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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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The aim of this work is to analyse spatial diversification of the socio-demographic potential and the level of entrepreneurship in rural areas in Poland. Moreover, the author strives to determine relations between the socio-demographic potential and entrepreneurships. Research included all the counties in Poland (rural areas) – 314 counties have been studied. The socio-demographic potential was expressed by a Perkal’s index, while an entrepreneurship indicator was used in order to present the level of entrepreneurship. The analysis revealed that the present level of entrepreneurship and socio-demographic potential in the rural areas of Poland arises from the influence of multiple factors and show high spatial diversity resulting from the general social and economic development of these areas. Furthermore, the research showed that high socio-demographic potential and high level of entrepreneurship characterise spatial units located in the neighbourhood of the biggest urban centres, along the main routes and those with well-developed tourist functions.
The aim of this work was to estimate the potential of arable land to provide a regulating service – namely decomposition, following the CICES v5.1 theoretical framework and classification system. Arable land potential was estimated by characteristics of earthworms (Lumbricidae), notably the density and biomass of their populations. Arable lands accounts for about 60% of Poland, and such intensive land-use systems (and especially those involving large-scale monocultures) exert a significant impact on individual components of the environment, for example leading to a degradation of soil structure and an increase in its aeration, to mineralisation of humus, and to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. In this context, an important aspect is maintenance of resources of organic matter in soil, given that the latter not only plays a significant role in production, as a habitat and in regard to retention, but also mediates processes of carbon sequestration that have the potential to reduce the greenhouse effect. Since Charles Darwin conducted his classic studies of earthworms in the late 1800s, these species have been recognised as major actors in the processing of dead and decomposing organic matter. Earthworms improve soil bulk density, pore size, water infiltration rate, soil water content, and water-holding capacity. High earthworm densities are associated with well-drained, aerated, fertile soils. Characteristics of earthworm assemblages in terms of their biomass and density (also within ecological groups) can thus serve as valuable indicators of Ecosystem Services (ES) offered by agricultural ecosystems, given the key relationships pertaining between earthworms and critical soil processes for ES. The study areas are located in a young glacial landscape in Suwalskie Lake District in NE Poland (OM), as well as the Western Pomeranian Lake District in NW Poland (OP). The farmlands selected (of 90 and 100 ha respectively) are old structured landscapes under constant management for at least 100 years. The main site selection criterion was thus the existence of two spatially different configurations of arable land in each region – i.e. a heterogeneous one of small fields (PM) that belong to private owners; and a homogeneous one comprising large fields (PW) previously state-managed but now subject to a continuous method of cultivation. A total of 440 sampling points were analysed. Earthworms were collected under similar weather conditions in May (spring season) and in October (autumn season) over a two-year period (2007–2008). Pits 30 cm deep of cross-sectional area 0.25 m2 were dug out by hand, with specimens extracted in situ by a combination of sifting and hand-sorting and than fixed immediately in 70% ethanol. All the individuals were identified to species level, counted and weighted. Statistical calculations were made using SAS 9.2 software. To determine the significance of differences in quantitative characteristics of assemblages of earthworms, multifactorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, with the significance level set at p = 0.05. The results of the analysis in supra-regional terms show that areas of more diversified spatial structure support a significantly higher density and biomass of earthworms than do structurally-poorer areas. This means that, in this aspect, the potential for providing decomposition services (ES) is higher in the mosaic of small fields than the homogeneous area. On a regional basis, the overall density and biomass of Lumbricidae points to significant differences between OM (“the masurian area”) and OP (“the pomeranian area”). It should be emphasised that differences between miscellaneous systems of agricultural areas are much more visible in the case of the OM area. The small fields of the OM area are much smaller than the corresponding fields in OP area, and are also crossed by numerous balks and mid-field roads.
The aim of this work was to review the latest literature in terms of the use of phytosociological relevés (vegetation plots) in research on the natural environment. The systematic review included 321 articles published in 2010‑2021 in the most renowned journals (indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection with a score ≥100 according to the 2021 list of journals of the Poland’s Ministry of Education and Science). The research questions were: in which fields of science and practice, for what purposes and on what spatial scales the phytosociological relevés are currently used. After initial review, the articles were divided into 10 thematic groups: 1) classification of plant communities, 2) methodological studies, 3) relationship between vegetation and other elements of the environment, 4) occurrence of invasive plant species, 5) indicative role of vegetation, 6) plant communities as habitats for animals, 7) human footprint on vegetation, 8) long-term vegetation changes, 9) combining phytosociological methods with remote sensing methods, 10) social studies. The results showed that phytosociological relevés, as the method to investigate vegetation developed in the first decades of the 20th century, are still widely used in many regions of the world. The most numerous thematic group comprised articles that show how habitat conditions impact the distribution and diversity of plant species and their communities, while the least numerous – studies combining natural and social research. The vast majority of research was dedicated to environmental problems, although social and economic aspects were also present. These were both theoretical and methodological works, as well as detailed studies, which resulted in the formation of recommendations and practical guidelines for nature protection or spatial planning. Recently, relevés have been rarely used solely to distinguish and characterise plant communities, as originally intended by those who invented this method. However, thanks to modern statistical and computer tools, more and more attempts are being made to create automatic classifications with the use of artificial intelligence, e.g. neural networks. The geographic scope was usually restricted to one country (local and regional – 241 articles) or to two or more bordering countries (47). Continental (19) and global (7) studies are less common and studies within Europe prevail. It is because the discussed method was developed and is best known in Europe (Franco-Swiss Phytosociological School), and its dissemination throughout the world is only an evidence of its universality and efficiency. The recent larger-scale studies became possible mainly due to the development of transnational vegetation databases, e.g. the widely utilised European Vegetation Database – EVA.
The aims of this research were to identify the key processes that have occurred in the past that have caused changes in the physiognomy of archaeological landscape and to indicate possible future processes, along with their landscape implications. The study was based on cartographic and literature studies, and field visits. It covered an analysis of the land cover, the history of archaeological research, the establishment of forms of legal protection and tourist infrastructure development. The past changes are visualised for each site in the form of a block graph. Possible future scenarios with landscape implications are presented on a tree diagram. <br>
The aims of this study were to review human-environment interactions during the Meghalayan and to search for the stratigraphic boundary of a new epoch, informally termed the Anthropocene, as well as to determine whether the stratigraphic signals of human activity on the Meghalaya Plateau in Northeast India can be correlated globally. This plateau is the base of the Meghalayan Age that was determined from a speleothem in a cave located on it. Review indicates that study region developed on the periphery of ancient Indian civilisation, with stratigraphic signals of human activity being apparent in only the last few thousand years; that is, substantially later than the neighbouring ancient Indian civilisation. The stratigraphic signals are heterogeneous and diachronous, not only as a result of various human activities, but also in the effect of the diverse sensitivities of the environment to anthropogenic disturbances. A discrete and visible cultural layer that relates to the development of settlements and the production of new materials is still being formed and reworked. The only synchronous stratigraphic signal with a global range seems to be associated with the artificial radionuclide fallout from nuclear weapons testing, which covers a topsoil layer of up to tens of centimetres thick.
Air pollution with particulate matter is a serious problem in Europe, especially in Poland. Despite the fact that the issue of particulate air pollution concerns both big agglomerations and smaller towns, and even villages, due to the population density and chemical composition of the particulate matter, the actions to limit the concentration are focused on big cities. In this study the data for 30 Polish cities and urban agglomerations from 2000-2016 was analyzed to show the temporal and spatial variability of the pollutants level and to prepare the prediction until 2020. The analysis showed that although for most cities a decreasing trend was observed, there are a few cities that will not achieve the assumed level in 2020. Another fact is that for some cities that currently meet the average annual standards, the limits in 2020 are expected to be exceeded.
Airborne Laser Scanning (Light Detection and Ranging – LiDAR) have proven to be a helpful tool in the analysis of mass movements. Even though LiDAR has been used in the environmental sciences recently, studies using these methods in the analysis of landslides are numerous. The aim of the study was to determine the ability to identify landslides in the commune scale based on spatial data from airborne laser scanning within the framework of “Information System of the National Guards against extraordinary threats” (ISOK). The assumption of the applied method was to determine the landslides areas, without fieldwork mapping, based only on data obtained from point clouds and afterwards to verify gathered results. Two researchers, lacking knowledge concerning study area, prepared the Digital Elevation Model from the point clouds and based on these data recognized the landslides as well as hazardous areas. The second part of the research team who previously made a detailed terrain landslides mapping in the study area had the task of verifying the outcomes of the first stage. Subsequently, combined analysis of mistakes made be the first part of research team was carried out and the capabilities and limitations of the method was established. Comparison of materials obtained from diverse data sources permit to perform two-way verification of conducted research. Mistakes coming from either vague parts of point cloud’ DEM or terrain landslide mapping in forested areas were recognized.
Although ground mechanised skidding is an economically efficient method of timber extraction, it brings several negative consequences to the natural environment. According to the literature, out of all the different forest operations, it is timber extraction (skidding) and the associated presence of forest roads and skid trails that contribute most to soil compaction, increased erosion, surface runoff and flash floods (see Affek 2019 for review). The objective of our study was thus to assess the size of environmental impacts of logging in the eastern part of the Polish Carpathians with more accuracy and a broader scope than has been achieved before (the results of the first phase of this work being published in Forest Ecology and Management; Affek et al., 2017). To this end, we took twice as large a sample of forest divisions and calculated the density of forest roads and its links to topography. We also estimated the range of any potential edge effect caused by forest roads, and supplemented our analysis with a description of the methods and intensity of timber harvesting in the study area. Within the 15 Forest Districts analysed (comprising 2639 km2 of forested area), we randomly selected 120 Forest divisions (covering 48 km2 in total) for analysis. We used the national LiDAR dataset of countrywide coverage (point density of 4 per m2) to detect forest roads and skid trails. The total length, mean density, mean and maximum inclination, and mean coverage of forest roads were calculated, while the potential combined edge effect of these was also determined. These data were linked with official forest spatial data regarding forest management practices, forest types, age of stands and planned cuts, as well as relevant policy documents, reports and scientific literature. We demonstrated that the mean density of forest roads in the 120 forest divisions selected is 12.48 km/km², including paved and unpaved roads and skid trails. The estimated density for the eastern part of the Polish Carpathians is in the range 11.43-13.53 km/km² (with 95% probability). The obtained confidence interval was lower by 35% when set against the one derived from the analysis of 60 Forest Districts. The length of the entire road network was an estimated 30166-35706 km, equating to some 4.6-5.4% of the forest area being covered by roads. Maximum road inclination in the sampled forest divisions ranges from 9 to 38°, while about 8% of forest roads lead through slopes of more than 20°. Ground skidding by means of skidders, forwarders and agricultural tractors adapted for logging is the most common method of timber extraction in the Polish Carpathians. The total volume of the harvest in the analysed 15 Forest Districts in 2016 was of a planned 1,230,153 m3, equating to an average harvest of 4.62 m3/ha. The most common types of treatment for the current 10-year periods are: late and early thinning (38.5% of the area), gradual thinning improved (35.6%) and early and late cleaning (7%). We concluded that the LiDAR-assessed density of Carpathian logging roads (including skid trails) is among the highest reported in the literature, which translates into disturbed soil structure over approx. 5% of the entire area analysed. The density of forest roads is not related to slope steepness, but the same density of roads in steep terrain obviously has a far greater impact on erosion and sediment transport than is the case in more gentle terrain. The selective harvesting method used today in the Carpathians requires frequent entry of heavy equipment (skidders, forwarders or tractors) into large forest areas, hence skidding now appears to be a bottleneck for sustainable forest management in the Carpathians. One of the possible solutions leading to a more sustainable management of forest resources in the mountains is thus the replacement of ground skidding with environment-friendly cable cars.
Although Poland and Israel seem to be very far apart and different in size, history, and culture, there are a lot of similarities when it comes to the history of their international boundaries, the way the boundaries were created, those who established their boundaries, the aim of the location of the boundary lines, and the processes in which the boundaries were developed. Both countries were created by the international community (League of Nations and the United Nations) as nation states; both had large areas in the past but less land area in modern times. Both have two periods of boundary allocations in the modern era: after the first and the second World Wars. Both had been attacked after independence and enlarged their area by fighting the attackers. There are also some non-similarities between their boundaries. The major difference being that Poland’s boundaries have remained stable since 1951 and almost nobody has asked for changes. Israel, on the other hand, still does not have permanent stable acceptance of boundaries by its inhabitants
Although the Baltic states, comprising Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, situated on the historical boundary of Northern, Central and Eastern Europe, are very similar from the viewpoint of regional identity and development as well as history and geographical characteristics, they exhibit regional disparities. This analysis focuses on monitoring a statistical set of ten selected representative economic and social indicators at the level of the NUTS 3 regions using deviations from the median and cluster method. Based on the analysis, the regions were categorized into groups that have shown the major disparities and differences between the capitals’ regions and the rest of the countries.
Although the ecosystem services concept is very popular in recent years, its use in spatial planning is limited. The aim of this paper is to describe current problems of ecosystem services application in the spatialplanning process. There are two aspects of research; the first is associated with the definitions and classifications of ecosystem services while the second is related to the use of the concept in supporting the decision-makingprocesses in spatial planning. The first part of the paper discusses the definition and existing classifications system of ecosystem services and its usefulness for spatial planning. The second part is of more legal natureand is related to the spatial planning procedure. Proposals how to fit the ecosystem services concept into the planning process are presented in this part.
Although the first numerical dating of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic sites in Poland was applied at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, it has only been in the last two decades that a data increase has been recorded, making it possible to discuss both the development of human behaviour and cultural phenomena in time perspective. This paper aims to show the chronological diversity of sites dating from the beginning of the Weichselian glaciation (MIS 5a – MIS 5d, GI-19 – GI-23, Greenland Interstadials) to the middle part of MIS 3 (GI-8 – GI-10). We considered sites dated mainly by thermoluminescence dating (OSL) and radiocarbon dating. We relied on a series of recent datings. We attempted to analyse the stratigraphic integrity, the archaeological finds and the numerical dating results. Through OSL dating, we could establish the chronology of Micoquian sites, previously regarded as middle Pleistocene, to the last glaciation. The dating compilation also shows that the Late Middle Palaeolithic and Early Upper Palaeolithic (EUP) sites are unlikely to overlap, or if they do, it is only over a small period. Unfortunately, this period is poorly interpreted because it spans the limit of the radiocarbon dating reliability and goes beyond the bounds of the calibration curve. Confronting the datings of the Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician (LRJ) complex and the oldest finds associated with Aurigniacian sites in Poland lead to the conclusion that these sites may have co-occurred for some time. <br>
Although there is no ‘proper’ macro-regional strategy of the European Union for the Western Mediterranean, different works have, for decades, pointed out various factors of macro-regional coherence of this area, including many organisations and schemes of cooperation. After presenting the conceptual framework used to address the theme, we characterise the case and indicate the state of macro-regional cooperation in the area. Then we discuss the variables that contribute to this cooperation, and those that limit it. This case study sheds light on how macro-regionalisation, by combining a trans-meso scale and a post-complex rationale, induces a renewal of spatial references and planning policies in the European Union. It opens perspectives for the future programming period of territorial cooperation.
An alternative to the use of rain gauges as sources of precipitation data is provided by laser disdrometers, which inter alia allow for high-temporal-resolution measurement of the reflectivity (Z) and intensity (R) of precipitation. In the study detailed here, an OTT Parsivel1 laser disdrometer located at the Meteorological Station of Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) generated the 95,459 Z-R data pairs recorded across 1-min time intervals that were subject to further study. Included values for the reflectivity and instantaneous intensity of precipitation were found to be in the respective ranges of -9.998‑67.898 dBZ and 0.004‑153.519 mm h−1 (given that values for precipitation intensity below 0.004 mm h−1 were excluded from further consideration). The material obtained covered the months from April to October in the years 2012‑2014 and 2019‑2020 (30 months in total), which were selected for the study due to the completeness of data. The measured reflectivity and intensity data for precipitation were used to establish the relationship pertaining between the two (by reference to descriptive parameters a and b), with such results considered to contribute to the improved calibration of meteorological radars, and hence to more-accurate radar-based estimates of amounts of precipitation. The Z-R relationship as determined for all measurement data offered a first step in the research process, whose core objective was nevertheless to determine separate Z-R relationships for datasets on rain, rain with snow (sleet), and snow (given that precipitation in the form of hail did not occur during the surveyed measurement periods). That said, it is important to note that only a few Polish studies have in any way involved disdrometer-based measurement of precipitation reflectivity and intensity, as well as the relationships between these aspects. In the event, the Z-R relationships obtained for the measurement sets were characterised by high values for coefficients of correlation (in the range 0.96‑0.97) and determination, as well as low values for the root mean-square error (ranging from 0.29 to 0.34). Statistics point to a good fit of the Z-R relationships (regression lines) to the specified datasets. Values noted for parameter a (the multiplier in the power-type Z-R relationship) were seen to differ significantly in relation to rain, rain with snow, and snow, being of 285.56, 76.07 and 914.74 respectively. In contrast, values noted for parameter b (the exponent) varied only across the narrow range of 1.47‑1.62. The obtained research results for parameter a indicate the need to consider Z-R relationships matched to specific types of precipitation in the data processing procedure of radar data. This could increase the accuracy of estimating precipitation amounts using radars belonging to the nationwide POLRAD system. The relationships Z = 285.56R1.47 for rainfall (as the dataset’s dominant type of precipitation), as well as Z = 293.76R1.46 for all data, proved highly similar to the classic relationship obtained for convective rainfall by Hunter (1996), as given by Z = 300R1.4. On the other hand, the values of the a parameter in the Z-R relationships fond for the two datasets proved to be much larger than those in the model developed by Marshall and Palmer (1948), which took the form Z = 200R1,6 and has been the relationship used in Poland as radar images are created.
An analysis of hydrographic maps at the scale 1:50 000 offered a basis for the inventorying of crenological features in the basin of the Odra (Oder). A total of 393 map sheets were produced to cover the whole area, with 159 of these including the studied features. The data obtained originate from fieldwork or mapping carried out in the years 1998–2005. In total, some 2611 objects were recorded, most of these being perennial springs (1309), followed by seaps (568), marshes (336), perennial springs fitted with intakes (129), groups of springs (111), ephemeral springs (87), mineral springs (66) and observed springs (5). On the basis of the outputs of individual objects the total discharge has been estimated at 1.645 cubic meters per second, or one comparable with the mean annual discharge of such rivers as the Lutynia, Mogilnica and Ołobok. Moreover, two maps have been compiled: to present the number of crenological features on respective sheets, and to illustrate the summed output on these sheets. From the poin of view of the number of features a clear difference between mountain areas and lowlands can be discerned, though this is smaller when output is taken account of. The most prolific springs reach outputs of c. 50 l per second, while only around a dozen exceed 20. The sum for the 10 most major springs accounts for as much as 23% of the total output calculated for all the studied crenological features. It should be noted that as many as 76% of all features are of very low output, i.e. less than 0.5 liters per second. The inventory of springs generated would seem to be of value, since it makes it possible to record future changes in the number and output of crenological objects over a large area.
An eco-physiographic study is a basic study describing the natural environment conditions for spatial planning purposes. Based on a comprehensive examination of the natural environment, the study indicates areas predisposed to performing specific socio-economic and ecological functions. The study provides information indispensable for the preparation of the draft provincial spatial development plan, spatial development conditions and directions study and local master plan. The objective of this article is to evaluate eco-physiographic studies prepared for nine rural districts in south-eastern Poland. Detailed research focused on the analysis of the content and quality of environmental data as well as the correct presentation and formulation of assessments, forecasts and recommendations in these documents. From the formal perspective, these eco-physiographic studies are complete and consistent with the legal requirements. They contain a full description of the natural environment components. It was found, however, that some amendments and additions are required with regard to the insufficient identification of a) challenges to the development and use of the environment, b) assessment of the resistance of the environment to degradation, c) obstacles to development, and d) actual and potential conflicts.
An important element in the local shaping of a low-carbon economy, as well as one of the key areas of activity in communal plans for its development should be rural areas and their related agricultural activities. This is due on the one hand to the significant share of agriculture in total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Poland (on average about 8%, locally as much as 20-50%), and on the other hand to the high potential of rural areas to use their resources to increase carbon sequestration in biomass and soil, reduce GHG emissions, as well as use agricultural activity for the development of renewable energy. The paper, based on the results of mathematical modelling of GHG emission from agricultural sources in all Polish communes, attempts to regionalize the needs of integrating agriculture and rural areas into the development of low-carbon economy at the local level. For this purpose, the guiding factors for regionalisation of the needs for mitigation actions were determined, and a regionalisation of these needs as well as a typology of the distinguished regions were, consequently, developed. The regions with the most urgent needs for mitigation actions were indicated, as well as the directions of mitigation actions for particular types of regions.
An important source of risk in agricultural production is the variability to crop yields reflecting irregularly changing weather. This variability may be described as a stochastic process that has a function of density. Analyses of historical data on crop yields reveal that the function of density changed from right-skewed to left-skewed, along with increasing mean yields. All examined yields of crops cultivated recently in Poland demonstrate the left skew, which does not diminish with the aggregation of acreage. A fairly good approximation of the probability distribution for actual yields may be obtained using the log-normal distribution with an inverted abscissa.
An introductory text discusses the Just Transition Fund’s core assumptions and origin, in the process revealing stages to the evolution of the approach taken – in the direction of ‘green economy’ assumptions. Activities financed within the framework of the Fund are identified, in respect of the restructuring of Poland’s mining regions. Examples of fields of intervention are then discussed by reference to the Terytorialny Plan Sprawiedliwej Transformacji Województwa Śląskiego 2030, i.e. the 2030 Territorial Plan for the Just Transition of Poland’s Śląskie Voivodeship, in Silesia. A particularly important aspect here is the timetable for closures of mines and conventional power plants. The material also presents selected data on the significance of mining and the extractive industries in both their social and economic dimensions. Particular attention is here paid to the labour-market consequences of the Just Transition. The references are to levels of pay in the sector referred to, as well as the wealth characterising the relevant Polish gminas (areas of local-governmental administration) – as an alternative way of looking at the entire process. The article also points to a large number of research aspects linking up with transitioning in the economy and requiring further study and analysis. Overall, the work points to the challenges that regions subject to restructuring are going to be faced with. <br>
The analysis concerned the variability of daily precipitation totals observed during the second half of the 20th century at five stations in Poland. The elements examined were number of days with precipitation exceeding given thresholds, lengths of wet and dry spells and precipitation amounts in a single spell. There is an upward trend for the number of spells and days with precipitation, and a downward trend for mean precipitation during a given spell. Changes in peak precipitation are not uniform, there being negative trends at some stations and positive ones at others. However the lack of a trend for precipitation totals combines with the climatic warming now to be observed to imply risk of a water deficit.
The analysis in this paper revolves around sites associated with conflict, memory and memorialisation, as it seeks to evaluate ruined cityscapes, and hence non-functional buildings or parts thereof that almost by definition ought to be unwelcome in most cities, given the premium put there on production and traffic density and efficiency. But ruins do serve functions in a city, giving material shape to urban memories, thus conveying a social and political message, sometimes with great impact. This paper resorts to the adjective “traumatic” as it refers to ruins arising out of catastrophic events such as bombings, and thus differing markedly from counterparts developing as a slow process of degradation continues. The latter ruins are valued for their age, the former for their historicity. In most cases, pain experienced has combined with a will to rebuild to prompt stakeholders to cancel or liquidate traces of the disaster occurring, with preservation of ruins mostly only taking place where local authorities take conscious, and often much-disputed decisions (Sauvageot, 1995). Such difficult decisions have at times been explained in terms of the political benefit accruing where continued staging in regard to catastrophes is possible, but also in relation to a will to see ruins preserved as a kind of preventative tool.” Traumatic ruins” may indeed represent real urban scars reminding a local population steadily and/ or repeatedly of disaster. On the other hand, memorabilia of this kind are sometimes presented as if they were “medals of merit on a community’s chest” (Sauvageot, 1995), and they can also be considered a necessary step in the direction of risk consciousness and the constituting of a risk culture. In other words, the preservation of the traumatic mark a disaster or catastrophe has left can be a tool giving effect to urban resilience, since an urban system integrates the trauma involved, rather than cancelling it, with the open purpose of risk being mitigated (Jackson, 2005). This specific process can be called a proactive form of resilience (Vale and Campanella, 2005). However, such an instrument of risk management entails major urban-planning issues. Should ruins be preserved as traces of history and as tools by which remembrance and risk prevention can be achieved, or should the trauma experienced be erased, with urban functionality also restored? And if a massive ruined element is to be retained in urban space, how is that to be integrated? Ultimately, many municipalities in a whole host of countries have decided to preserve the ruins left after tragic events have ensued. This has entailed the setting of specific standards as regards restoration and management, with various aesthetic and technical choices made, and criteria as regards access and presentation applied. In any case, it is argued that the preservation of ruins may come down to the political exploitation of a disaster, with all that that may denote.
The analysis is aimed at assessing the value and structure of EU structural investments in terms of their compliance with specific needs of economic stagnation areas in Poland, whereas these needs result from shaping and enhancing the development factors of the areas. The subject of analysis are economic stagnation areas delimited with k-smooth cluster analysis based upon values of meta-synthetic Z-score index measured within the period of 2000–2010 in set of NTS 4 units. First step of the research procedure rests upon identifying the development factors of economic stagnation areas in both holistic and partial approaches to socio-economic development. The second step of procedure aims to determine the value and structure of EU investments in both their total allocations and by allocation corresponding to the relevant aspect of socio-economic development. The analysis foreseen in this step of procedure is carried out on set of NTS 4 units within the eligible period of financing i.e. 2004–2010. The final step of procedure encompasses the analysis of correspondence between the value and structure of EU investments and development factors as identified for economic stagnation areas. The obtained results of the study allow for drawing recommendations on targeting the investments of development policy in local level economic stagnation areas, in order to efficiently shape and enhance their development factors. The results presented here come from one of the stages of a research conducted under the project Socio-economic development and the formation of areas of economic growth and stagnation, funded by the National Science Centre (N N306 791940), performed by the authors of this study
Analysis of high resolution remote sensing images, included in the object-oriented approach, involved classifying the image objects according to class descriptions organised in an appropriate knowledge base. This technique is created by means of inheritance mechanisms, concepts, and methods of fuzzy logic and semantic modeling. The process of the object oriented classification mainly involved two sections: multiresolution segmentation and image classification. Multiresolution segmentation is a new procedure for image object extraction. It allows the segmentation of an image into a network of homogeneous image regions at any chosen resolution. These image object primitives represent image information in an abstract form, serving as building blocks and information carries for subsequent classification. A study was taken up to perform object oriented fuzzy classification using high resolution satellite data (Cartosat-1 fused with IRS-1C, LISS IV data) for automatic building extraction in the study area covering the administrative area of BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited) colony, Haridwar, Uttrakhand (India). The study area was located at 29°56’55.51”N to 29°56’11.49”N latitude and 78°05’42.45”E to 78°07’00.09”E longitude. Two approaches were used: applying different spatial filters, and object orientation. The merged image is filtered using different high pass filters, such as: Kirsch, Laplace, Prewitt, Sobel, and Canny filtered images. The overall accuracy of the classified image was 0.93, and Kappa accuracy was 0.89. The produced accuracy for buildings, vegetation, and shadows were 0.9545, 1.0, and 0.8888, respectively, whereas user accuracy for buildings vegetation, and shadows were 1.0, 0.9375, and 1.0, respectively. Overall classification accuracy was based on TTA mask (training and test area mask) and it was 0.97. Kappa accuracy was 0.95.
The analysis of the influence, exerted by the road projects on traffic intensity, was performed for the period 2000–2010 on the basis of data on the intensity of traffic of passenger cars and heavy good vehicles over the network of out-of-town national and provincial roads. An abrupt increase of the number of cars and the initiation of the intensive infrastructural undertakings contributed to an essential increase in the intensity of road traffic in Poland. Opening of a motorway or of an expressway entails a shift of a part of traffic, especially of a part of the transit traffic, from the parallel national roads over to the newly constructed road segments. A motorway has, in comparison with the parallel national road, an important competitive time-wise edge, but the situation gets complicated when a motorway fee is introduced. Local factors also exert a significant influence on the changes in traffic intensity.
The analysis of the Scopus bibliographic database indicates a doubling of the frequency of use of the term land degradation in scientific articles from 302 to 658 times between 2010 and 2018. Most often it was used in publications in the fields of environmental, agricultural, biological, social and earth sciences, respectively. The growing interest in land degradation reflects expected population growth and the consequent increasing pressure on the natural environment on a global scale, with it at the same time being difficult to predict the effects of extreme events due to climate change. The purpose of the article is to review the definition of land degradation from the point of view of various scientific disciplines, and to draw attention to the methods of identification and assessment of land degradation, as well as research perspectives. The review of definitions indicates that land degradation is a complex concept lacking a single identifying feature. It describes how natural resources (soil, water, vegetation, rocks, air and topography) are depleted or experience a lowering in quality. Although a precise definition of the concept of degradation is not possible, due to the existence of many factors responsible for it, land degradation is by definition not merely an environmental problem, but also a social once. The diverse range of land degradation concepts results in difficulties with the development of methodology and the supply of comparable information. The choice of identification method and degradation assessment, next to the purpose of the study, depends on the latter’s spatial scale. At detailed scales, over areas of up to approx. 100 km2 (e.g. a small catchment), expert knowledge is most often used in conjunction with field survey and the analysis of cartographic and remote-sensing data. In the assessment of land degradation on a medium scale (that of a region or country), a desertification and land-use analysis developed for the Mediterranean region – MEDALUS (Mediterranean Desertification and Land Use) is often used. It takes into account the values of several physical variables, including climate characteristics, soil features, vegetation and anthropogenic factors, including land use with the forms of environmental protection. MEDALUS is a stable degradation assessment procedure, verified in many European countries, including Central Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, as well as China’s subtropical zone. Only four approaches have so far been used to assess degradation on a global scale. All studies were based on proxy data in the form of degradation indicators derived from expert studies at various scales, satellite observations, biophysical models and the inventorying of abandoned farmland. The presented definitions, research methods and results of studies on degradation indicate that there are still serious deficiencies with the identification of degradation factors and the study of their interactions, especially at regional and national levels. The gathering together of many local expert studies into unified databases should facilitate transition to analysis at the level of large physico-geographical regions and countries. In this context, the possibility of an assessment of land degradation being combined with one relating to the provisioning of ecosystem services would seem particularly interesting.
Antarctica is commonly perceived to be a continent, and so must first and foremost have a clearly defined area and borders, if it is to be called a land. The area of each such land is determined by its borders. The question of the border between land and sea has everywhere raised certain doubts, but nowhere are these as severe as in the case of the Antarctic. Being entirely covered with ice creeping down to the ocean, Antarctica has a boundary that takes the form of an ice barrier along 95% of its length, with the ice in question entering the sea to a greater or lesser extent. There is thus no unified position as to where the borders of Antarctica should be taken to lie. Rather three different positions maintain that: 1. the border is the limit of the Antarctic ice sheet bedrock protruding above the water surface – and hence an entity particularly hard to determine given the aforementioned high level of coverage by a continental glacier; 2. the boundary of the Antarctic continent can be defined as a “grounding line”, i.e. a line where the creeping ice sheet as a whole rests on the sea-bed, and is thus in no part supported by water, i.e. floating. 3. the boundary of the continent is a land border together with the ice-barrier of glaciers ending in the sea, in particular ice shelves (the Antarctic continent is also sometimes taken to include so called “fast ice”, i.e. long-term sea ice frozen to the land or ice shelves and thus remaining at a standstill). Depending on criterion for the border that is adopted, Antarctica’s area can be seen to change markedly (in comparison with other continents). The size is usually calculated at between 13.5 and 14x106km2. However, this is not the end of the problems with defining borders and area in the case of Antarctica. As a continent may be deemed a continuous (in Latin continuus) land, hence the name of continent, it forms part of the lithosphere. However, ice joins other forms of water in being classified as part of the hydrosphere, and this precludes it being recognised as a component of the lithosphere. Antarctica is therefore believed commonly to be called a continent in a manner that has no regard to glaciation. In recent years, an image of the Antarctic bedrock called Bedmap 2 has been prepared on the basis of georadar research. This shows that 5.5x106 km2 of Antarctic bedrock, or 44.7% of the entire area, is located below sea level. This means that only about half of the surface of the continent in the traditional sense can actually be recognised as land, or rather an archipelago similar to the one located in the Canadian Arctic. In nevertheless remains common for ice to be treated as a mineral and as rock in geology. On this basis, its return to the lithosphere has long been postulated, while the lack of such a change in reality has tended to cause considerable disruption in science, to the extent that even an unambiguous determination of whether Antarctica is a continent is not permitted. The concept of the ice-lithosphere is not unknown to science, given that it is commonly present on other celestial bodies of the Solar System. There is no requirement that analogies relating to knowledge in the Earth sciences should be one-way only, with the effect that the analogy based on the principle of uniformitarianism can and should be reversed: it is not the Earth, as something exceptional in space, that should be the point of reference in the understanding of the cosmos, but rather the other planets that should serve as such a reference as the Earth is explored.
The application of LISEM for water erosion intensity evaluation is very wide. This model can be successfully used by hydrologists, geomorphologists and soil scientists. The simulations results concern not only erosion, but also eroded material deposition. For this reason it is possible to track changes in soil cover and morphometry of the studied area during and after rainfall. This assessment can be used in reconstructions, which takes into account wider intervals and also to forecast future changes. LISEM is created to simulate complex processes induced by rainfall from the moment they start till runoff/rainwater sinks in the studied catchment. Water supply in the form of torrential rain is analyzed for its subsequent movement along the slope. For simulation characteristics of soil properties, rainfall, type of land use and land cover, catchment morphometry was used. This complex information allows to generate the most accurate results of soil erosion and deposition.
The article addresses a noteworthy gap in the consideration of philosophical dimensions within the methodological discourse of geography. Specifically, the domain of tourism geography, as a “young” sub-discipline, requires a more profound analysis of its subject matter, particularly the empirical field. Consequently, the primary objective of this study is to explore ontological and epistemic questions concerning the nature of the empirical field in tourism geography and the status of knowledge generated within it. Employing an analytic philosophy approach and leveraging J. Searle’s new-realist social ontology, the investigation seeks to shed light on the vital interplay between philosophy and geography. By illuminating the unexplored philosophical aspects, this research contributes to the broader understanding of geographical methodologies, making it an essential step toward advancing the theoretical field of tourism geography. <br>
The article addresses the issue of Ukrainian war refugees in Poland. The authors aim to reconstruct the role that various places play in the everyday life of refugees in Poland and the differences between recognized places. In this way, the authors try to answer the question about the meaning of place in life as refugee persons during the first weeks and the following months of their stay in host country. The research used a mixed method approach: general questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews. The particular findings of the study are related to the observations that: a) the spaces/places in the first days and weeks of war refugees' stay in the host country are completely generic, b) during their stay in the following months, refugees look for places to redefine their situation. The main conclusion of the research is that places have a very great, perhaps underestimated, importance during the stay of war refugees in the host country. <br>
The article aims to analyse the influence on socio-economic development of contemporary socio-economic changes, or – using terminology after John Naisbitt (1982) – main megatrends, primarily from the point of view of the situation and changes characterising the EU’s Member States. The specifics of these processes in the capitalist countries of Western Europe and in the former countries of so-called “people’s democracy” in East-Central Europe are the key element of this discussion. In the context of the spatial patterns identified, discussion centres around trends of: (1) transformation, (2) economic integration, (3) globalisation, and (4) postmodernisation. The first part presents a synthetic characterisation of megatrends distinguished, including as regards specific definitions and reasons for them to arise. The second, most important part of the work addresses the impacts of megatrends on socio-economic development and the specific nature of the process ongoing with the two spatial European patterns. The analysis conducted supports the contention that the megatrends described have played a key role in the shaping contemporary processes of socio-economic development. However, it is difficult to analyse the separate influences of each, given the way they interact in one bundle (external in relation to endogenous processes), permeating one another, and ensuring an influence exerted that is diversified both temporally and spatially. It is not easy to state that any specific social or economic changes result solely from one or other of the processes discussed. Thus, the influence of these megatrends should be perceived synergically. More or less intensive processes of transformation are strengthened by economic integration and globalisation and give rise to a diversified range of postmodernisation changes. This perception is needed even more, as many researchers often consider these processes in a slightly different configuration (Dicken, 2015). The influence of megatrends on socio-economic processes also requires that the issue of socio-economic development factors be looked into once again. Answering a question as to if and in what way their importance and scope changes becomes a significant research challenge. At the same time, the discussion on changes in socio-economic development factors as regards the influence of megatrends should involve specifics of the given area that are consequences of its powerful, historically-formed features, to a large extent connected with a certain development path taken by Western or East-Central Europe. The presented outcomes confirm the aptness of the adopted place-based paradigm as a basis for optimising cohesion-policy measures. Popularisation of an approach making full use of the influence of megatrends on changes in socio-economic development factors requires the devolution of powers and finances. It will provide for the flexible adjustment of intervention to match objectively-recognised resources and development abilities, in line with evidence-based policy (Churski et al., 2017; Churski, 2018a).
The article aims to analyse the renovation of housing estates in postsocialist cities. Two cities with different share of housing estates and public support system, Vilnius and Budapest are in the focus of the analysis. The renovation of housing estates is a new process in both of them; it started only in the 2000s and its outcome is far from spectacular. The most important and most common type of renovation activities is the insulation of blocks of flats because it significantly decreases the utility costs. The article investigates whether and how the social and physical characteristics of housing estates influence their renovation. The size, age, type, spatial location all have some impact on the renovation level. The authors point out that the necessity of renovation and its costs depend on the physical characteristics of the buildings but the opportunity for renovation derives from the ability to finance it. Consequently, the social status of the inhabitants and the availability of state support are of crucial importance. The findings of the analysis indicate that different combinations of state support and social status result in very different renovation activities in the two cities.
The article aims to characterise the impact of socio-economic geography and spatial management on the environment in 2017–2021. So far, this issue has not been the subject of research concerning the entities constituting this science discipline administratively separated in 2018. The analysis is based on a systematised set of detailed information regarding practical activities that have been created to evaluate the quality of the scientific activity. The method of secondary qualitative analysis, including a comparative truth table, was used. The results confirmed the important role of the discipline in promoting the social and economic environment, particularly regarding the programming of interventions about elements of territorial capital and enhancing the praxeological quality of territorially oriented policies. The dominance of the cultural, diagnostic and decision-making functions corresponded to the main advantages of applied economic geography and spatial management – the territorial sensitivity and the ability to integrate knowledge and coordinate the processes of its creation and flows. At the application level, the entities demonstrated a very wide scope and high intensity of cooperation with other disciplines, which also seems to predict well for integrating the new discipline.
The article aims to characterise the phenomenon, determine the degree, and analyse the dynamics and directions of change in the level of asymmetry of economic development of cross-border areas in the European Union (EU) based on GDP per capita (PPP). It also aims to propose a typology of cross-border areas in the EU considering the above criteria. The obtained results show that despite a relatively evident reduction of the level of asymmetry of economic development in many cases in the period 1990-2015, and particularly after 2004, many cross-border areas show significant disparities in the economic sphere. Moreover, the dynamics of the observed transformations remain spatially differentiated.
The article aims to identify memorable gastronomic experiences reported online and verify their relationships with the type of cuisine served and restaurant location. This study used text mining, LDA, Pearson’s chi-squared test and sentiment analysis. All 48,378 English reviews posted by TripAdvisor users concerning 155 restaurants in Krakow were scraped. Eight features that characterise MGEs were identified (service/staff, atmosphere, cuisine/food (taste), drinks, local specialities, location/setting, price & value and table booking). There are statistically significant differences in the frequency of the topic experiences depending on the location of restaurants in the city. <br>
The article aims to identify social dimension in the process of electing the leaders of agricultural producer groups. The study provides the characteristics of the leaders of 26 groups operating in the area of Krotoszyn district. The study has been based on documentary method consisting in an analysis of the data bases and official registers concerning the producers’ groups, and on the survey method. The leaders of producer groups are mainly persons with good knowledge of conditions of the agricultural activities on a given area and with above-average entrepreneurial spirit. Depicting the character of a “good” leader may be used to determine the target groups of educational activities for training of the managing personnel of existing and future producer groups.
The article analyses patriotic activities of one of the most outstanding Polish geographers of XX century – Eugeniusz Romer. His geopolitical concepts, together with main publications and cartographic works concerning Polish cause, were discussed. His works were conceived during the period of Galicja autonomy and during the I World War. His crown achievement regarding Polish cause and bringing Poland back to the political map of Europe was his particiaption as an expert in peace conferences in Paris and Riga.
The article attempts to analyze a new approach to rural development, in which one of the most important objectives is the improvement of residents’ life quality. The implementation of this concept concentrated around local communities, which should be considered as conscious development entity. Regarding such approach, the notion of sustainable development clearly outlines basic principles and provides a definition of life quality, as well as resolves the issues of improvement, considering both the objective and subjective aspects. The most important conclusions from the above considerations regarding the practical application of CLLD in rural areas have been included through the results of this analysis.
The article attempts to assess whether rural areas have a chance to participate in the benefits resulting from considering them as revitalization beneficiaries in accordance with the Revitalization Act of 9 October 2015. The research area covered the Dolnośląskie Voivodship, which due to advanced procedure of enacting revitalization programs is characterized by the highest number of positively evaluated documents, thus being a favorable commencement for detailed analysis of this issue. The article comprises results of conducted research encompassing 75 revitalization programs as well as comparison of the records contained therein (structure of projects and beneficiaries) with the extent of commune degradation, developed by the means of a synthetic index.
The article attempts to compile individual EU funds aimed at the development of rural areas in Kujawsko-Pomorskie province in the first full financial perspective (2007–2013). The analysis included all of the EU funds allocated to 127 rural and rural-urban communes of the region under operational programmes: Infrastructure and Environment, Innovative Economy, Human Capital, Regional Operational Programme and the Rural Development Programme, together with the Operational Programme Fisheries. There were defined external conditions for the absorption of EU funds as a set of phenomena and processes affecting their spatial diversity. Taken into account the conditions of natural, ecological, historical and determined by the level of socio-economic development.
The article attempts to present dilemmas related to shaping metropolitan policy in Canada, and then relate them to problems occurring in Poland. It is a part of the debate on seeking the right governance configurations and discourses in response to the communities’ needs. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the scales of governance and socio-spatial relations in the Toronto metropolitan area. The article has been divided into four main parts. Part one outlines the theoretical framework and the context of the conducted analyses. Part two describes the structures and processes of regional and metropolitan governance in Southern Ontario, with the earlier reference to the institutional conditions and directions of reforms characteristic of the whole of Canada. Part three of the study concerns the governance arrangements that may constitute important reference points for the scientific and political discourse taking place in Poland. Part four is an attempt to capture the similarities and universal premises that have a decisive influence on the processes of forming metropolitan structures and policies, both in Canada and in Poland. The assumption was made that, despite different historical and socio-cultural conditions, comparing Canadian and Polish experiences is justified, necessary and possible. Firstly, due to the reason that socio-spatial relations in various territorial systems are subject to the same development processes and the accompanying processes of transformation and adaptation. Secondly, residents (members of local, metropolitan, regional, national and supranational communities) have similar needs and expect a high quality of life. Decision-makers and actors of political scenes in different geographical spaces have (or may have) the same technologies, ways of information processing, access to knowledge and knowledge of socio-economic processes. They also face challenges related to the inclusion of citizens in decision-making processes. The analysis of metropolitan processes in both countries emphasizes the differences resulting from various historical and economic contexts of development and also makes it possible to identify universal mechanisms and regularities independent of these contexts. The practice of metropolitan policy proves that the process of re-territorialization of power structures and governance is shaped as a resultant of the impact of forces and interests at all levels of territorial authorities: central, regional and local. Based on the analysis of the processes of the formation of metropolitan structures in Canada and Poland, it can be stated that the rank and position of regional authorities play a key role in it. In Canada, strong regional authorities initiate actions for the shaping of metropolitan structures and formulate the scope of their competence and organization. The importance of central authorities for the dynamics of metropolitan processes is secondary in this case. The weakness of regional authorities in Poland leads to the inability to give metropolitan processes the dynamics of development and the legislative rank adequate for the role played by urban regions in the socio-economic development of the country. As evidenced by the example of Toronto, the evolution of the governance system in practice initiates the process of self-learning the system which goes from one to another phase of development, improving the quality of its operation. In Poland, however, the process of creation of governance structures adequate for realistically existing functional metropolitan areas has been stopped, notably, due to the unfavourable political decisions at the central level.
The article briefly characterises the Quaternary, defines the criteria for its identification within the stratigraphic table and discusses the principles of its internal division. International and national organisations that bring together Quaternary researchers are presented from a historical perspective. The importance of research related to the Quaternary is indicated, especially in terms of determining climate–environment interactions and taking into account increasing human impact. The second part of the article presents a brief description of the scientific issues raised in a post-conference collection of articles. <br>
The article concerns the area of urban and rural commune of Rzgów, which neighbours Łódź in the south. The main aim of the research is the application of the “function of the place” conception and its empirical particularisation in the analyses of a specific multipurpose rural area located within the suburban area of a large city. The function of the place conception constitutes a platform of integration between the functional, morphological and humanistic approaches at the level of individual settlement. The category of place, interpreted from the viewpoint of people’s needs, and not only the economic and spatial dimensions of localisation seems to be in this case of key importance. This conception does not only aim at ordering and determining the research procedure, but also plays a heuristic role, i.e. it supports discovering facts and connections between them, which in turn leads to formulating explanations and new hypotheses. Ordering of the research procedure with reference to the commune’s area under analysis requires identification of three main aspects (dimensions) of place’s function: its form, exploitation and social meaning. The research has been conducted from three spatial perspectives: local (the area of commune), meso-regional (the agglomeration of Łódź) and macro-regional (Poland). The author has paid particular attention to the local scale – the commune of Rzgów within its administrative boarders. The conclusions reached, refer to the research subject itself (Poland), yet they are also theoretical in character. A commune is a dynamic place and due to ongoing processes can be divided into subareas (rural and urbanised rural). Two groups of functions – allochtonic and autochtonic – play a decisive role is these transformations. The former has had an influence on the establishment of urban (the town of Rzgów) and urbanised rural places. The latter, on the other hand, decides upon formation of multipurpose places with strong rural attributes.
The article concerns the issue of disparity in the level of meeting the housing needs in the rural areas of Poland. This may be regarded as a basic determinant of households’ standard of living. The goal of conducted research was an attempt to identify the level of diversification in housing status, as well as subjective assessment of life quality in rural areas and comparing these with selected unbiased characteristics of material conditions of examined entities. The number of people per 1 room in a flat, average number of square meters per capita in a flat or living in a separate dwelling were assumed as representative indicators of a household’s housing status. Selected characteristics of housing quality were also examined. A comparative analysis of the relationship between the self-assessment of housing situation, its objective characteristics and selected characteristics of households included in particular socio-economic groups was carried out. The analysis has proven a strong correlation between satisfying the households’ needs and the level of income. It is also worth to emphasise the significant impact of the reference group (the socio-economic group of households was adopted) on the self-assessment of housing status. Statistical analysis methods were implemented. The study employed data derived from the panel survey on household budget in Poland in 2016 conducted by the Central Statistical Office.
The article concerns the issue of renewal and revitalization of rural areas, from the viewpoint of a multifaceted discourse on changes taking place in the Polish rural areas. The concept of renewal and revitalization of rural areas acquired a new dimension after Poland’s accession to the EU in 2004, when the influx of the UE funds radically altered the functioning of rural areas. The nature of the transformation took place at the touch of the individual cultural characteristics, its customs or local history, and new paradigms based on the European Union’s guidelines for shaping the space, functioning of the society and the rural environment. The article is therefore an attempt to answer the question concerning the impact of EU funds on the renewal and revitalization of rural areas in the program perspective 2007–2013, taking as an example the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodship. In the analysis, a special emphasis was placed on the so-called “problem areas” that potentially require higher investment. The data obtained from the Marshal’s Office of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodship were used in the study. These data concerned the implementation of the Rural Development Program 2007–2013, which envisages, among others, funds for the renewal and revitalization of rural areas.
The article concerns the issue of the increasing development level of rural areas, which determines division into regions of dynamic growth and competing areas. Mitigating development might be achieved through adequate use of endogenous potential inherent in particular territorial units. This paper undertakes the issue of shaping sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas based on endogenous conditions as well as appropriate targeting of the EU funds to strengthen actions leading to the optimal use of resources. For a comprehensive assessment of funds impact for socio-economic development economic indicators and synthetic indexes were taken into consideration. These were calculated for the socio-economic (endogenous) development in rural areas (by region) and the level of absorption for the measures implemented by the 16 Regional Operational Programmes. Such procedure allowed to specify the relations and interdependencies that occur between these two levels. Results of the analysis were referred to the concept of neo-endogenous development.
The article deals with co-production issues in public services in the context of rural development. In the first part, a theoretical analysis of the theoretical aspects of co-production of public services, including the definitions and characteristics and the assumptions necessary to achieve potential success in its implementation, was analyzed. The second part discusses the possible uses of co-production of public services in rural areas and outlines the potential benefits of its implementation, both in the economic and social spheres.
The article deals with the spatial pattern of the supply network of the automotive industry according to the time-accessibility to four car assembly plants in Slovakia. Empirical results are anchored in the spatial concept of integrated periphery and theoretical framework of the nested structure. We obtained the data after a personal meeting with the General Secretary of the Association of the Automotive Industry in Slovakia. The database contains a list of 313 suppliers of different levels. We assume that with increasing distance from automobile assembly plants and decreasing level of the supply network, the geographical concentration of the supply network will become lower. Our results confirm the assumption that tier-1 suppliers are located closer to assembly plants with higher geographical concentration compared to bottom suppliers‘ levels. On the other hand, these spatial patterns change when we consider a regional production system of the automotive industry that reaches beyond the national territory scale (e.g., KIA) or a launch of a new car assembly plant (JLR) arriving into a developed environment with an existing network of suppliers. <br>
The article described the activities and the effects of successive editorial offices of Geographia Polonica from its foundation in 1964 to the present. The topics of the contents of the periodical were analyzed and information compiled on the structure and the qualitative characteristics of the published materials, including an analysis of the geographic origins of the authors. Information regarding the editors and the editorial bodies were collected and the editorial-publishing changes were analyzed. Finally, the challenges to be faced by the editorial office in the coming years, connected with the periodical’s profile and its influence, were identified.
The article describes changes in the frequency and activity of cyclones moving from the Mediterranean Sea basin to the area of Central and Eastern Europe in the period 1958-2008. Furthermore, long-term trends in the amount of precipitation in Poland are analyzed, as well as the moisture content in the atmosphere over Poland related to the activity of Mediterranean cyclones. A relationship was observed between the amount of precipitation, the precipitable water in the atmosphere over Poland and the cyclone trajectories. In the analyzed period, the number of Mediterranean cyclones reaching Central and Eastern Europe decreased. Moreover, signs of decreasing activity of these cyclones were also noted. The average moisture content in the atmosphere over Poland also showed a downward trend. The precipitation totals associated with the activity of Mediterranean cyclones became lower, while the intensity of precipitation did not change significantly. Mediterranean cyclones are associated with high moisture content in the atmosphere. This surplus amounts to an average of nearly 15%, and in periods with the highest precipitation it reaches ca. 40%. The maximum daily precipitation reaches nearly 8 times the value of the current moisture content in the atmosphere.
The article discusses avalanche occurrence in the Slovenian Alps (SE Alps) in the context of climate change. It analyses the relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation and maximum snow depth over the last two centuries, and the relationships between maximum snow depth and avalanches over the last three decades. We argue that higher temperatures lead to precipitation in the form of rain at higher elevations even in winter, so that major wet avalanches occur already in winter rather than in early spring, as was more common in the past. A case study of extreme avalanches in January 2021 is presented to support the hypothesis.
The article discusses the issue of presentation concerning rural areas and agriculture in geography textbooks in two countries – Poland and England, which differ in both main assumptions of the geographical education, as well as works devoted to the problem of rural areas on scientific grounds. What is shared by the two countries is the fact that both in Poland and England, geography as a school subject is compulsory only for four years at the 3rd level of education. Only during this short period students learn about the nature of the discipline and the subject of its research. Textbooks analyzed in the article were regarded as areas of presentation of the geographical environment, which – in accordance to the concept of H. Lefebvre (1974, 1991) – like other media indirectly shape certain presentation of space. Comparison of textbooks' content related to agriculture and rural geography in Poland and England confirmed imperfections of Polish geographical education, which does not fully exploit potential of the discipline. Moreover, applied manners of presentation do not follow achievements of geography at the scientific level.
The article discusses the problem of communication between local authorities and residents in the rural municipality, including communication tools being implemented and creating opportunities for dialogue with citizens. The research is based on the case study of rural municipality of Zgierz in the Łódzkie Voivodeship in Poland and the analysis of existing data concerning various forms of communication between representatives of local government and local community. It has been distinguished between information policy, which comprises a one-sided communication, aimed at transmitting information “from top to bottom” and communication policy aimed at exchanging information between local authorities and members of local community, in which both parties are senders and receivers. Among the communication instruments being used, forms based on direct and indirect communication, including media communication have been identified. As the results of the study show, despite of implementing various and modern forms of communication with citizens, local government authorities focus on informing citizens on actions taken by them and promoting their policies, but are less interested in obtaining feedback information concerning needs, problems and expectations. The residents themselves also relatively rarely take advantage of available forms of communication with representatives of authorities and thus exert marginal impact upon local policies.
The article draws attention to the importance of gainful employment of students. The pandemic has largely limited such opportunities. Study objective: Determination of the scope in which students recognise limitation, its consequences for their plans regarding continuation of university education, life priorities and health self-assessment. The online survey involved the participation of a total of 380 students from Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus. Results: Demonstrated loss of employment, worsening of material situation, declared changes in plans of continuation of university education. Moreover, the respondents assessed their state of health as worse due to the occurrence or intensification of psychosomatic symptoms.
The article elaborates on the current state, development and utilization of former mining areas of the Wałbrzych Basin. Moreover, the paper presents the changes in the spoil tips and sedimentation basins landscape undergoing in between 1996 and 2016, as well as in facilities, which used to consitute a part of sustainable mining estate. In 1996 the areas of former mines were taken over by the authorities of Wałbrzych and Boguszów-Gorce. As that time, 181.5 ha of spoil tips and sedimentation basins were reclaimed and 164.5 ha of heaps still needed reclamation. Until 2016, 129.9 ha of grounds were reclaimed, which constituted 90% of the total area of spoil tips and sedimentation basins located in the Wałbrzych Basin. As yet, 34.6 ha of storage areas have not been reclaimed; they constitute mainly of sedimentation basins – places of yielding of coal sludge. Spoil tips were reclaimed into forests and their steep slopes were turned into turf and shrub lands. The above actions aimed at changing the spoil tips into natural terrain elevations and improving the aesthetics of the Wałbrzych landscape. The location and shape of the majority of spoil tips do not refer to the local relief. The forms differ in their shapes and size when compared to surrounding elevations and are not related to them, as a result, they constitute dissonant elements of the landscape. As yet, only two spoil tips were turned into areas of recreation, education and sport. The remaining spoil tips are planned to be adopted for tourist and recreation purposes and used a source of mineral waste for the building sector, road building and maintenance and reclamation of post-mining areas. Coal sludge excavated from sedimentation basins is utilized for fuel production and the areas of its excavation are places of sizeable excavation pits. The recovery process of the above waste is planned to be continued for the following 4 to 5 years. Then, the excavations will be turned into places of storage of building waste. After reclamation and land development, the areas will have recreation and tourist functions. As of this day, the majority of post-mining facilities has been dismantled or torn down. Their areas are mainly undeveloped and constitute post-industrial wasteland. Such land is marginally adapted to serving new functions and is not attractive to potential investors. Facilities in good technical condition were passed on to the authorities of Wałbrzych and Boguszów Gorce, as well as sold to various companies and private individuals. Currently, they serve various functions, such as: industrial, service, administrative, residential, tourist and educational. The majority of facilities acquired from mines changed their functions and use. Among the best-developed post-mining areas in Wałbrzych are “Julia” shaft, which houses a mining museum “Old Mine Science and Art Centre”, and “Teresa” shaft, which was adapted into service (car showroom and service) and residential purposes, while in Boguszów-Gorce shafts “Witold” and “Klara”, which serve tourist, educational, recreational, sport, service and residential functions. The development and use of former mining facilities in the Wałbrzych Basin is similar to that of other post-mining areas in the Western Europe, nevertheless, the standard and degree of their development is far from the Western European standards. Some of the former mining facilities are kept in good technical condition by their owners, which suggests that they will continue to serve similar functions as at present.
The article examined the possibility of using General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) to identify deviations of public transport in morning hour traffic. Deviations in the functioning of public transport spanned in a radius of 30 minutes public transport travel time from the center of the city. The adopted travel time to the center is taken from a comprehensive traffic study performed in the city where indicated value of 27 minutes (comprehensive traffic study ...) is used as the average travel time of public transport. Diagnosis of deviations in the operation of public transport was taken on a weekday between 6:30 and 8:30 am at 5 min intervals. The results of calculations of time availability were made every 5 minutes and applied to each other and trimmed among themselves. Hence the contour line was established within isochrone of 30 minutes, with the identification of areas with 100% certainty of public transport access to the center of the city and areas of lesser public transport accessibility. The resultant isolines were measured against the population living in census districts, on the basis of which the areas of certain as well as uncertain 30 minute travel time to the center of the city were determined.
The Article focuses on the first period of political and socio-economic transformation in Poland (1989-2004) and describes the change in capital ownership links during the transition from a centrally planned to a free market economy. It constitutes an important research issue in the context of understanding the economic transformation in East-Central Europe, in particular the mechanisms of flow of foreign capital into certain areas in space. The processes have brought about a new organization of linkages between these realms, especially between large metropolitan areas. The spatial pattern of capital ownership links of large enterprises in Poland (1242 firms) is analyzed against the hierarchical structure of the national urban system. It is shown that in the process of inflow of foreign investments, the city of Warsaw has assumed a nodal position in the network of transnational and inward capital linkages, Spatial inter-firm ownership relations, as documented in the study are discussed and generalized in the form of a two-layer core-periphery model. The empirical results demonstrate how the foreign investments have contributed to the metropolization phenomena by fostering the position of the capital city as well as of other large urban centres.
The article highlights the importance of medieval churches with embedded millstones as geocultural objects with a great geotouristic and educational potential. In the lowland areas of Northeastern Poland, 79 millstones and their semi-finished products were inventoried. Their sizes ranged from 70 to 100 cm in diameter. The majority of them were made of erratic boulders, mainly granitoids of Fennoscandian origin. Additionally, gneisses, sandstones, pegmatites, and basaltoid were also identified. An attempt was made to determine the degree of weathering of the millstones over several hundred years of exposure to external conditions. Measurements of moisture content and salinity of the walls surrounding 10 millstones embedded in the walls of 8 churches were taken three times (in spring, summer, and winter). Lower wall moisture was observed in the vicinity of the millstones, but only in the case of three walls, the salinity of the mortar binding the bricks and stones was at a low level. A weak but statistically significant negative correlation was found between the age of the churches and the hardness of the millstones measured with a Schmidt hammer. <br>
The article includes a summary of basic information about the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) calculation by the numerical weather prediction (NWP) model ALADIN of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI). Examples of operational outputs for weather forecasters in the CHMI are shown in the first part of this work. The second part includes results of a comparison of computed UTCI values by ALADIN for selected place with UTCI values computed from real measured meteorological data from the same place.
The article includes an analysis of spatial and temporal possibilities of commuting to work by collective transport during the morning rush hours in Szczecin. This article focuses on transport accessibility by collective transport in Szczecin measured with the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) format for exchanging public transportation schedule and geographic information. A public transport model includes journey sources who are people of working age and destinations which are different workplaces in Szczecin. The main objective of the article to determine places of the highest accessibility by collective transport within 1-minute period of time. The accessibility analysis for jobs and companies is made in Szczecin, as Szczecin’s public transport operator has published the GTFS format as the first in Poland. In addition, Szczecin has a very specific urban layout, separated by a river and connected by one (main communication artery) and the other smaller bridge for crossings between Lewobrzeżem and Prawobrzeżem. The analysis is to show the exact hour during which the largest number of citizens has the possibility to commute to the highest possible workplaces. The result shall depict interdependence between various components (space usage, time, individual), transport accessibility and a choice of a place having the best possible accessibility during the morning rush hours (Geurs & Ritseman van Eck 2001). The results are to be presented with the use of the cumulative accessibility and graphs.1.
The article investigates changes in the land use of plots sold by the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury in the agglomeration of Poznań. The data which has served as a basis for the research encompasses transactions from the years 2000–2009. Detailed research concerns the history, use and functional changes of plots sold by the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury in the Rokietnica municipality to the north-west of Poznań as the transactions of this kind were the most intense and involved soils of the highest quality. Basing on the numbers of plots undergoing transactions, the analysis of subsequent geodesic divisions, land use changes and content of spatial planning document was undertaken. The research was carried out on the basis of the information obtained from the Agricultural Property Agency and District Centre of Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation in Poznań. The undertaken analysis confirmed that agricultural land within the agglomeration of Poznań was subjected to considerable investment pressure. The actions performed on the plots sold by the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury in the Rokietnica commune in order to take them out of agricultural use consisted mainly in land subdivision of large plots, covering many hectares. The area of newly established plots usually amounted to 3000 sq. m. This was caused by the fact that when there is no Local Spatial Management Plan for a given area dividing land into parcels exceeding 0,30 ha does not entail administrative decision approving the change. In other words nothing stands in the way of the process of agricultural land parceling. The observed divisions were in fact actions preparing the grounds to change their function. The witnessed practice of separating the best quality soils of class II proves that exclusion of land from agricultural use was the ultimate goal of the land subdivision. As it is particularly difficult to change the function of these high quality soils they were separated from land of lower valuation. While dividing very large parcels which included grounds of various quality the best soils were left as one piece whereas the remaining land was divided into parcels slightly bigger than 3000 sq. m, with the prospect of future construction on it.
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