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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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Identifying indices to measure the multiple environmental effects of urban transformations is the battle line for the urban planners. To tackle this need the Municipality of Modena (Italy) has defined a set of parameters focused on three main phenomena: the urban heat island, energy requirements and hydraulic risk. The indices are capable of measuring the effects, vouching for the achievement of the planning targets and estimating the benefit-cost ratio. The paper describes the pilot actions of the CE program’s project UHI realized in the framework of the Plan of Urban Redevelopment of the Villaggio Artigiano (POC.MO.W, Modena).
Identifying the potential of ecosystems to provide ecosystem services (ES) is largely dependent on the detail and completeness of the base ecosystem map. The existing guidelines for the construction of this type of map include only a few basic types of ecosystems that work only at a national or international scale and are insufficient to identify the full potential of ecosystem services at local or regional scales. The aim of the study was to develop a comprehensive map of ecosystem types for mapping ecosystem services at a local and regional scale in three selected communes located within young glacial landscape (NE Poland). As a result, a detailed map of ecosystems has been constructed containing 42 ecosystem types including age and habitat categories. This original map is the first detailed cartographic work that can be successfully used to determine the potential for ecosystem services to be provided by areas analysed in large scales. The proposed approach has a universal character and can be also applied to any area analysed at similar spatial scales.
If it is to be argued that concentrating on providing support to largest urban centres is one of the main methods of stimulating the socio-economic development of Eastern Poland, it would seem necessary to first check, if since 1989, in the conditions of market economy, their so far observed development did indeed have an effect on their hinterland. Using the example of Rzeszów, the capital of Podkarpackie region, the authors delimit the strength, character and directions of impact of a capital of a semi-peripheral region. Basing their reasoning on the research of the range of the daily urban system, a zone of strongest influence and metropolitan effects of Rzeszów was delimited. Next, the dynamics of change in the level of life and the level of development of municipalities in the zone as compared to other areas of the Podkarapackie region were measured. Though as demonstrated by research results, within the area of strong spatial influence of Rzeszów positive spread effects dominate, metropolitan functions in the city’s hinterland are weakly developed.
In 1975 rural areas in the Opolskie Voivodship were inhabited by approx. 559 thous. citizens, i.e. 13.9% more than in 2014. Decrease of population is unequally distributed. Nineteen communes lost more than 20% of their inhabitants and in six among them the decrease exceeded 30% ( up to 36.2%). Only five communes experienced a slight increase of population. According to the demographic prognosis, in 2050 rural areas are expected to be inhabited by approx. 385 thous. people –19.6 % less than now. These changes are going to be a continuation of the already consolidated depopulation processes, which have started about 40 years ago. Such condition distinguishes the Opolskie Voivodship and predestines it to becoming an experimental ground for demographic transformation research and forming of conclusions to counteract the inevitable impact of depopulation. The regional strategy Special Demographic Zone Programme – ‘Opolskie for a family’ does not take into consideration the problem of village vanishing, although the existence of such process is implied by the scale of population decrease. The village vanishing process, depicted by the Wilków village case study, corresponds with the model of a negative development spiral, formulated in Austria by G. Weber in 2006. This process after occurrence of an triggering factor, e.g. lack of jobs, manifests itself as a sequence of multiple negative feedbacks. The author distinguishes phases of this sequence indicating factors, e.g. financial transfers from job emigration and EU structural funds, which have slowed down the process in the Opolskie Voivodship. Between 2002 and 2012 inhabitants number decrease took place in 3/4 of villages. In 244 villages it exceeded 1% per year. In 1/3 of villages between 2008 and 2013 no flat was built. These numbers depict to what extent villages in the region are endangered by vanishing. In the final parts of this article perspectives of further rural transformations in the region were discussed and a counteract strategy was outlined.
In a context of highly heterogeneous development prospects for rural areas in the German Federal Republic, maintaining public services and infrastructure in peripheral locations is facing major challenges. Since the 1990s, a number of nationwide and publicly-funded pilot schemes have experimented with innovative approaches for the long-term transformation of the way public services and infrastructure are provided in the countryside. Nevertheless, the continuity of these approaches often turns out to be problematic. This paper analyses a series of pilot schemes as instruments for territorial development and presents new findings at multiple levels for enhancing their performance.
In a society, cities are the centers of human interactions, creativity, knowledge, diversity, culture, commerce and economic creativity. Owing to the importance of innovation, knowledge acquisition, and the increased recognition by the government in Iran, many cities have developed strategies and implemented programs to improve their ‘innovative milieus’ and to attract ‘creative people’ in creative industries in order to aid the restructuring and growth of their economy. This paper is a case study serving as a contribution to the current research in the field of small cities, with a focus on the city of Meybod, Yazd. The research examines the factors affecting the attraction and retention of creative people and creative businesses in Meybod, based on the data collected from the Statistical Center of Iran, the management and planning organization of Yazd province, government reports, and key informant interviews. The findings reveal that the attraction of creative people and creative businesses is a complex process. Affordability and livability turned out as the primary drivers of attraction, supported by specific qualities of community and place. Small regional cities exhibit unique inherent characteristics that can attract creative people. It is a key task for governments to leverage such characteristics in their policy making
In addition to direct negative effects in terms of morbidity and mortality, the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 also has indirect negative effects that concerned, among others, the labour market. This study analysed changes in the unemployment rate that were observed at the level of Polish Local Administrative Units (LAU) during the ten months of the pandemic. Both annual and monthly data were applied. Using cross-sectional and panel econometric modelling with spatial interactions it was shown that the observed increase in unemployment was strongly influenced by the share of employment in services, especially in less knowledge-intensive services such as: trade, accommodation and gastronomy. Moreover, it turns out that a higher share of women working in services was associated with a higher increase in unemployment than in the case of men working in services. Significant positive spatial relationships between local labour markets in LAUs were also identified. It was also shown that both the timing and severity of containment measures were significant. The strongest effect of the lockdown was observed three months after its introduction, while after six months the effect was significantly smaller. The study's findings may be important for post-pandemic recovery plans.
In an era of dynamic maritime spatial planning movement development, this paper offers insight into the relationship between Latvia’s national Maritime Spatial Plan 2030 and the European Green Deal. The paper analyses what this might signify concerning the implementation and subsequent assessment of the plan by exploring the role of the maritime spatial plan in Latvia’s planning system. Beginning with a brief history of how the national plan came to be, the paper then describes and evaluates the position of the maritime spatial plan within Latvia’s planning framework before examining the connection between the maritime spatial plan and the Green Deal, identifying contact points. This paper offers a starting framework for studying how closely maritime spatial planning is related to and capable of supporting ─ or at the very least taking into account ─ the goals of the Green Deal. The conclusion is that implementation of maritime spatial planning is rooted in the state planning system, the interconnection among policy documents, and the specifics of the maritime spatial plan itself.
In Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, many protected areas are situated in the borderlands. Borders (e.g. between states), boundaries (of protected areas), and frontiers (e.g. an eco-frontier) are produced by humans and underline control and ownership of land (territory). These borderlines overlap with each another – can be visible or not, and function as barriers to the flows and economic activity of human beings, with their juridical consequences. In this paper the focus has been placed on the role of that borders play in the construction of space, especially in relation to attractive natural areas in the borderlands of Poland, whether or not they are protected. Additionally the author proposes and tries to illustrate the role of the ‘periodisation’ of nature protection in the borderlands and the relationship between them.
In considering the process by which flash floods form, core information concerns the parameters of an area’s surface drainage system. That system is composed of elements of natural origin (rivers and valleys), as well as those of an anthropogenic nature (roads, ditches and rills), which together operate as a single drainage system at times of heavy rainfall. In line with this understanding, the work underpinning this article has focused on: 1) a characterisation of different types of DTM in the context of their application to detailed surface drainage system generation in small Carpathian catchments, 2) methodological aspects of DTM modification allowing elements of anthropogenic origin, such as roads, ditches and rills to be included within the surface drainage system, 3) a characterisation of the differences between the river system operating year-round and the surface drainage system functioning at times of heavy rainfall. The results reveal that the most popular DTMs, such as the SRTM, ASTER, TBD and SMOK, do not allow detailed surface drainage systems (including anthropogenic origin elements such as roads, ditches, etc.) to be generated. Such a goal may be achieved by analysis of a DTM generated on the basis of LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data. However, such a DTM includes certain “obstacles” (bridges, culverts, etc.) that modify real concentrated flow paths. A methodology for LIDAR-type DTM modification was therefore proposed, with this including: 1) selection and digitisation (as line-type vector data) of the said “obstacles” (on the basis of field data and analyses of aerial photographs), 2) characterisation of the vectors (“obstacles”) by reference to the four attributes of buffer, incision, channel and resolution) – Fig. 2, and 3) modification of the DTM through burning of the “obstacles” using the attributes mentioned above. Such an approach allows for the generation of a surface drainage system similar to that observed in the terrain. The surface drainage system in question was generated using the D8 algorithm, with the threshold values required for first-order stream generation being calculated on the basis of field studies following on from a rainfall event (26/27-06-2009). The methodology proposed in this study seems to be correct. The surface drainage system generated on the basis of the DTM in the Zalasówka catchment was composed of elements of anthropogenic and natural origin, and was comparable with the system operating at the time of the rainfall event examined. The results for the period of heavy rainfall revealed a surface drainage system 9 times more developed (at 13.7 km·km–2) than the river system (1.5 km·km–2). There were significant changes in the stream pattern reflected in the Horton and Schumm ratios. There was also increases in the maximum stream order, the bifurcation ratio RB, the length ratio RL and the area ratio RA; as well as a decrease in the mean length and mean area of the first-order stream.
In line with the classification after Brice (1975), the system of the contemporary Vistula channel may be identified as a complex anabranched (anastomosing) river system, consisting of the main channel of the braided river type with bars and islands, as well as meandering side channels separated by holms. In turn, following the views of Smith and Smith (1980), this system is in a transition phase from a braided to an anastomosing river system. The phase of transformation to an anastomosing one in the central and lower Vistula braided system could have started at the beginning of the Holocene and continued uninterrupted through to the present day (Starkel, 2001). Currently, the Vistula fluvial system changes in the vicinity of the dam on the Włocławek reservoir and is under the strong influence of the anthropogenic impact the functioning of the dam is able to exert. To analyze the effects of this transformation, we have studied changes in channel structure using a method proposed by Brice and Blodgett (1978), as modified by Szmańda and Luc (2010). Analyzing aerial photographs, we have measured the widths of channels (w), as well as the lengths (L) and widths of bars (w’) and inter-channel forms in the bottom of the valley (islands fixed by vegetation and inter-channel areas called holms). Dimensionless parameters of forms were also calculated: L/w – for length, w’/w – for width, and L/w’ for shape. Aerial photographs from the area of the two holms located in the Vistula valley – i.e. the Bógpomóż Holm (below the Reservoir) and the Wykowska Holm (above it) were our research material. These photos come in both cases from two periods, before and after the construction of the dam in Włocławek. The survey allowed the following conclusions to be drawn: (1) In the research period, the average width of the river channels below the dam has increased slightly, while above the barrier there has been a slight decrease. (2) By numbers of given forms, islands fixed by vegetation are found to be in the majority, whereas holms were more frequent in the floodplain inter-channel area. Irrespective of the type of form, most were elongated. (3) Both above and below the Reservoir, there has been a decrease in the number of (channel and valley) forms. The number of bars in the Vistula channel has decreased. The area of the inter-channel islands colonised by vegetation has increased through evolution in the direction of inter-channel and floodplain areas. As a result of the disappearance of the side arms, inter-channel areas have been absorbed by floodplains. (4) These processes have resulted in the slow preservation of the fixed multiple-channel fluvial system. We suggest calling this system an “anabranching river” as opposed to the classical anastomosing river (Smith and Smith, 1980).
In line with the observation that tourism is becoming a key element of economic development in border regions, the author describes an approach to a specific form characteristic of border regions alone, i.e. cross-border tourism and its role as a factor in the development of regional and local economies. Cross-border tourism gains presentation here in relation to the mobility of tourists (with differing purposes) between neighbouring border regions of the Russian Federation and Finland, with no account taken, however, of the development and functioning of the tourist system overall. The aim has thus been to seek to substantiate the importance of the development of cross-border tourism in the socio-economic development of the Russian-Finnish borderland. In its several parts, this article focuses first on theoretical and practical developments of Russian and foreign academic thinking as regards the development of cross-border tourism. A second part then reveals (and looks for structure among) factors influencing the nature and dynamics of cross-border tourism development in the Russian-Finnish borderland. The role of these factors in the phenomenon’s development is identified. Empirical data are then used in a third part identifying features and general trends, with the stimulation of cross-border tourism considered a direction of importance in the development of border regions either side of the state border under study. Given the positive effect of cross-border trade on the development of Finnish border regions, it would seem crucial that Finnish tourists should be attracted to the Russian border area. Finally, the significance of the development of cross-border tourism in the Russian-Finnish borderland is deliberated, where the area in question is taken to encompass Murmansk Oblast, the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in Russia, as well as Finnish Lapland, Northern Ostrobothnia, Kainuu, North Karelia, South Karelia and Kymenlaakso. Median indices are calculated. The outcomes of the research are regarded as of both academic and practical significance to the development of cross-border tourism, seen academically and from the point of view of both regional and municipal authorities and representatives of the tourist industry.
In many European countries horticultural production in cities occupies a special position in their spatial policies and is financially supported by their authorities. Today, it is emphasised that urban land in agricultural use performs not only productive and economic functions, but also many more functions of great importance to a city, including ecological, health- and landscape-related, recreational, and social ones. In Poland, after the period of economic and political transformation, one can observe a dynamic expansion of urban areas and their strong pressure on farmland most valuable in productive and landscape terms. In conceptions and documents on spatial development of urbanised areas, agricultural functions tend to be marginalised or perceived as specific to rural areas. A special form of urban horticulture is gardening, including allotment gardens, which have a rich tradition and a history more than a hundred years long. The reasons for the appearance and development of allotment gardens should be sought in socio-economic changes associated with the industrialisation period. What is alarming today, is the opinion that those plots of land supposedly restrict the spatial development of urbanised areas. In addition to their numerous socio-economic functions, allotments are an important element in the implementation of the idea of sustainable development, and as such they should play a special role in the spatial policy of urban areas. The main goal of this paper is to present the development of family allotment gardens in Poland and their current number, structure and location in the Poznań agglomeration. An attempt was made to formulate recommendations for a spatial policy of the agglomeration and towards this goal data obtained from Polish Association of Allotment Holders and Central Statistical Office was analysed. In addition, field studies and survey research were conducted.
In many of Europe’s rural regions, sociodemographic changes, the transformation of the labour market, and the advent of digitalisation pose significant challenges in safeguarding services of general interest (SGI). This paper draws on a broad literature review to identify the key challenges and potential adaptation strategies in three SGIs in four European countries. Our analysis explores potentials for redesigning the accessibility of these SGIs, restructuring their human and physical assets, and improving the coordination of their delivery. We argue that in the context of a fading welfare state, there is scope for improving the local coordination of state, private, and civil society actors in delivering SGIs in rural areas.
In-migration into the EU has become an important issue in recent decades, as an important component accounting for population changes in Europe. In contrast, it was after the fall of communism that out-migration grew into a major – but also relatively new – phenomenon affecting Romania. Especially after 2002, in which year Schengen visa requirements were waived, rapid growth in circular migration was encouraged; with a further migratory wave ensuing after 2007, due to free access to the European labour market. Against that background, work detailed in this paper has sought to provide insights into specific features of the process of out-migration, as this relates to social development. Use was made of statistical data available at NUTS 2 (Development Regions) level, as provided by the National Institute of Statistics; as well as various further data and information from both the World Bank and EUROSTAT. To achieve the objective specified above, efforts have been made to select indicators shown to offer a broad and accurate picture of both out-migration (via an out-migration rate indicator) and levels of social developmental (via a Socially Disadvantaged Index). The effects of what mainly proves to be temporary out-migration are very important, as they drive temporary loss of human capital, with Romania appearing in statistics among the main sources of labour-migration flows.
In nature, division lines are delineated where multiple important environmental features change. These division lines may be singled out at the intersection of two geosystems (Balon 2000) where the functional uniformityof the geosystems located on both sides are preserved (Forman & Gordon 1986; Cadenasso et al. 2003). A significant environmental boundary is the upper forest boundary (timberline), which separates differentvegetation zones: (1) forest from non -forest (Piękoś -Mirkowa & Mirek 1996); climatic zones (2) cool from very cool (Hess 1965); geoecological zones (3) periglacial from temperate forest system (Kotarba 1996). A timberlineis a sensitive ecosystem therefore is a good indicator of changes occurring in the environment. There are, however, multiple elements which affect the timberline. This ecotone has also been widely analysed in local,regional, and even monographic studies of numerous massifs. It is necessary to present and organise the great amount of information in order to aid research on the timberline in the Carpathians.
In order to identify the competitive position of the Kujawsko-pomorskie fruit and vegetable producer groups and organizations in relation to each other and deliberately selected representatives from voivodeships leading in the process of integrating this sector, an analytical scheme proposed by J. Kay was used, allowing for quantification of the competitive advantage in terms of results. The article presents the outcome of the research, which covered all groups and producer organizations as of the end of 2014 from the Kujawsko-pomorskie Voivodeship and one integrated representative with apples in his offer, from the Mazowieckie, Wielkopolskie and Lubelskie Voivodeships. In order to obtain the financial data published in the National Court Register, Info Veriti calculated a competitive advantage meter according to J. Kay. Additionally, by means of logistic regression, the equation for the probability of obtaining a positive competitive advantage index was established. The results of the research indicate that only 38% of the surveyed organizations achieved a positive value of the measure, which proves that group activities do not guarantee achieving a competitive advantage. Logistic regression evidenced that increasing the accomplishing a positive competitive advantage index results in obtaining certificates confirming the quality and safety of products introduced to the market as well as investments increasing fixed assets. On the other hand, a decrease in the chance may result in the growing number of members.
In order to recognise the variability of the snow avalanche danger in the Tatra Mountains, the danger levels on consecutive days with snow cover over the last nine decades were calculated. To accomplish this task, the longest series of meteorological data were used from the Tatras along with an empirical method for determining the regional avalanche danger on the basis of elementary meteorological data. The results point to the fact that over the last 25 years the number of days with a level 2 avalanche danger significantly decreased, whereas the number of days with level 1 increased. This should result in a decreasing trend in the incidence of small and medium-sized natural avalanches. In the structure of snow cover, the percentage of melt forms might increase. However, this should not correlate with a significant increase in wet-snow avalanches, because the number of days with wet snow also reduces. The contemporary changes in the snow conditions and avalanche danger in the subalpine belt of the Tatras have been primarily associated with an increase in the air temperature (shorter winters and less snow).
In Poland’s Babia Góra Massif (the most elevated ridge in the Western Flysch Carpathians), and in the surrounding valleys, various kinds of economic use of natural resources have been engaged in the last 600 yearsor more. However, the most major changes in the natural environment here have taken place under the influence of grazing and forestry. Some such economic uses already represent forms of human activity that are nowhistory, their cessation being the prerequisite for a regeneration of vegetation that is now ongoing. One of the most visible effects of past grazing is a lowered timberline first and foremost coinciding with the more accessiblesouthern slope of the massif. In turn, on a small part of the steep northern slope degraded by grazing, avalanches have become active, along with debris flows of earlier times, both of which also served to fragmentforest. Protection of the Babia Góra Massif has brought the end to grazing referred to, and this has allowed for the progressive return of the timberline to its previous position. Overall, the work described here is basedon information from the literature, unpublished studies and maps dating back over the last 400 years.
In Poland, small towns constitute the largest group within the overall structure of the urban settlement network. They are distributed evenly across the country and serve numerous essential social and economic functions. These centres thus represent an important link in the system of connections between the countryside and the cities of regional and national significance. According to data for 2017, Poland had 705 such small towns (i.e. towns with less than 20,000 inhabitants). In line with the accessibility of statistical material and the timing of the study (the 2008‑2017 period), the analysis encompassed 670 small towns. The purpose of the work this paper details has been to determine the relationship between the natural increase and the net migration balance in small towns, and to assess their impact on the contemporary population ageing processes in settlement units of this type in Poland. A first phase to the study determined the aforementioned relationship, seeking to avoid the influence of incidental annual changes by averaging indicators for natural increase and net migration balance for the initial and terminal periods of analysis over periods of three consecutive years, i.e. 2008‑2009‑2010 (2008/2010) and 2015‑2016‑2017 (2015/2017). Eight demographic categories of small town were distinguished, with these featuring various directions to the increase/migration balance relationship referred to. In general terms, the first four categories (A, B, C and D) refer to units in which population increased, while the subsequent four categories (E, F, G and H) relate to towns manifesting population declines. A further step then entailed determination of the rate of population ageing in the small towns under study, using the demographic old-age indicator based on percentage-point differences between the shares of the young and old populations (Długosz, 1997). The set of towns analysed was dominated by the centres in which there was significant migratory outflow and/or natural decrease. In the period adopted as the starting point of the study (2008‑2010), the category proving dominant comprised towns whose negative net migration balances were not compensated by positive natural increase (category H). In turn, where data for the final years of the study (2015‑2017) were concerned, the highest proportion of the small towns considered were in category G, as featuring both a high level of migratory outflow and natural decrease. The share of towns representing progressive demographic cateo ies decreased over the entire period considered. The study demonstrated that both the natural and migratory processes ongoing in small towns had assumed predominantly negative directions, leading to weakened population potential, and exerting a direct impact in the form of depopulation. Furthermore, the share of towns in which ageing of the population was observed increased from 65% to more than 80% in the years 2008/2010‑2015/2017. The population-ageing process was thus taking place in almost all of Poland’s small towns, with there remaining just 10 such towns in which the age structure of the resident population was growing younger. The most major changes were those ongoing in the small towns of north-western and east-central Poland. Above all, these were centres experiencing high levels of migratory outflow. The slowest rates of ageing were in turn observed in small centres located in the southern belt of provinces. The results obtained offer confirmation of intensifying population-ageing processes in Poland’s small towns. In future, this will phenomenon s certain to exert a negative influence on the state of the economy in small towns, as well as on their social structures.
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