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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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Daily accessibility as one of the measures of transport accessibility is an indicator that can be used, i.a. as relations between a given area’s transport system and spatial planning are analysed. The indicator provides a broad field for assessing the effectiveness of the transport system and spatial planning operating at a given time, while simultaneously indicating directions by which these may be improved. The main aim of the work detailed here was to assess whether and to what extent the current road system, as well as the layout of railway lines and connections, creates positive conditions for the development of the network configuration of Polish metropolises. In terms of application, the aim is to assess the level of implementation of the polycentric metropolitan network referred to in the KPZK 2030 document (i.e. Poland’s National Spatial Planning Concept through to the year 2030). The paper thus presents an attempt to determine the potential for mutual functional and spatial connections to be established or reinforced within Poland’s system of voivodeship cities. That estimation of potential was based on analysis of daily (i.e. within-the-day) accessibility among the cities in question. The measurement of daily accessibility was based on the time of individual (car) travel or that involving rail transport. The analysis further included three variants for travel within the space of a given day (i.e. with 4, 6 or 8 hours available at the destination). This allowed for the development of a synthetic index of daily accessibility by which to characterise selected voivodship cities, which might then be classified in terms of their potential for establishing functional and spatial interrelatedness. The results of the research conducted offer a broad insight into the potential for selected voivodship cities to benefit from participation in the inter-agglomeration network. Moreover, thanks to our research, it was possible to identify peripheral areas (in which development potential was relatively lower) – which therefore require the kind of additional activation and compensatory action foreseen by KPZK 2030. Such actions should certainly relate to improved transport accessibility among the system’s largest centres.
Dam reservoir construction is one of the most important factors shaping river-valley morphology in the Anthropocene. While a large number (>58,000) of these constructions are in operation all over the world, we remain quite ignorant of what happens upstream of them (in so called backwater zone), especially for the case of gravel-bed rivers. Existing studies have shown that adjustments of the gravel-bed river in the backwater zone differ between the initial and long-term adjustments. The initial adjustments (occurring ≈ <20 years following dam construction) are controlled by large floods and in-channel deposition which trigger bi-directional bar↔bank interactions (bank erosion causing bar growth and vice versa) resulting in channel-widening. The long-term adjustments (≈ >20 years following dam construction) are characterized by river sinuosity increa sing and channel planform stabilization resulted from deposition of fine sediment and associated vegetation expansion. The long-term adjustments are controlled by the initial river morphology, which creates accommodation space for the deposition of fine sediment and for the associated expansion of vegetation on channel bars. The multi-thread river in backwater zone is significantly narrowed, its sinuosity increase (phase 1) and the planform is stabilized (phase 2). Whereas, in the case of initially single-thread river only planform stabilization occur (phase 2). This article summarizes recent findings on the backwater effects on gravel-bed channel morphodynamics, suggesting that backwater zones may be treated as hot-spots of human-induced changes in river geomorphology and biogeomorphology.
Declining importance of agriculture has been accompanied by development of non-agricultural activities in rural areas. Concurrently, there has been an increasing interest in the issues of transforming functional and spatial structure of the village. Functions of rural settlement units are primarily identified based upon analysis of changing tendencies concerning employment structure, land use and infrastructure accessibility. Significant changes have also occurred in the landscape and perception of post-agricultural space. The rural area begins to resemble a city (hub), also in terms of social and living conditions. There is a rise in the standard of living (positive effect) and a widespread of urban style of being (a negative effect). These processes are particularly intense in the villages of the suburban area, as they are being absorbed into the spatial and functional structures of the city. The aim of the research is to determine the functional and spatial differences and similarities among settlement units of the Poznań agglomeration based on the analysis of planning documents as well as spatial and cartographic data. Old villages were selected for the research – currently, self-government housing estates in Poznań (auxiliary units) and villages that are adjacent to the city border. Contemporary changes in the functions of settlement units have been identified in a diverse range and extent. However, in general spatial changes exhibit numerous similarities. The most important spatial decisions affecting the functional and spatial structure of settlement units are undertaken at the commune level. It is however necessary to coordinate these activities also at a higher level and at various scales of planning. In particular, there is a need for a an integrated approach to the management of spatial and landscape resources within strongly connected areas such as urban agglomerations.
Defining the Cyprus Green Line is a contested issue. Since the accession to the European Union of the Republic of Cyprus (RoC) in 2004, the EU has had to balance between two conflicting definitions of the Green Line. The first, set by international law and the United Nations (UN) resolutions, is that of a peace line that is only a temporary internal discontinuity within the RoC, separating both communities until a settlement is agreed. The second, championed by Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots’ pseudo-state, is that of an international border between both independent communities. The EU has had to apply both definitions at the same time, legally and pragmatically, which has heavily hindered its own peacebuilding efforts in Cyprus and reduced its actorness in Eastern Mediterranean geopolitics.
Despite the decreasing importance of farming for rural economies, diversification of farming activities is still perceived by the EU as one of the sources of new jobs in rural areas. However, as authors argue, there are more efficient ways for new job generation associated with entrepreneurial rural in-migration. Such migration movement brings new entrepreneurial skills, knowledge, and creativity to rural areas. By presenting the results of our interview survey with urban newcomers to peripheral rural areas of Czechia, we would like to draw attention to this alternative and under-researched way of rural development, especially in the Central and Eastern Europe. This article analyses the contribution of entrepreneurial in-migrants to local economies and examines new ways for better incorporation of rural entrepreneurial in-migration into rural development planning.
Despite the huge investment that has been made in attempts to control Acacia mearnsii there is little evidence to show that the spread of this species is receding. In South Africa Acacia mearnsii is regarded as one of the most problematic invasive species in wildlife conservation areas, where it is threatening ecosystem health. This paper examines the distribution of Acacia mearnsii in an area that is adjacent to the Golden Gate Highlands National Park in South Africa. The results of the study indicate that the park is under threat from invasion by the species. This paper recommends the adoption of an integrated approach in which economic, social and environmental assessments are factored into eradication programmes.
Determination of flood risk includes the element of exposure to flood damage. Proper siting of the important infrastructure of a city should take account of the factor that is danger of flooding. The case study of the City of Warsaw has been used to illustrate a new method for determining levels of exposure to flooding posed by the River Vistula. On the basis of retro-modelling, maximum possible flood discharge is a calculated Q=8250 m3s–1. In turn, from the graph of the flood potential index by Françou, the value is 9500 m3s–1. The Vistula Valley within Warsaw City is constrained by flood protective dikes and boulevards forming the so-called “Warsaw corset”. The spacing of dikes and boulevards in Warsaw is only 470-480 m, at the point some 511-514 km along the River Vistula. The maximum range of potential flooding has been estimated by merging two maps, of which one presents a preliminary estimation of the flood risk as prepared in accordance with the EU Flood Directive, while the other is a map of potential flooding elaborated on the basis of the detailed geological map of Poland. The level reached by the kind of flood only recurring every 100 years was presented in the form of contour lines covering the city’s potentially flooded area. By way of linear interpolation, a flood surface model was calculated – to a raster format of 5 m resolution. The digital terrain model of the City of Warsaw and Vistula Valley, as well as the geometry of buildings were obtained from the Geodetic Department of the City authority. Using logical operators the depth of inundation of buildings was calculated, along with inundation and the volume of inundated buildings in the scenario of potential flooding only recurring every 100 years. The maximum depth of inundation is 7.2 m. The extent of inundation of buildings is subject to a classification into: class 0 – no inundation – 0 points; class 1 – inundation depth 0 – 0.5 m – 10 points; class 2 – inundation depth 0.5 – 2.0 m – 20 points; class 3 – inundation depths of 2.0 – 4.0 m – 25 points; class 4 – inundation depth exceeding 4.0 m – 30 points. The volume of inundated buildings varies from 0 to above 90.000 m3. This range has been divided into 10 classes by reference to a percentile division. The obtained classes have been aggregated to 100 m grid data and presented in the context of the map of exposure to flood severe enough to recur only every 100 years. The method presented can be used in estimating both exposition and flood risk. The relevant data are easily available and GIS analysis represents a standard spatial data processing method. The results obtained here fall within the framework of a bigger Life_Adaptcity_pl project entitled “Preparation of a strategy of adaptation to climate change with use of city climate mapping and public participation”.
Development of rural areas can include tourism attractiveness, which also can be developed with consideration for the natural, landscape, social and economic aspects. Tourism can also be a solution for the increase of economic values and life quality of the poorest rural communes. Hence, local authorities increasingly appreciate the role of tourism in their areas as a potential means of their social and economic development. When planning tourist routes, it is very important to remember about the natural potential, together with its protection. On the other hand, the forest, water and valuable protected areas are usually the most important touristic values influencing the general index of the tourism potential. The aim of the present study was to analyse the tourist potential of rural areas before and after the proposed tourism development and establishment of protected areas in a selected commune area – Łubianka, Poland. For this purpose, the tourist, associated and environmental indices were taken into consideration. The current general index of tourism potential classified the analysed area at the lowest level in the region. The proposed tourism development and creation of a nature protection area and objects caused an increase of tourist and associated values of analysed area, improved tourism potential, and placed the commune in a better position in the region. Overall, it can be concluded, that relatively simple activities can improve the tourism potential and furthermore, as a result an improvement in the social and economic status of the local community can be noted.
Differences in the legal and administrative frameworks of the member states of the European Union (EU) have been identified as presenting major challenges to achieving territorial cohesion. The policy debate culminated in 2018 with a Commission proposal for an EU Regulation on a ‘European Cross-Border Mechanism’ (ECBM). While the proposed legal instrument is still under negotiation, this paper analyses the experiences of stakeholders in Germany’s border regions on navigating obstacles in the provision of cross-border public services. The paper concludes that while more legal certainty for crossborder cooperation would generally be welcome, stakeholders in border regions do consider local and high-level political support; financial incentives to address complex border challenges; and dedicated local and regional ‘policy entrepreneurs’ to be at least as important for realising complex joint projects.
Digital elevation models (DTM) generated using data from airborne laser scanning (ALS) systematically displace models made on the basis of aerial photographs and topographic maps. Their greatest advantage is the detail and accuracy of mapping the terrain, especially under vegetation cover. Terrain models derived from laser scanning, presenting detailed microtopographic relief in 3D are only available in Poland for few years, so the researchers dealing with forms of relief (including geomorphologists, archaeologists) are just becoming familiar with them. A new representation of reality requires new methods and interpretive skills, but it allows to solve some of the known research problems and opens the door for further questions about the nature of reality. This article aims at presenting the specifics of this kind of models and methods of data interpretation and verification. Limitations and pitfalls arising from the applied technique are also identified. Discussion will be carried out on the example of materials acquired during flight mission over deserted villages in Polish Eastern Carpathians.
Disaster mitigation is among the most important issues the world is faced with. However, good governanceat the time of mitigation needs to be combined with the presentation and analysis of scientific results withthe real aim of making future activity more effective. In this study, we have analyzed factors included amongthe non-structural measures taken against the disaster. The differences between social activites are relatedto disaster mitigation in respect of the 2011 mega-tsunami. A questionnaire survey of social activities servingevacuation and disaster prevention in the southern part of the huge area of lowland in the Abukuma riverbasin was carried out, and differences were found between local community-level risk communication systemson each coastal landform and land use changes following the Great Eastern Japanese Earthquake and tsunamiof 2011. The leadership of local community activities, presence of an evacuation system and repeated evacuationdrill, knowledge sharing for prevention, good governance, hazard mapping in the local community andadequate risk communication were all found to play useful key roles in risk reduction as regards the tsunami.
Disintegration of urban space is the opposite of its organisation; regeneration should be discussed in this context as it restores or introduces morphological attributes that meet the needs of local communities. The paper identifies the impact of regeneration upon urban space (re)integration and the role of planned demolition as a regeneration tool on the example of el Cabanyal-Canyamelar district in Valencia, Spain. Studies have demonstrated that demolition can be considered a rational component of regeneration and that not only morphological attributes of the transformed area are important for urban space regeneration but also intentions and ways of using demolition as a regeneration tool.
Due to deregulation of air traffic flying has become increasingly accessible to masses of travellers on the growing low-cost market. Yet, a significant group of passengers seems to remain on the other side – the kinetic elites whose hypermobile lifestyles are performed in privileged spaces. The aim of this paper is to critically address the binary of elite and non-elite passengering and to demonstrate the evidence of a much wider spectrum of individual aeromobile experiences. We use the case study of frequent flyers in the Czech Republic and Slovakia to present the highly diverse practices of passengers usually labelled as elites.
Due to legal and financial constraints it is impossible for everyone to can live in a prestigious location. Hence the appearance of institutional and construction development initiatives which make appeal to the fame of a particular location, while being realised either outside of this location or in a manner divergent from the tradition to date. Such initiatives bring unavoidably the transformations in the spatial organisation, very often changing the previous character of the respective localities. One of the examples of this kind of processes is a town of Magdalenka near Warsaw. It was designed in the 1930s as a “forest settlement” (a type of “garden-city”), and planned as an area consisting of single, private, diverse family houses. Even though the initial design has never been finalised, the settlement took on an attractive landscape form. Based on the initial prerequisites, every plot in the northern part of the settlement had to be of approximately 1800 m2 (a typical forest construction plot), while in the southern part – approximately 1200 m2 (houses with gardens). For the forest plots it was decided that 21% of the trees could be cut out during construction, while the buildings should not have more than two floors. These stipulations are in force to this day. Because of the specific character of this locality the first inhabitants were representatives of the Warsaw middle class, and consisted mostly of bank employees. However, after the World War II it was the communist dignitaries that took a liking for Magdalenka, and there is little doubt that this contributed to the strengthening of the conviction as to the prestigious character of the locality. The development of the fame of Magdalenka was in a special way due to the political events. This was caused by the secret talks that have been conducted here since September 1988 by the communist administration with the representatives of the opposition, grouped around Lech Wałęsa. The conviction of the exceptional character of Magdalenka had an impact on its attractiveness. Yet, not everyone can afford buying or constructing a traditional home in the locality. For this reasons, new housing estates have been appearing recently in the areas acquired from the State Forest Agency. These estates have a standardised designand are very often twin houses. This lowers the construction costs, thus, reducing the final price of the dwellings as well. Outside of the administrative boundaries of Magdalenka, where construction regulations are less restrictive, housing estates appear , mostly on the forestless areas, with an even higher density of dwellings. The developers of such estates very often take advantage of the name of the legendary neighbouring locality in their promotional materials. This leads to an unavoidable change in the character of all the localities in the neighbourhood, influencing local identity of their inhabitants as well.
Due to significant share in the total greenhouse gas emissions and sensitivity to climate change, agriculture and rural areas should be an important field of activity in the local development of a low carbon economy. The paper presents analysis and evaluation concerning scope and extent of regard for agriculture and rural areas in the strategic and specific objectives and priority directions of low carbon development of communes. The scope and extent the transposition of the objectives, according to the strategic planning rules into specific activities, deadlines, material, financial and human resources, as well as officials and bodies responsible for the implementation of specific measures and indicators for monitoring the effects of planned activities are also evaluated. The analysis included 48 selected low-carbon economy plans, drawn up in the years 2014−2016 for rural, urban-rural and urban communes (one in each of these groups in 16 voivodeships). The analysis of plans for a low carbon economy shows that they are currently of inconsiderable importance in the shaping and coordination of measures for low carbon development of rural areas and related agricultural activities. Therefore, there is a need for a broader inclusion of agricultural and rural areas in these strategic documents, with an indication of their operating and the main directions for low-carbon development of the rural areas in communes, as well as key investment demand, soft and institutional actions, funding sources and appropriately selected indicators for future needs in terms of monitoring the degree of their implementation.
Due to the fact that Poland accessed European Union in 2004 its rural areas have been supported by a broad stream of structural funds. These, through various programmes and different financial mechanisms, have gradually contributed to the modernization of rural areas. One of the most effective means of this support was LEADER, whose recognition in Poland is the largest among all EU member states. This tool, which involves activation of local communities, has proved to be an effective response to the real needs of specific people – educational needs were considered especially important. The article analysed how and to what extent LEADER mechanism supports educational processes in rural areas. All 27.5 thousand LEADER projects implemented in 2007–2013 financial perspective in Poland were analysed. Both local development strategies and cooperation projects were taken into account. In the case of the latter, the educational component, however, proved to be of marginal importance. In the framework of the implementation of local development strategies educational initiatives accounted for a quarter of all projects. They included a variety of forms, however two main groups of activities were distinguished: direct and indirect support of education. Indirect support initiatives were in majority on a country scale as well as in individual LGDs (Local Action Groups) – both in terms of number and expense. Most of them involved constructing dayrooms in the villages. Countrywide projects directly supporting education were of a relatively minor importance. Analyses of the number and value of educational projects did not show significant spatial relationships. The universality of „hard” investments, especially rural dayrooms, which involve a large amount of funds unifies spatial structure image of the projects.
Due to the socio-economic transformation, rural areas in Poland faced new difficulties and challenges. In this article, favorable and adverse factors for development of rural areas in the Lubelskie Voivodeship are presented (among others: unfavorable demographic conditions, low quality of human resources, peripheral localization, mono-functionality, location in the religious and cultural borderland). Taking into consideration all the factors mentioned above, areas with various functional specialization (functional areas) have been determined, e.g. with residential, tourism and recreation, service and agricultural functions.
During the post-war period the area of Kłodzko Land was subject to considerable depopulation processes which resulted in partial and total depopulation of outlying villages. For this reason the region is considered as problematic by many researchers, despite numerous attempts to revive it. In recent years, however, increasing variation in the trends of population change has been noticed and, besides the continually progressing depopulation, processes indicating the ‘revival’ of certain declining villages have emerged. This situation is a result of the influx of new residents, mainly from urban areas, who frequently run their own businesses and by doing so transform the functional character of particular villages.
During the post-war period the area of Kłodzko Land was subjected to considerable depopulation processes, which resulted in partial or total depopulation of peripherally located villages. A decline of non-agricultural forms of business activity, mainly tourism and industry, which developed here before 1945, was one of main causes for rural areas’ depopulation. For this reason the region is considered problematic by many researchers, despite numerous attempts of activation. However, in the recent years, diversification of tendencies in population changes and the increase of entrepreneurship in rural areas have been noticed. This, apart from continuously progressing depopulation, processes indicating ‘revival’ of certain declining villages have emerged. Such situation results from an influx of new residents, mainly from urban areas. Population inflow is contributing not only to a growth of population or transforming population structures, but also to the entrepreneurship development (mainly tourism). New residents are not only activating the local community, but frequently run own businesses, contributing to transforming the functional character of particular villages.
During the Second World War, the area of what is today the Białowieża/Belovezhskaya Forest was first controlled by the Soviet Union (in the face of its incursion into Poland in the years 1939‑1941) and then under German Occupation (in the years 1941‑1944). The management of the Forest’s resources during that period has remained one of the lesser-known aspects of this renowned site’s history, hence the justification for the present article considering the scope of exploitation and protection of the Białowieża Forest during the War, on the basis of newly-identified documentation, as well as the results of remote sensing and archaeological resources. In the process, this article is also in a position to address the cognitive potential of sources of these kinds; and there is an expounding of the usefulness of interdisciplinary research when it comes to expanding and fleshing out knowledge of the impacts WW II exerted on the Forest. In the event, our analysis reveals rather similar approaches to the protection and exploitation of the Forest under both Occupants. During the Soviet Occupation, scientists’ efforts at protection could not prevent stands from being exploited at an intensity equivalent to at least 2.5 times the annual increment of wood, even if examples of plunder-felling are left aside. With the arrival of the Germans, the Forest was granted a status as a Third Reich State Hunting District whose consequence was displacement of most inhabitants, but stands were anyway exploited at an intensity equivalent to more than 1.5 times the annual increment of wood – if most probably by way of sanitation cutting alone. A valuable result of studying documentation from the State Archives of the Russian Federation is the way this reveals the aforementioned efforts by nature-conservation institutions and scientists from the USSR to protect the Forest – in the face of intensive utilisation ordered by the authorities of the BSSR and the USSR. Associated data, especially cartographic in nature, combined with the results of remote sensing and archaeological resources to permit development of a historical or archaeological GIS (H-GIS or A-GIS), with this constituting the first spatial database of its type providing for further research into this Forest’s history. The diagnosis further helped indicate areas worthy of future cognitive exploration. Of particular relevance here are changes in the spatial structure of forest reflecting felling by both Occupants; changes in settlement structure resulting from the displacement action followed by post-War re-colonisation of destroyed villages; and identified sites of hostilities. Postulates of the kind set here proved pursuable thanks to a combined analysis of textual, cartographic, remote-sensing and archaeological materials. Of equal further value might be large-scale field survey, e.g. using geophysical methods; as this would serve to augment the inventory of traces of armed conflicts, adding detail to what the authors were able to determine from the research in the state archives of Germany, Russia and Belarus, as well as in the Polish resources of the Archives of New Records and Central Military Archives. Together, such activity has allowed and will allow for a more accurate recognition of the transformations taking place in the Białowieża/ Belovezhskaya Forest during World War II.
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