of the main microfloral groups, and dehydrogenase and urease activity, in the casts of Lumbricus rubellus Hoffm. and in the 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm soil layers of drained peaty meadows were compared. The abundance of microorganisms in casts was signiticantly higher than in the soil, as was the level of enzyme activity. The difference was particularly marked in comparisons with the 5-10 cm soil layer. In the cases of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes, the degree to which abundance was greater in casts was highest at sites where the abundance of microflora in the soil was low. The activity of the two enzymes was always higher in casts than in soil, and the difference was especially marked for the meadow on alder peat.
Acathartus Grouvelle, a genus belonging to the Silvanidae: Silvaninae, is redescribed on the basis of A. insignis (Grouvelle) from Sumatera and A. mizoramensissp. nov., from the Lushai Hills, Mizoram, northeast India. The species are (re)described and illustrated.
According to point and nonpoint sources for 1976 and 1990 Great Masurian Lakes are seriously endangered by nutrients. Out of twelve lakes examined seven has high external loading of nitrogen and phosphorus exceeding the unacceptable loading determined by VoIenweider (1971). Point sources are responsible for phosphorus loading of Great Masurian Lakes and nonpoint sources – for nitrogen loading. Protection of these ecosystems is absolutely necessary.
Accumulation of plant remains caused a successive increase of the studied shore part in the eutrophic Mikołajskie lake. Five zones have been distinguished which differred by the period of formation and the soil conditions. Studies were done on the effect of these conditions on the growth of marsh plants. Culture experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. Significant differences were found between the numbers of seedlings and species of germinating plants on soils from various zones. Soil age and water level had an essential effect on the plant growth.
The accuracy of the territory-mapping technique for estimating the abundance of densely breeding Hawfinches was tested in an old and unfragmented lime-oak-hornbeam forest in the Białowieża National Park, E Poland. Hawfinch numbers estimated from counts of the whole bird community carried out with the application of the standards of the improved mapping technique were compared with seven-year data on the birds true numbers, which are known from parallel intensive nest searches and persistent tracking of the movements of pairs. In a forest with a dense population of Hawfinches the mapping technique underestimated their numbers by 20% in years of moderate density and by 35% during high-density years. Even though the underestimation was negatively correlated with the true density of Hawfinches, the figures obtained by both methods reflected year-to-year changes in a similar way. An improvement in mapping data is achievable either by closer attention being paid to the species during standard visits (the best ones for surveying it), or post factum by the introduction of a correction factor into the mapping-technique figures.
Aceria absinthii (Liro, 1943) and Paraphytoptus paradoxus Nalepa, 1896, are new species for the fauna of Serbia. The descriptions of both species are supplemented, with males described for the first time. A. absinthii causes galls on the lower surface ofleaves, whereas P. paradoxus is vagrant on leaves of wormwood.
The activity in the field of naturę history, physiography and collectorship of Ignacy Schaitter, a representative of famous shopkeeper family in XIXth Polish town Rzeszów has been remembered on the occasion of his birth bicentenary. <br>
The adults of Fortuynia atlantica sp. nov. are described in detail, includingin traspecific variation of several morphological characters. Sensillus short, smooth, clavate; one pair of lamellar furrows; 14 pairs of notogastral setae + vestigial c3; five pairsof genital setae, variations 6+5, 5+6, 5+4, 4+5; two pairs of anal setae, variations 3+2,2+3. Leg setation (chaetome, solenidia): Leg I 1-4-2-3-18, 1-2-2; leg II 1-4-2-3-15, 1-1-1; legIII 2-3-1-3-15, 1-1-0; leg IV 1-2-2-3-13, 0-1-0. The new species shows a remarkable secondary sexual dimorphism; males are characterized by a pair of rounded lateral notogastral protuberances, four large porose areas on notogaster, and very long, distally lanceolate notogastralsetae la and lm, as well as by a less broad genital opening. The species colonizesthe intertidal zone of rocky shores of the Bermuda Islands, where it lives mainly in crevices but also under covering mats of algae; it is absent from sandy beaches and mangrove trees. The species is well adapted to overflow with sea water. Feeding biology and other detailsin behaviour are discussed. It is the first described member of the family Fortuyniidae known from the Atlantic Ocean. This paper is listed as “Contribution #146, Bermuda Biodiversity Project, Bermuda Aquarium Museum & Zoo”.
Aerial multispectral photographs of Lake Ewingi were taken in August 1979. Lake waters were investigated simultaneously. The results correlated with the map showing the spreading of pollution in lake water made according to multispectral photographs.
The Aethina complex of genera is defined and delimited, a key is given to the included genera and subgenera, and comments are made on the evolution of anthophagy, carpophagy and leaf-mining in the group. Keys and species reviews are given for Aethina (Cleidorura) subgen. nov. and Aethina (Idaethina) Gemminger et Harold. The following new species are described: A. (C.) malekulensis, A. (C.) sulawesiensis, and A. (C.) transfusa. The following new combinations are proposed in Aethina (Idaethina): abbreviata (Fabricius) (Nitidula); brun-nescens (Reitter) (Macroura); concolor (Macleay) (Nitidula Macroura); cuneata (Grouvelle) (Macroura); deceptor (Blackburn) (Macroura); inermis (Blackburn) (Macroura); lugens (Grouvelle) (Macroura); sobrina (Olliff) (Macroura). The following new synonymiesare proposed in Aethina (Idaethina): abbreviata (Fabricius) (= Macroura nigraReitter, = M.multilineata Grouvelle, = M. bicalcarata Blackburn); concolor (Macleay) (= M. lesnei Grouvelle, = M. bouvieri Grouvelle, = M. fauveli Grouvelle, = M. punctulata Grouvelle); punctata (Reitter) (= M. pascoei Grouvelle); sobrina (Olliff) (= M. atra Grouvelle, =Carpophilus ordinatus Olliff); subrugosa (Grouvelle) (=M. dubia Grouvelle). The name Australaethina nom. nov. is proposedas a replacement for Idaethina Reitter, 1875 (not Gemminger et Harold, 1868). Additional new combinations are: Lordyra americanus (Reitter) (Lasiodactylus), L. loretoensis (Bruch) (Neopocadius), L.villosus (Blanchard in Brullé) (Nitidula Lasiodactylus), Psilonitidulalongicollis (Grouvelle) (Trimenus), Australaethina pilistriata (Macleay) (PocadiusIdaethina), A. froggatti (Kirejtshuk et Lawrence) (Idaethina), A. ursula (Kirejtshuk et Lawrence) (Idaethina). Lectotypes are designated for Psilonitidula grouvellei Heller, P. longicollis (Grouvelle) and several species of Aethina (Idaethina).
The African species of the genus Similipepsis Le Cerf, 1914 with the exception of Similipepsis ekisi Wang, 1984 are reviewed here. Similipepsis aurea Gaede 1929 and S. typica (Strand, 1913) are redescribed. Similipepsis osuni Bąkowski et Kallies sp. nov. from Nigeria as well as Similipepsis eumenidiformis Bartsch sp. nov. and Similipepsis maromizaensis Bartsch sp. nov., both from Madagascar, are described as new to science. The taxon Milisipepsis Gorbunov et Arita, 1995, originally erected to accommodate the Asian Similipepsini species, was found to be a junior synonym of Similipepsis. A key to the males of Similipepis species is provided.
After the drainage of fens and their permanent use as meadows, peat-forming process is being replaced by moorshing (mucking) process (mineralization and humification of peat), and then by turf-forming process. Secondary succession of soil nematodes was examined by using the chronosequence of meadow sites (period I: 1978-1983) and also by analysing the same sites 15-17 years later (period II: 1994-1997). The analysis was focused on the taxa (genera) of nematodes and on 19 to 29 parameters describing the community as total density, density of trophic groups, diversity indices and maturity indices. The pattern of successional changes was obtained for periods from 2 to 117 years after drainage. Natural not-drained fens were used for comparison. Soil structure and soil processes occurring over the time considered can be characterized as follows: soil moisture (by weight) 80-52%, total soil porosity 90-77%, bulk density 0.16-0.44 (to 0.92) g cm-3, total C content in soil 47-7%, total N content in soil 4.4-0.5%, ranges in the sequence from Mt I (poorly moorshified soils) to Mt III (strongly moorshified soils). In natural fens, soil moisture was 80%, soil porosity 90%, bulk density 0.15-0.35 g cm-3, and peat-forming processes (Pt) were continued. As compared with natural fens, drainage and management of fens was associated with increasing density of total nematodes and their components such as bacterivores, fungivores, facultative plant feeders, obligate plant feeders, omnivores, and predators. In drained fens the density of nematodes declined with succession with the exception of omnivores. The increase in the density of omnivores was positively correlated with the number of years after drainage (r = 0.48, P<0.01). The indices of taxa diversity and maturity indices were positively correlated with years after drainage (P<0.001-0.05). In natural fens, ranges of density of all trophic groups were lower, and maturity indices higher than in drained peat meadows. The mechanisms driving the first stage of succession in nematode communities (until about 30 years after the drainage of fens) seem to be tolerance to the droughts and to the excess of nitrogen what was accompanied with higher density of herbivores (mainly Paratylenchus). In later stages, interspecific competition is likely to play a more important role. Also a statistically significant relation was found of some taxa and parameters to peat type.
The age structure of nematodes occurring in two alfalfa plantations was determined on the basis of the relation in percentages between larvae and imagines. These relations were examined in the case of nematodes occurring in the upper parts and roots of alfalfa plants and in the soil, and also among ecological nematode groups, and additionally in populations of different species.
The aim of the present studies was to determine the distribution pattern of the forest floor vegetation species along the gradient of selected environmental factors. Studies were performed in a small forest area of diversified relief (Brzesko Headland, the Carpathian Foothills). Floristic and environmental data collected by the transect method were analysed by numerical methods. Soil moisture content is the factor determining plant distribution. Ecological amplitude of different species changes in dependence on the season (spring, summer). Slight perturbances (e.g. the occurrence of fox burrows) increase the species richness of the investigated forest communities.
The aim of the study was to compare different habitat types according to species richness and estimate their value for total species richness at a landscape level. The study was carried out in the years 1995–2001 in the Tarnów region (1400 km2, S Poland). All bird species were classified according to broadly defined breeding habitat type. Four main, easily distinguishable habitat types were specified: forests (18% of the area), open areas (70%), wetlands (1%) and anthropogenic areas (11%). Birds were classified as habitat specialists if they bred in only one habitat type, or as habitat generalists, if they bred in two or more habitat types. Altogether, 151 species nested in the study area, and a total of 87 species were habitat specialists. There were statistically more endangered species (so called “losers”) among the habitat specialists than in the habitat generalists' group. Habitat specialists were also statistically less abundant than habitat generalists. The following numbers of species were recorded in the specific habitats: forests — 70, open areas — 75, wetlands — 61, anthropogenic areas — 46. Among these, the percentages of habitat specialists were the following: forests — 41.4%, open areas — 18.7%, wetlands — 52.5%, anthropogenic areas — 26.1%. It was found that the numbers of species inhabiting the various habitat types differed from the number to be expected on the basis of their area. This was especially apparent in the case of wetlands, which constituted only a small part of the total area, but as many as 32 species (21.1% of all) occurred only there. For conservation purposes, wetlands appear to play the most important role in shaping species richness in the landscape studied here. However, each habitat type contained some species that were not noted in other habitats.
The aim of the study was to contribute the knowledge about the coincidence and species selectivity of bird parasites. The subject of our study were Chaffinches captured in Masurian Lake region (NE Poland) from 1996 to 1998. Each bird caught was visually examined for the presence of ticks. Birds' droppings and small volumes of birds' blood were collected in order to ascertain the presence of coccidia and blood parasites. Additionally the presence of bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi - the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis in birds' blood was measured with the nested-polymerase chain reaction method. In total amount of 225 Chaffinches were captured. 44% of them were infested by ticks belonging to Ixodes ricinus species (larvae and nymphs) only. Coccidia from genus Isospora were found in 80% (n = 35) of birds. Protozoans from genus Haemoproteus were ascertained in 53% (n = 59) of Chaffinches and bacteria B. burgdorferi was found in 12.7% (n = 166) of the birds. Three groups of parasites (I. ricinus, Isospora sp., Haemoproteus sp.) were found together in 26% (n = 38) of Chaffinches whereas only 5% of the birds had no parasite infection.
The aim of the study was to determine the pattern of dispersion in Feral Pigeons, as well as the factors influencing the degree of dispersion. Aside from studying variation in dispersion among the bird colonies, the direction and distance of dispersion were also analysed. The results of the study point unequivocally to strong dispersion asymmetry in the population, which is mainly age-biased. There were great differences in dispersion between adult (reproducing) individuals and young individuals that had not yet joined the breeding population. Each year, young individuals which had permanently left their natal colonies accounted for 20–30% of the young birds that ultimately joined the breeding population. The insignificant degree of dispersion among adult birds (from 0 to 0.8% per year) was due to their strong philopatry towards their breeding sites. A lack of reproductive success did not have any effect on dispersion in the case of the breeding pairs studied. A factor conducive to a bird's departure from the natal colony was the high density of breeding pairs present in the colony. It was found that the direction of dispersion was from a colony with a higher density to a colony with a lower density of pigeons. The Feral Pigeons did not emigrate to join colonies of domestic pigeons kept on the outskirts of the city, nor did they emigrate to other towns in the neighbourhood of the study area (Słupsk, NW Poland). The time when young birds left the natal colony did not influence the degree of their dispersion. Young birds that left their natal colony experienced significantly higher breeding success in their new colony, compared to those young birds that remained in the natal colony, where the density of breeding pairs was high. Young females dispersed more often than young males, although this difference was not statistically significant. This article also discusses the dispersion mechanism in the case of young pigeons.
The aim of the study was to determine the relation between landscape structure, point counts number and the number of breeding bird species occuring in different types of farmland. Species number was evaluated using point counts on six plots localised in Polish and German farmland (from 30-52 points/plot, 10 min/point, radius - 100 or 150 m). The equation: S = cAz, where S - species number, A - sample size (number of points), c, z - parameters, was used to test the relation between point counts number and species numbers. The coefficients of determination amounted to 0.95-0.99. Among the parameters of equation, c was more strongly correlated with landscape parameters (e.g. wood cover). The analysis revealed, that unified farmland requires bigger representative sample size compared to other, more diversified types of farmland. At least 50 points are needed for proper comparing bird species number between farmlands or periods.
The aim of the study was to recognize the current distribution and biology of the noctuid moth – Xylomoia graminea (Graeser, 1889) which was spreading in the Podkarpacie (SE Poland) in recent years. The material includes observations collected from 2012 to 2018 from two macroregions: Kotlina Sandomierska and Pogórze Środkowobeskidzkie. The paper contains a number of details on phenology and biology of the species – the female’s behaviour during oviposition, host plant, eggs and young caterpillars up to the 3rd stage, which are illustrated with photos.
The aim of the study was to test whether the methods using the playback technique produce accurate data of population size when compared to the standard mapping and nest-searching methods. The three-visit method with audio-stimulation was found to produce data of the same accuracy (100%, N = 11 territories) as the standard mapping method, but the nest-searching method and single-visit with audio-stimulation yielded slightly lower estimates, 91% and 82% respectively, in comparison to the previously mentioned methods. However, the three-visit method with audio-stimulation was 2.2 times less time consuming than the five visits which used the standard mapping method (9h vs 20h). The three-visit method with audio stimulation could be appropriate for assessing distribution and abundance, and also for monitoring purposes.
The aim of this study is to describe Fannia sanihue sp. nov., a new species of Fanniidae that was captured in the proximity of a pig carcass in the province of Mendoza, Argentina. This contribution is a part of the first study to be undertaken into forensic entomology in the biogeographical province of the Monte, which is a warm shrub desert extending between Puna and Patagonia at the east of the Andes Mountains.
The aim of this study was to estimate the survival of young Magpies between fledging and the next breeding season and to identify some of the factors affecting it. A total of 50 nestlings were colour-ringed in two breeding seasons in the valley of the Pitarque River (Teruel, E Spain), and were monitored weekly until May of the following year. 59 nestlings were also colour-ringed in two nearby localities (4–5 km) to detect possible dispersal to and from our study area. Mark-recapture analyses were used to estimate weekly survival, which was assumed to be constant for periods of four weeks in order to reduce the number of parameters. Models with the effect of time, age class, season and year were fitted, and the best models were selected using quasi-likelihood Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (QAICC???). The best three models included seasonal variation in survival, and the second and third models also selected the effect of age class. The seasonal variation in the survival of young Magpies exhibited two critical moments: firstly, on becoming independent of the parent birds (August—September), and secondly, when individuals abandoned the communal roost and started to establish their own territories (February—March). The weight of 14-day-old nestlings positively affected survival until 4 and 6 months after leaving the nest. No evidence for dispersal was found; this supports the view that survival does indeed decrease in the cited periods, possibly because of the increased risk of predation.
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of lake morphometry, emergent vegetation and the surrounding habitat on breeding bird communities. The analysis was based on the published data covering breeding bird communities of 18 lakes in Western Poland. Seven habitat variables were used in the analysis: lake area, length of shore line, maximum depth, area of rushes, length of shoreline covered by emergent vegetation, length of shoreline covered by forest and presence of islands. A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that most of the variation in the total bird species richness was explained by the length of shoreline covered by emergent vegetation. The number of water bird species was predicted by the lake area, since the number of reed and bush birds was dependent on the area of rushes. The most important factors determining the total number of pairs were the lake area and the area of rushes. The number of pairs of water birds was dependent on the lake area and the maximum depth. The density of water birds was negatively correlated with the area of rushes and positively with the lake area. The number of pairs of water birds was statistically higher on lakes with islands than on those without. The abundance of reed and bush birds correlated positively with the area of rushes, hence the density was dependent on the maximum depth and the area of rushes. There was no effect of shoreline covered by forest on the abundance of studied groups of birds.
The aim of this study was to provide optimal methodological criteria for the quantitative and qualitative estimates of bird communities inhabiting woodland areas using point counts. Compared were results obtained from counts carried out once or twice during the same breeding season and the optimal duration of each session was assessed. Data obtained from a total of 46 point counts, performed in three different woodland areas, each lasting 20 min. and repeated twice in the breeding season were analyzed in 5-min. blocks. It was concluded that 10-min. sessions repeated twice in a breeding season can provide a good description of the passerine bird community. However, some rarer species of the breeding community under study, including some diurnal raptors, woodpeckers, and scarce passerines, could be underestimated with this duration.
The alfalfa plantations under observation were visited by honey bees, 104 wild bee species and 17 bumble-bee species. The length of a working day and the daily variations in the flights of individual species of the bees under study appeared to depend to a large extent on the body size of the individuals.
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