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INSTYTUT ARCHEOLOGII I ETNOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ LITERACKICH POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAWCZY LEŚNICTWA
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII DOŚWIADCZALNEJ IM. MARCELEGO NENCKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BIOLOGII SSAKÓW POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT CHEMII FIZYCZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT CHEMII ORGANICZNEJ PAN
INSTYTUT FILOZOFII I SOCJOLOGII PAN
INSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA PAN
INSTYTUT HISTORII im. TADEUSZA MANTEUFFLA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT MATEMATYCZNY PAN
INSTYTUT MEDYCYNY DOŚWIADCZALNEJ I KLINICZNEJ IM.MIROSŁAWA MOSSAKOWSKIEGO POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT PODSTAWOWYCH PROBLEMÓW TECHNIKI PAN
INSTYTUT SLAWISTYKI PAN
SIEĆ BADAWCZA ŁUKASIEWICZ - INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII MATERIAŁÓW ELEKTRONICZNYCH
MUZEUM I INSTYTUT ZOOLOGII POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
INSTYTUT BADAŃ SYSTEMOWYCH PAN
INSTYTUT BOTANIKI IM. WŁADYSŁAWA SZAFERA POLSKIEJ AKADEMII NAUK
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Recently, marginal lands have been attracting attention as areas of high cultural and natural value that are undergoing profound, uncontrolled transformations. These changes are seen as a threat to the cohesion and identity of existing landscapes. However, ongoing processes are often difficult to interpret and evaluate without a long-term historical perspective. Here, we focused on understanding the long-term landscape dynamics in the depopulated and economically marginalized Wiar River basin, where 87% of inhabitants were displaced after World War II. A detailed, spatially explicit land-cover analysis based on eight series of topographic data (dating from 1780 to 2017), in line with the review of archival sources and literature, allowed us for identification of patterns and drivers of change. We linked the driving forces and the resulting landscape properties to four distinct historical periods (i.e. pre-industrial, industrial, socialist, and free-market). We demonstrated how the landscape of 25 villages, dominated for centuries by open farmland, shifted after WWII into extensively forested, and that not all regions in Europe follow the pattern of increasing rate of land-cover change.
The article deals with the spatial pattern of the supply network of the automotive industry according to the time-accessibility to four car assembly plants in Slovakia. Empirical results are anchored in the spatial concept of integrated periphery and theoretical framework of the nested structure. We obtained the data after a personal meeting with the General Secretary of the Association of the Automotive Industry in Slovakia. The database contains a list of 313 suppliers of different levels. We assume that with increasing distance from automobile assembly plants and decreasing level of the supply network, the geographical concentration of the supply network will become lower. Our results confirm the assumption that tier-1 suppliers are located closer to assembly plants with higher geographical concentration compared to bottom suppliers‘ levels. On the other hand, these spatial patterns change when we consider a regional production system of the automotive industry that reaches beyond the national territory scale (e.g., KIA) or a launch of a new car assembly plant (JLR) arriving into a developed environment with an existing network of suppliers. <br>
A comparison between errors associated with snow-cover reconstruction performed by processing aerial imagery acquired by a visible-light camera mounted on board unmanned aerial vehicles, one the one hand; and average terrain roughness, on the other, revealed a dependent relationship between these variables. A stronger correlation is noted for two of the studied test areas (Polana Izerska and Krobica, both located in SW Poland), as opposed to the remaining site (Drożyna, SW Poland). In particular, correlations are noticeable where the analysis is performed in moving windows. It is typical for terrain where depth of snow cover is reconstructed with severe errors to reveal a high degree of roughness caused by single trees, clumps of trees or buildings. Ambiguous results are obtained for the Drożyna research field. While the character of the dependent relationship there seems consistent with results for the remaining sites, the strength is low. The lower values for the correlation coefficient were driven by observations for which errors were found to be high while values for the Topographic Ruggedness Index were at the same time low. This effect can be explained by reference to the specific nature of the area reconstructed, which is much transformed by human activity. It proves difficult to reconstruct the depth of snow cover on roads properly, as these are either partially cleared or snow or characterised by its loss in the course of melting. Low thickness of snow cover is thus found to be a constrained when it comes to the generation of accurate reconstructions of the depth of snow cover. This is in fact a finding in agreement with what has been reported by other authors.
A comparison was done of the timberline course from the mid-20th and beginning of 21st century, in Mengusovská Valley (Slovakia) and Rybi Potok Valley (Poland). These are two valleys in the High Tatra Mts. Aerial photosand satellite images were used to assess the changes of the timberline in the two valleys. The course of the timberline ecotone in both valleys is similar. In both valleys, the stable timberline section is almost half of the totaltimberline length. In both valleys there has been an increase in the elevation of the timberline (on average by 10 m in the Mengusovská Valley and 15 m in the Rybi Potok Valley), and free spaces have been increasinglyclosing up. The progressive changes of the timberline are mainly due to the limit placed on human economic activity, and to climate warming. Inactive avalanche paths have led to an enlargement of the forest area in bothvalleys. The reduction of avalanche activity is the direct result of climate warming in the Tatra Mts. and from the decrease in the amount of snow in winters.
A considerable number of measures taken under the Rural Development Programme have to be objectively and reasonably justified. These stem from strategic administrative decisions based on the results of analyses of complex natural, economic and demographic processes occurring in rural areas in time and space. Due to increasing functionality of the Geographical Information System (GIS) and wider availability of spatial information, the GIS databases and geospatial analyses are now the basis for solving spatial problems in the implementation of the Rural Development Programme. The aim of the study was to identify the features of rural areas in the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship (Lower Silesia Province) based upon selected components. For this purpose digital databases were employed. These are particularly relevant for sensible and sustainable rural development. With the use of the Corine Land Cover (CLC) database, the analysis concerning diversification of land cover and land use in the rural areas of the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship was carried out. Basing on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the terrain relief and land slopes were examined. By the means of soil and agriculture database, the analysis of spatial diversification of soil suitability was also performed. Moreover, with the use of the Polish Central Statistical Office databases, the spatial diversification of selected economic and demographic components in the analyzed area was evaluated. The analyses provide geo-visualizations, i.e. digital models presenting high spatial diversification of rural areas of the Dolnośląskie Voivodeship. The spatial diversification results from the high physiographic variability of this area. It should be stressed that the models are very practical and essential for the Rural Development Programme to be implemented by the authorities responsible for protection and rural development.
A digital photography and three-dimensional models were used in order to create a reconstruction of one of the oldest and most unique wooden Ukrainian churches, located in the village of Potełycz in Roztocze, as well as the church in Beniowa in Bieszczady that within years has vanished, and tombstones on the cemetery in Stare Brusno in Roztocze. Three-dimensional reconstruction techniques have been also analyzed with regard to landscape surrounding of those sacral objects. The three-dimensional reconstruction of the church’s interior and exterior on the basis of terrestrial photogrammetric is the most effective method of examining possible changes in its structure. The paper presents specificity of using digital photography and 3D technology for the purposes of rebuilding the churches, tombstones on cemetery and the surrounding cultural landscape elements. A model of specific plants was also created by implementing 3D technology. Using a number of digital modeling methods, the taken photographs were combined in order to find the most effective method of reconstructing the church’s interior and exterior along with its their surroundings. Appropriate use of all these methods ensures optimal results and preservation of the sacral objects in the future.
A number of 125 open-air localities from Wielkopolska documented presence of 18 species (3 carnivores, 4 proboscideans, 3 perissodactyls and 8 artiodactyls). Most of species are cold-adapted members of mammoth fauna from the Late Pleistocene, such as Ursus arctos priscus, Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, Equus ferus, Rangifer tarandus, and Bison priscus. The few species like Ursus arctos taubachensis, Palaeoloxodon antiquus and Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis represent an older, thermophilic fauna dated to MIS 5e. The vast majority of bones are accidental finds, without a stratigraphic context. Most artiodactyls were found in alluvial sediments, in bogs or swamps, while carnivores are represented only by isolated remains. <br>
A number of investigations have recently been devoted to the issues of inequalities in the international academic discourse. Hardly any of them concern, though, scholarly publishing practices and the actual utilization of the scientific output of non-Anglophone geographers, especially those from regions undergoing a neoliberal turn in the management of tertiary education and science. The following article aims to partly fill the gap through a close bibliometric analysis of the participation of researchers from East-Central Europe in international human geography. The investigation makes use of information about articles published in 48 geographical journals indexed in Web of Science. The results of the examination reveal that the share of researchers from East-Central Europe in the international geographical discourse is rather inconsiderable. The geographers struggle with the following problems: (1) publishing in a limited group of periodicals (concerning mostly the issues of Europe) coupled with a dearth of publications in important American and British societal journals as well as the ones of a more radical orientation; (2) infrequent citations of their works as compared to those of Anglophone and Western European researchers. All this is accounted for, inter alia, by (1) the negative impact the socialist period had on the development of social sciences, (2) a poor command of English, (3) a research focus on well-established and ‘safe’ themes as well as (4) the mechanisms of the Anglophone dominance in science. Giving all these handicaps careful consideration, the authors formulate the idea of doublepublication policy aimed at ameliorating the discussed problems.
A process of reurbanisation associated with the resurgence of inner-city housing has been observed in Western Europe since the 1980s. Nowadays this trend is not only seen in large urban areas but also in the medium-sized towns and cities of Eastern Europe. However, there is still a lack of empirical research on the spatial variation of the population change within such cities. This paper explores the process of reurbanisation in the city cores and its underlying dynamics against demographic changes, using the city of Kraków (Poland) as an example.
A recent survey concerns the use of the place-based approach to territorial development throughout Europe.Places, according to the Barca Report, are drawn as frames which are irrespective of political boundariesfor integrating policies with spatial impacts. For this very reason, they are also a no-man’s land each in thesense of no one government being responsible. Where does this leave the democratic legitimacy of placegovernance? The question may also be asked whether territorial representation is the only way of producinglegitimacy in a network society. Raising the issue is certain to meet with opposition, especially since alternativesare anything but clear. The epilogue discusses Europe as a place and reflects on European governance.
A solid international legal framework for family planning supports national family planning programs. Yet it is not by itself a program guarantee, especially among Muslim nations, many of which have stalled FP transitions and weak or absent government assistance for FP programs. The success of Iran’s family planning program, therefore, is all the more noteworthy. Since its establishment in 1993, it has been one of the most successful state family planning (FP) programs in the world, having reduced the national annual growth rate from 2.7% in the late 1960s to little over 1% currently. This paper explores international and national legal, institutional, demographic, and cultural-geographical influences that may have contributed to its results.
The aim of this article is to present results of long-term empirical research on the changing behavior of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Poland in the context of spatial exclusion and spatial ‘justice’. Between 2007 and 2015, the authors conducted cyclical research on the financial behavior of SMEs in Poland on large samples. The scope of research on traditional and virtual space covered mainly: the criteria for selecting a bank for current service and the use of various banking services in particular distribution channels. In the researched period, the percentage of indications to convenient location as the most important factor for selecting a bank dropped from 29% to 16%. In the entire period under research, the highest percentage of indications to convenient location as the most important factor for selecting a bank was recorded in the micro enterprises sector. The percentage of entrepreneurs’ indications of fees and commissions as the most important factor in choosing a bank increase from 28% to 36%. Price parameters became the most important factor of bank selection in the SME sector. Virtual space was used primarily to distribute less complex banking services (checking the account balance and viewing the history of operations on the account, as well as to make transfers). In the case of more complex products, such as deposits or loans, traditional banking branches were preferred. In contrast to the results of the American research (Degryse & Ongena, 2002), in Poland there was no impact of the distance between the company and the bank branch on the loan utilization rates and the loan refusal rates. The research has shown that the virtual space equalizes the opportunities, facilitates business operations, contributes to a drop in prices and improvement in quality of the offered products and services, and renders the access to products and services fairer.
Accessibility of public services constitutes an essential element, defining the level of development of a given region and the standard of living of its inhabitants. The present report attempts to shed light on the spatial accessibility to services in the local dimension, with consideration of the important factor, constituted by the development of road infrastructure, which, side by side with economic advantages (enhancement of competitiveness and attractiveness) and improvement of accessibility, should also bring social effects, in particular – increase of spatial mobility and improvement of the overall living standards and the quality of life (Domańska, 2006). The significance of the development of road infrastructure and its influence on the changes in potential accessibility have also been analysed.
According to the regional division from A. Chałubińska and T. Wilgat (1954), the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District, is a subregion of Lublin Polesie – the western part of the extensive Polesie Lowland. More broadly, the area is located within the zone of the European Lowland, bordering on to the Lublin Upland in the south and the “Włodawa Hump” in the north. Other boundaries are formed by the valleys of the Tyśmienica in the west and the Bug in the east. The total area of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District is 1168.5 km2. This is a region of unique natural features. The shallow location of groundwater, extensive areas of wetlands and peatlands, natural lakes and artificial reservoirs all have special signifi cance for the character of the natural environment here. Despite the visible wealth of surface waters, this is an area of severe water deficits resulting from low precipitation and natural water-retention conditions. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the state of, and changes in, water conditions as the result of various impacting human activities. A description of the hydrosphere resources in the Lake District, and the ways in which they have been modified, was developed on the basis of material at the Department of Hydrology of the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, meteorological data from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute, information obtained from the Voivodship Board for Land Reclamation and Water Facilities in Lublin and the “Bogdanka” Lublin Coal Company, Inc. Water is the most important component determining the valuable features and specific environment of the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District. Natural water exchange is very slow here, and the limited resources, retained underground, are of a very good quality. Connections between lakes and basins without drainage to one system of outflow result in an acceleration of spring runoff, causing a decreasing in the area of permanent wetland and a change in the hydrodynamic balance between surface and ground waters. A higher rate of withdrawal and abstraction of groundwater for municipal and industrial purposes, and consequent greater flow of water through the system of reclamation ditches have led to a slow process of lowering of lake and groundwater tables, with the result that lakes become overgrown. Mining activity caused changes in surface and underground alimentation areas for lake catchments and lakes. Minewater discharge and the washing out of waste rock landfill by rainfall causes an input of more-mineralised waters, as is especially visible after their discharge into the receiving water the Świnka River. Water conditions in the area under study have thus been subject to change as a result of other economic activity, mainly land reclamation, the exploitation of aquifers, coal extraction and the use of land in recreation. The effective protection of water and other natural resources in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District – as an area unique in Europe – demands rational management and protection activity. Water as the most important component of this lacustrine-palustrine region should therefore be treated preferentially.
Across Europe, the current system of waste management is responsible for environmental pollution, leading to the need of a transition towards a circular economy model, and towards systemic approaches for achieving sustainable objectives. Interpreting waste as resource – through the development of eco-innovative solutions – can play a positive impact on the quality of life and of the environment. REPAiR1 research project proposes eco-innovative strategies, in order to co-design and assess solutions, involving a series of decisional problems that require the development of Spatial Decision Support System, described in their general structure and with a focus on the REPAiR project.
Airborne Laser Scanning (Light Detection and Ranging – LiDAR) have proven to be a helpful tool in the analysis of mass movements. Even though LiDAR has been used in the environmental sciences recently, studies using these methods in the analysis of landslides are numerous. The aim of the study was to determine the ability to identify landslides in the commune scale based on spatial data from airborne laser scanning within the framework of “Information System of the National Guards against extraordinary threats” (ISOK). The assumption of the applied method was to determine the landslides areas, without fieldwork mapping, based only on data obtained from point clouds and afterwards to verify gathered results. Two researchers, lacking knowledge concerning study area, prepared the Digital Elevation Model from the point clouds and based on these data recognized the landslides as well as hazardous areas. The second part of the research team who previously made a detailed terrain landslides mapping in the study area had the task of verifying the outcomes of the first stage. Subsequently, combined analysis of mistakes made be the first part of research team was carried out and the capabilities and limitations of the method was established. Comparison of materials obtained from diverse data sources permit to perform two-way verification of conducted research. Mistakes coming from either vague parts of point cloud’ DEM or terrain landslide mapping in forested areas were recognized.
After 10 years of Poland’s accession to the EU, the CAP instruments have strengthen the development of merchandise agricultural households, adjusted them for managing environmental functions and have initiated the process of adapting to the knowledge based economy. The paper attempts to determine the impact of CAP and its institutional environment on the development of merchandise agricultural households in Opole region. The study was conducted with the method of questionnaire interview addressed to supervisors of the above mentioned households located in the representative agricultural areas of Opole region. Based on the research conducted in 2008 and 2014 it has been stated that further transformation processes concerning rural areas will depend on the “implantation” in the social networks of farmers in the existing, implemented institutional environment and on the estimation of impact they exert on changes in agricultural households on different levels of their functioning.
After 1989, elites, considered as main winners of the politico-economic transformation, commenced to seek for a dwelling corresponding to their social status and allowing them to stand out from other social groups. In Warsaw, despite some resemblances in their residential trajectories, preferences and choices, the different profiles within the group of elites may be distinguished. This article attempts to go beyond the classical differentiation of elites by their occupation and proposes an original typology of elites regarding socio-economic, demographic and residential characteristics, life styles as well as residential preferences. The diversity of the elitist housing has become one of the components of the process of distinction between different fractions in the group of elites.
After more than two decades of attempting to redevelop the inner city of Johannesburg, it is still perceived by scholars, the popular media and the general public as a crime-ridden area of decay. This paper looks at a public transport system, as well as the redevelopment of parks and the provision of housing in the inner city. The Rea Vaya BRT serves as the ’backbone’ for the redevelopment strategy of the City of Johannesburg’s ’Corridors of Freedom’ which aims to mitigate inequality in the city. This research analyses the success and shortcomings of the BRT system, as well as the redevelopment of inner city parks and the provision of housing for the poor in the inner city and along these development axes. Although large amounts of money have been allocated to the redevelopment of the inner city parks and to tracts of land along these so-called Corridors of Freedom, these parks are still proving to be user-unfriendly owing to a lack of maintenance. Although the redevelopment projects appear to be worthy attempts to improve the inner city of Johannesburg these have as yet not proved themselves to be very effective.
After the fall of the Iron Curtain, CEE cities (as well as other cities in the former Socialist Bloc) experienced dynamic development in many areas. The presented article deals with one of the key areas of the post-socialist transformation of the city, specifically the humanisation of mass housing in large housing estates. These housing estates from the central planning period still dominate the skyline of many CEE towns. At the beginning of the 1990s, housing estates suffered from a number of shortcomings that needed to be put right within the frame of their humanisation. The paper analyses a more than two decade-long process of housing estate humanisation which gradually led to the replacement of the monofunctional (strictly residential) model with a multifunctional model. This leads to improvement of civic amenities, implementation of new urban-architectural solutions and the creation of new job opportunities. As a result, these changes increase the quality of life in housing estates, both from an objective and subjective point of view. Changes in the spatial, social, economic and physical structure of housing estates after 1989 will be analysed using examples from hierarchically different locations in the Czech Republic. The synthesis of findings will be supplemented with the results of empirical studies that were carried out by geographers, sociologists and urban planners.
Agricultural production is subject to continuous economic and structural changes. Since the 1990s economic and organizational factors have exerted greater influence on agricultural production than environmental conditions. An important determinant affecting farming production was Poland’s accession to the EU, where agriculture was covered by Common Agricultural Policy. Proportion of plant products does not go directly to the market; it is processed on farms into animal products. At the same time, however, what has been developing for years are unfavorable relations between crop and animal products. The reasons for this state of affairs are complex. One of the ways to improve the results of agricultural production is specialization. This is quite a broad concept, embracing the research issue concerning agricultural production structure and directions of agricultural production, especially regarding commercial production which are defined in literature as directions of agricultural specialization (Kulikowski 2003). The aim of the study is to present changes in the regional specialization of crop and livestock production taking place in Poland in the years 2004‑2019. An attempt was made to answer the question in which agricultural production does a given region specialize and to what extent? The following research hypothesis was adopted: changes in the specialization of agricultural production in the regions are influenced by farmers benefiting from direct payments and other forms of financial aid under the Common Agricultural Policy. For the research on the regional specialization of agricultural production, the location quotient based on the share of crop and livestock commodity production in commodity production was used. The location quotient, apart from providing a static picture of the situation for comparative analyzes, allows for comparisons with regard to the dynamics of the specialization index, and to indicate differences in the dynamics of changes in individual agricultural production specializations. In the investigated period, crop production which is more dependent on climate conditions than animal breeding was much more diversified (changed over time). Western voivodships achieved a high level of specialization in plant production. It resulted from the agrarian structure of these regions, where large farms dominated. The lack of specialization in plant production was typical of the following voivodships: Podlaskie, Warmińsko-mazurskie and Wielkopolskie. With regard to animal production, the situation was different. The share of commercial animal production in the general commercial output was primarily affected by an apparent increase in the share of commercial milk production. This concerned north-eastern voivodships: Podlaskie and Warmińsko-mazurskie, which specialized in beef production as well. Wielkopolskie Voivodship also reached a high level of specialization not only in beef but mainly in pork production.
The aim of our study was to determine the nature of the relationships among the characteristics of earthworm assemblages, selected soil properties and the degree of landscape fragmentation against seasonal changes. The study area was located near Rogajny in the Suwałki Lake District, where 54 permanent study plots were established in a homogeneous field (Dd) and in a mosaic of small fields and balks (Dm). The earthworms were collected in spring and autumn over a two-year period (2007–2008), from blocks of soil measuring 25×25×30 cm. Soil samples were collected from the same sampling points as the earthworms. Both, qualitative and quantitative parameters of earthworm assemblages showed the same trends, thus appearing to be equally reflective. The complex arable landscape site supported higher earthworm diversity, abundance and biomass than the homogeneous arable landscape. The spring and autumn earthworm sampling campaigns revealed very different patterns. We conclude that species richness is determined mostly by spatial structure of agrocenosis mosaics, whilst abundance and biomass of earthworm community is mainly influenced by soil conditions. Comparisons between data and formulating conclusions should be made with great care, as these relations depend on the temporal scales to a large extent.
The aim of our work to describe the plant cover in the area of the river Warta’s inflow and discharge into the Reservoir. To the above end, field studies were conducted along 6 transects (10 m wide and 513 to 2416 m long, depending on the influence of surface waters) intended to reveal abrasive, accumulative and stabilised impacts of water. Różnorodność roślinności i dynamika procesów sukcesyjnych związanych z aktywnością wód powierzchniowych wskazuje na potrzebę dla ochrony prawnej nie tylko ptaków, ale także siedlisk. Obszar ten dobrze ilustruje zjawiska związane z działalnością dużej rzeki, z różnorodnością roślinności kolejno seria tego rodzaju, której nie można już znaleźć pod tamą Reservoir.
The aim of the analysis presented here has been to describe long-term variability in air temperature in Poland over the 1951-2010 period. Certain spatial aspects have also been discussed. In order to provide a representative and homogeneous temperature series, station data were averaged for 7 geographical regions of Poland, and for the country as a whole. The distinction drawn between shoreland, lakelands, lowlands, highlands, Subcarpathia, the Sudetes and the Carpathians is as adopted after Kondracki (2002). It takes account of such important factors underpinning spatial variability in temperaturę as altitude, relief, land use, and, indirectly (as a result of latitudinal distribution) also distance from the Baltic Sea and the amount of received solar radiation. In total, monthly average temperature values from 45 synoptic stations were used to calculate an area-averaged temperature for Poland (Table 1). Further study then entailed analysis of annual, seasonal and monthly series with a view to determining trends (at an adopted statistical signifi cance of =0.05), decadal average temperature variability, the longterm course to be noted for air temperature anomalies and the range of variability. The most signifi cant feature of the long-term (1951-2010) variability in annual air temperature in Poland is the statistically signifi cant increase that displays in every analysed region, with an average rate of change exceeding 0.2°C per decade (Table 2). At the seasonal level, an upward trend is to be noted for spring (+0.36°C/10 years) and summer (almost 0.2°C/10 years). In line with this, the decade 2001-2010 was the hottest in the analyzed period (Table 3, 8-10), with the exception of winter (Table 7), for which a slight decrease in average air temperature relative to the 1991-2000 period could be observed. When set against the whole 1951-2000 period, the rate of annual warming remains approximately constant though the summer-season contribution to the warming trendis clearly increasing, while the winter contribution is reduced. On a monthly basis, statistically signifi cant warming over the period is to be observed for February (by over 0.5°C/10 years – the highest rate for any month), during spring (i.e. in March, April and May), and in July and August. Analysis addressing the spatial distribution to the trend revealed that the highest rate of temperature increase is affecting northern Poland (the shoreland and lakeland belts) and the Carpathians, while the lowest rate of increases is to be observed for the highlands and the Sudetes. The long-term course of air temperature anomalies is dominated by short-term variability, which manifests itself in relatively large changes from year to year and with the occurrence of short warm and cold periods. However, where annual series are concerned there has been a noticeable run of warmer years since 1988 (Fig. 1), with only a few exceptions (e.g. 1996 and 2010). A similar situation applies to spring (Fig. 3) and summer (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the spatial cohesion displayed by air-temperature variability indicates that observed changes in thermal conditions in Poland are mainly driven by large-scale factor(s). Fluctuations in annual air temperature averaged for Poland do not exceed ±2°C. On the seasonal scale, variability range varies from 3.9°C in summer to 10.2°C in winter, while at the level of individual months the range is between 4.7°C in June and 16.3°C in February. Relatively small variations in air temperature characterisethe Baltic coast (the shoreland belt). Another feature of long-term air temperaturę change in Poland is that the values for extreme negative anomalies in winter are clearly larger than the positive ones. In the annual cycle, July is most often the warmest month (in 60% of the years during the 1951-2010 period), while the minimal average air temperaturę has most often been recorded in January (in 45% of years).
The aim of the article is description of the concept and research of the smart city. Based on the review of international literature, the smart city idea is interpreted, indicating positive and negative aspects including the relationship between modern network technologies and the urban community. The smart city concept assumes the use of network infrastructure to improve the economic and political efficiency of resources and enable the development of urban areas. This development should be an intelligent and sustainable and should contribute to the improvement of the quality of life. The concept evolves over time and more and more attention is devoted not only to the technological infrastructure itself but also to its impact on urban communities. Questions are increasingly being asked about the impact of smart development on the improvement of human and social capital as well as on social polarization or social exclusion. Therefore, newer definition assumes that smart city is a city in which investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance. In this context different smart city schools can be distinguished. The scientific debate about the smart city concept covers not only issues related to the development of new technologies and solving problems of local communities, but also the impact of this concept on social and economic polarization. It can be noticed that in cities that undertake initiatives aimed at being called intelligent cities, on the one hand, the interests of residents and, on the other hand, companies implementing modern technologies, clash. The implementation of the smart city concept has its negative implications for urban development due to top-down management and the limited use of a bottom-up approach. For this reason, city residents should take an active part in the design, construction and management of cities.
The aim of the article is to assess the role of local leaders in generating social capital in rural areas. The analysis is based on a study of Jeżewo commune (Świecki county, Kujawsko-Pomorskie province). The study attempts to answer the following questions: Which personality traits and social conditions determine the possibility of becoming a local leader? Which initiatives can provide the basis for building social capital in the countryside? What is the leader’s role in generating social capital in rural areas? The results of the research indicate that the role of the local leader in creating social capital consists in activating the society by initiating and moderating various projects aimed at integrating the local community, intensifying relations and constructing local identity. According to the study, shared passions and interests can be the pivot of such grassroots projects.
The aim of the article is to characterize one of the forms concerning conflict management, i.e. overcoming the conflict, which appeared in the context of the schools liquidation in rural areas. The presented analyzes are based on the results of empirical research conducted among stakeholders of local educational policy in Poland from 2016 to 2018. The author focused primarily on the actions of local authorities (mayors) to overcome the social conflict arising from the planned liquidation of local schools. These activities concerned teachers who were the inspirers and leaders of the local conflict in the examined rural municipalities. The measures applied to teachers did not resolve the conflict (nor eliminated its causes) and appeared to be irrational from the economic point of view. Nevertheless, they helped to overcome the conflict and limit its negative consequences. The theoretical framework of the article is defined by the concept of social conflict developed by L.A. Coser and selected theoretical approaches towards conflict management.
The aim of the article is to define the concept of territorial classification and typology, including classification and typology of spatial units, and to systematize the practical variants of the method, as well as to identify the possibilities of using functional structure as a research tool. It systematizes existing approaches of creating functional classifications and typologies and presents examples of their application in analyses to interpret and explain dissection of individual variables. The paper consists of two parts. In the first one the spatial unit classification has been defined and distinguished from related terms. Different classification of rural areas has been systemized using formal and methodological or substantive criteria. In the second part, diverse empirical examples of rural spatial units classifications regarding functional structure and their application have been examined in relation to above mentioned systematics.
The aim of the article is to evaluate law regulations being in force in Poland regarding the participation of local communities in shaping the rural space in relation to the concept of ladder of citizen participation by S. Arnstein and the idea of collaborative planning. It has been assumed that shaping the space involves both establishing and defining borders of given areas, its planning with various degrees of detail (appointing development priorities, defining destination and land use), as well as planning and implementation of specific projects. For this purpose, 27 legal acts (laws and national regulations) have been reviewed. These documents outline the framework for the inclusion of society (including local communities) in shaping the rural space and the interpretations of legal provisions made by other authors have been implemented. Inspired by the concept ladder of citizen participation according to S. Arnstein (1969), a diagram was developed illustrating the degree of public participation guaranteed by the legislative system in shaping the rural space divided into categories, taking into account the role of local communities.
The aim of the article is to identify the impact of agriculture on the economic and ecological rural space after Poland’s accession to the European Union. The EU membership has given significant impetus to the transformation of agriculture mainly in the industrial (farming) aspect due to implementation of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This has led to deepening the process of deagrarianization of rural areas. With regard to the economic sphere, the author considered workplaces and sources of livelihood (income), while analyzing the ecological space, some indicators of environmental sustainability of agricultural holdings were employed. The Central Statistical Office data of Farms’ Structure Survey of 2005 and 2016 in a cross-section types of commune (rural, urban-rural, urban) comprised the factual material used. Agriculture loses in importance in the economic sphere, especially in urbanized communes. This has been indicated by a downward trend in the number of farms, especially those providing major agricultural income for the maintenance of the farmer’s family, as well as engaging decreasing labor resources in agricultural activity. In respect of the ecological sphere, changes are heterogeneous. On the one hand, the progressive farmerization of agriculture intensifies the adverse nature of concentration and specialization in production. On the other hand, agricultural production based on scarce minerals helps to improve economic sustainability. There is an increase in environmental-friendly agricultural practices in connection with the ecosystem functions. Currently, apart from factors that contribute to the process of deagrarianization, there are also certain aspects, which delayed the process. These include, in particular, questioning the effects of globalization in relation to food system, orientation on sustainable development to highlight the bioeconomy and agri-ecological intensification, ethnoconsumerism as well as interest in folk culture and regional identity.
The aim of the article is to indicate fundamental factors determining the potential opportunities to improving economic welfare of rural communities in Poland - in particular by increasing the added value. Rural areas have made a significant contribution to the general socio-economic development in the period of industrialization at the same time taking a little advantage of it. In particular, the size of added value generated in rural areas has decreased mainly due to agriculture and rural crafts. This situation began to change under the influence of accession to the European Union, changes in the urban-rural relationship, the phenomena of globalization and the new situation in terms of food security. Because the creation of added value is key to increasing welfare in rural areas, the usage of every opportunity is crucial. Therefore, there is a need for a rational, agriculture and rural development policy
The aim of the article is to present selected research directions and results of studies on the market for passenger cars (with an emphasis on its geographical dimension). The focus has been on four main groups of issues: (1) car ownership and car-demand modelling, (2) the relationship between the primary and secondary car market in emergingeconomies, (3) the role of spatial factors and public transport in the functioning of the car market and (4) the environmental impact of automotive expansion and ways of coping with that, such as electromobility and the sharing economy. Studies on car ownership and the demand for cars both confirm that volumes and rates of growth depend primarily on economic factors (GDP, personal incomes, car prices and prices of complementary goods). They also describe spatial and temporal differences in the so-called first automobile revolution (the spread of cars as a mode of transport). The next group of studies on the car market deals with the relationship between the primary and secondary markets in emerging economies (including Poland), in which car ownership has entered on to a path of rapid growth in recent years. The development of the market for passenger cars is also influenced significantly by such spatial factors as urbanisation, population density, the built environment and distance to city centres as well as the accessibility and operation of public transport. These issues, very important from a geographical point of view, are discussed in a subsequent part of the article, prior to current findings on the environmental impact of automobiles being described, in particular as regards the role of various fuels (especially gasoline-petrol and diesel) in generating emissions of harmful substances. The paper then ends with a brief discussion on electric and hybrid cars as well as the sharing economy. In the literature, the above-mentioned topics are found to be related to the so-called second automobile revolution, and are thus of key importance to the debate on the contemporary car market and changes therein. This interdisciplinary debate is seen to be worthy of an involvement on the part of geographers that is broader than hitherto.
The aim of the article was to diagnose economic and environmental factors determining trade in agricultural land of Poland. The agricultural land can have many values and functions depending on the different needs of buyers. It is important what price of land the buyer expects in the future, what goals are assumed and what is the quality of land. Among economic factors, the following were distinguished: price, supply and demand for agricultural land intended for agricultural production or for non-agricultural purposes, parallel functioning of two market segments – private (on which the majority of trade in agricultural land takes place between farmers), as well as the land market – Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury, profitability of agricultural production. Among the most important environmental factors were included: bonitation (land classification) and agrotechnical category of soils, existence of mineral deposits within the boundaries of the real estate, location in areas subject to legal protection, current development status, location in an attractive natural environment, land form, difficulties in accessing the property. An important role and significance in agricultural land turnover was attributed to soil bonitation, which is necessary before the valuation of agricultural real estate due to possible changes in use, quality classes or soil degradation, which has a direct impact on the property value. In the current legal reality of trade in agricultural land in Poland, the results of land classification have a large impact on the economic effects of agricultural land allocation for non-agricultural purposes, e.g. construction or exploitation of minerals.
The aim of the current study was to identify the main actors (leaders) involved in transformations of mediumsized cities in Poland and Russia that share similar legacies but took different development paths after the collapse of state socialism. These transformations are discussed using the framework of urban regeneration and are based on empirical data from two cities – Kolomna (Russia) and Kalisz (Poland). The data were obtained through expert interviews, as well as nonparticipant observation in the two cities. Though the process of urban regeneration shows similarities, the process leaders are different.
The aim of the paper is to analyze the population changes in industrial cities on the background of population changes in cities of a different functional type. It was assumed that in the period of dynamic development of the highly specialized industrial function of the city, its population is growing rapidly above average. During the recession of industrial function in this group of cities, their population is also decreasing rapidly above average. In both cases, nonlinear development is fundamental to the phenomenon of so-called bifurcation. Transformation of Polish cities after 1989 has caused quite significant changes in their demographic development. Significantly, these changes were conditioned by the transformation of the economy, including the phenomenon of deindustrialization. Nevertheless, demographic factors were also important. These directly and indirectly affected by economic determinants. Hence, after 1990, urban centers experienced a peculiar ‘game of the inhabitants’, whose essence was the widespread negative population growth and the positive balance of migration to a few dozen cities. In this particular place, there were strong industrial centers before 1989. The analysis of population changes in Polish cities of different size categories showed that industrial cities are now much more dynamic depopulating than other types of functional cities. As a result of the loss of the "pull" attribute, and in many times the situation of gaining the attributes of "push" or "disappearing" interest of potential migrants, their demographic profile had to be reduced. This trend was further strengthened by the consequences of the second demographic transition.
The aim of the paper is to characterize the trends of sunshine duration (SDU) and air temperature in Poland, which may help understand the mechanism of contemporary climate change. The daily totals of SDU and daily data on air temperature from the years 1971-2020, from 25 synoptic stations in Poland are the basic source data. The series of records of the two variables showed that the points of change in the level of stabilization of the value of SDU and air temperature are close to each other, and confirm known in the literature “global dimming” and “global brightening” periods. The linear regression model confirmed that sunshine duration explains well the variability of, and increase in day-time air temperature in Poland in the warm part of the year.
The aim of the paper is to identify demographic and spatial suburbanization in the Gdańsk-Gdynia-Sopot Metropolitan Area. To illustrate the issue, a coverage map and statistical data taking into account the dynamics indicators were used. Data from the Central Statistical Office demonstrate stagnation of the population in the core of the metropolis, but the data do not include unregistered migrants. The results show intensive growth of population in the near suburban zone, i.e. functional zone and slight increase in the further suburban zone, i.e. potential functional zone. The dynamics in the number of new dwellings, which is one of the measures of spatial urbanization indicates that the highest growth is recorded in near suburban zone and next in the core of the metropolis i.e. in Gdańsk, Gdynia and Sopot. In the further suburban zone the process of extensive suburbanization is observed. Additionally, suburbanization is being affected by the new railway line, i.e. the Pomeranian Metropolitan Railway. The first changes of increasing in construction can be noticed. It should be emphasized that the new railway favors concentrating the suburbanization process by new investments located near the line. Especially in the area of the city of Gdańsk, an increasing number of housing estates are being built in sites near the metropolitan railway. Moreover, a lot of investments are being made in the neighboring rural district of Żukowo, in which the number of issued decisions on building conditions increased significantly. The forecasts indicate an increase in the population of the suburban area, especially the rural population, therefore this investment proved to be adequate and necessary, allowing to direct so far chaotic process of suburbanization.
The aim of the paper is to indicate priorities of land use presented in the study of conditions and directions of spatial development. This is particularly important in the case of rural municipalities, which are in need of appointing areas for housing development in the study of conditions and directions of spatial development. An important element of the study is the fact that land-use plans must be consistent with their guidelines. These studies currently comprise the only comprehensive and mandatory documents drawn up for the entire municipality area.The analysis of the study of conditions of the rural municipalities of the Łódzkie Voivodeship was based upon the data collected in the survey “Local planning and land-use”, conducted by the ministry responsible for construction, spatial planning and housing. Municipalities being examined were classified depending on allocating land for specific development. The classification has become reference for defining spatial diversity of a given phenomenon among local authorities.
The aim of the paper is to present and assess the research on landscape ongoing in Poland, and to indicatie possible uses of existing experience in the process by which the European Landscape Convention gains implementation. The authors discuss here basic definitions, and selected examples of research in the field of landscape geography carried out in Poland. They show that the achievements of Polish geographers and landscape ecologists in identifying, analysing and assessing landscapes represents the common scientific tradition of the central part of Europe, considered one of the most comprehensively pursued anywhere in the world. This achievement should therefore constitute the basis for work on a comprehensive methodology by which to identify, delimit and assign value to landscape units, for the purposes of implementation of the European Landscape Convention in Poland. The latter suggestion at this stage reflects the fact that relevant work first arose as long ago as in the 19th century, out of studies in nature and general geography based on field observations and comparative studies, there has never been substantial implementation into practice, nor any wider popularisation in Poland. It further reflects the fact that, notwithstanding the number of years that have passed since the last more wide-ranging regionalisation and typological studies, the theoretical and main methodological basis underpinning the work has retained its value. Clearly ongoing changes in research tools and methodologies necessitate fresh thought and new solutions, but this should not happen through any abandonment of existing bases. There are specialists in the wider field of landscape who trained for decades at Polish academic centers. Their curriculum includes mapping of the landscape, at a detailed and review level, with a view to potential being evaluated, current means of use documented, recommendations made as regards future use, and so on.The new formal and legal situation relating to the requirement that the European Landscape Convention be implemented denotes far-greater involvement of well-trained specialists, both theoreticians and practitioners (dealing with all aspects of the landscape), when it comes to conceptual work on the development of a comprehensive methodology whereby landscape units may be identified, delimited and assigned value. Infuture, they will be bound, not only to participate in, but also to manage, detailed work at the regional level, within landscape audits as recognised by law.
The aim of the paper is to present findings from the research on accessibility of information resources of rural communes in the Łódzkie Province. The studies were conducted in the first half of 2015. Two categories of information resources were considered: 1) connected with operational documents on financial policy of communes, and 2) related to strategic documents on municipal spatial policy. Empirical data was collected by implementing modified Website Attribute Evaluation System (WAES) method, originally used to analyse accessibility and transparency of websites. In this manner the accessibility and transparency of information resources of investigated communes were characterised. Moreover, methods of statistical analysis were employed, thus illustrating. the accuracy of providing information resources for the public by investigated rural communes. As the result of the research, the authors confirmed the hypothesis that dissemination of information resources is positively influenced by the requirement to ensure transparency of municipal projects co-financed by the European Union.
The aim of the paper is to provide the overview of the spatial development conflicts linked with the existence of Military training areas (MTA) in the regional system. Only several places in the Central European space can be called new wilderness. Above all these are the MTA. The environmental history of these spaces went through a deep reversion. Changes in their cultural, political as well as social-economic profile can be compared with the specific belt of the former Iron Curtain zones only. Last two decades were essential for the physical existence of the MTAs. Because of the weak local political power, social capital and wide public support, are most of the decommitted MTAs in a deep conceptual crisis. The presented study finds solutions based on a long lasting research.
The aim of the paper is to underline the importance of land as a local resource in rural area development, particularly in the context of land management and policy. The identification and characteristics of planning conditions and planning process cycle for the new centre of Rokietnica – an administrative and economic hub of the rural commune in the district of Poznań, have allowed to show the complexity and importance of the strategic approach to space management in rural areas if the suburban area. The analysis of the new space planning process for the village has allowed to present the project implementation objectives as well as the contributory factors and barriers encountered during the project implementation. Simultaneously, the paper identifies good practices in local resource management and in spatial policies of the rural commune. The Rokietnica based study was induced by a specific location of the commune and by the related change of the village character and intentional comprehensive approach of the self-government authorities to the spatial planning. It is worth mentioning the extensive cooperation involving the inhabitants, local authorities, representatives of the scientific community and urban planners/architects during the development of spatial planning concept. Also, the application of innovative techniques of public consultations, presentation of design criteria, scale of undertaking and its conditions are noteworthy.
The aim of the paper is to understand evolutionary changes of hotel intra-urban location policy during the period of the economic transition. Thus, the theoretical model of polycentric intra-urban development of hotel facilities is introduced in this research. Polycentric development is defined as the result of two ongoing and contrary tendencies: (1) spatial sprawl of hotel facilities resulting from new hotel investments, and (2) concentration of hotel enterprises, which is the effect of demand-based and production-based agglomeration processes of hotel facilities in particular locations. To examine this theoretical concept, the changes of spatial distribution of hotel entities in Budapest since 1982 were investigated. Kernel density estimation was applied to identify the number, location, and area of clusters of hotel services. Empirical evidence confirms the proposed theoretical model of polycentric intra-urban development of hotels, although significant hotel clusters are only formed in the central districts of Budapest.
The aim of the research detailed here has been to apply a new approach in assessing cave environmental changes – the so-called Cave Disturbance Index (CDI), relating to relief, water objects, air, vegetation and fauna (as the main geographical components of the cave environment) plus cultural aspects of recent cave use. Indicators coming under each of these categories are considered in detail and a quantitative estimation of total CDI then proposed. Practical application of the CDI method is then demonstrated by reference to caves situated in the Muradimovskoe Uschelie Natural Park (Southern Ural Mountains).
The aim of the study is to assess the use of biomass for energy purposes in Poland by 2020. The article presents the Polish achievements in the implementation of renewable energy sources (RES). The use of local biomass should aim at increasing the local and regional competitiveness based on endogenous capital – the biomass. Total production of electricity from biomass was presented. An important issue is the possibility of using agricultural biomass for energy purposes, both in the production of liquid biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel) as well as solid biomass, i.e. forest material and established plantations on agricultural land (willow, poplar, Miscantusa), as well as production of biogas in biogas plants. Particularly noteworthy is the use of all waste and side products from agriculture (manure, straw, waste wood from orchards). The use of biomass energy should aim to create a system of distributed energy, which would complement national energy system. Small power plants operating in the CHP system are expected to be based on modern, high-efficiency cogeneration technologies.
The aim of the study is to create a conceptual framework for the valuation of the endogenous influence of public goods in rural areas using the new approach: the economic surplus valuation method (ESV), which implements the concept of producer and consumer rent. A distinctive feature of the ESV, compared to other market-based valuation methods is the assumption that public goods exert an endogenous impact upon resources and their productivity, but do not act in the model as exogenous variables (as it is in the case of hedonic pricing methods; the HPM). The authors’ approach limits the issues related to the specification bias within the HPM. Moreover, this manner reduces the problems associated with model specification errors in the HPM. The authors argue that ignoring the endogenous impact of public goods on resources and their productivity can lead to distorted results.
The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of agglomeration effects on corporate performance in Germany. The assessment carried out by investigating the effects of localization and urbanization. For this reason, the work was presented to the theoretical basis; it formulated the problem, methodology of the research and analyzed the influence of various factors on the number of employees in leading industries of Germany. We use the Panel data, a large-scale German establishment survey covering around 3477 companies of 9 industries located in 83 cities (14 lands). The study covers the period 2007 – 2014 years. The paper presents a linear model and two nonlinear models – the model with the addition of the square of companies` age and the model using the natural logarithm of the number of employees. The best model was chosen by using Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Schwarz (BIC), i.e. the linear model. The study found that localization effects have a positive impact on the number of employees, while the effects of urbanization – negative. In addition, it most strongly depends on the number of employees by region and industry. In the largest regions there is the largest population and respectively, the number of workers in it, so the agglomeration effects in the populous region is higher than in the other regions. The age of the company has a positive effect on the company’s number of employees: with an increase in the age of 1 year, the number of employees is increased by 21 people.
The aim of the study presented here was to identify distinct Polish regions from the point of view of thermal winter, and in line with two developed criteria, i.e. average monthly and daily values for air temperature. The research in question was based on data series for the November-April periods in the years 1960/61–2014/15 inclusive, as obtained from 36 weather stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW). Start and end dates of thermal winter, defined as the period with mean daily temperatures below 0°C, were identified by reference to mean monthly values for air temperature calculated with the commonly-used calculation by Gumiński. For the sake of simplicity, dates and durations of thermal winters calculated by reference to mean daily temperature values are referred to simply in terms of their being “the winter period”. The beginning of such a winter period is thus marked by the first (and the end by the last) occurrence of at least a three-day series of mean daily air temperature below 0°C. Such characterisations of thermal winters and winter periods for the different stations (relating to start and end dates, durations and durational coefficients of variability) were inputted into cluster analysis, with the result that three general regions of Poland featuring similar patterns for negative air temperature were identifi ed. In the identified western region, the period of negative air temperature is the shortest and is also characterised by the highest inter-annual variability, particularly when it comes to winter days in its north-western sub-region. By contrast, the longest thermal winter period, along with the lowest inter-annual variability is found to characterize the so-called eastern region. In comparison with the western, this region differs particularly significantly in terms of mean air temperature values, given that winter lasts almost twice as long there, and is recorded almost every year. The western region displays the highest inter-annual variability where features characteristic for the occurrence of negative temperature are concerned, while the eastern region shows the lowest variability. Over the analysed period, there was no significant linear trend noted for the start and end dates of both thermal winter and the winter period. However, it was possible to note a tendency for thermal winters in the central and eastern regions of Poland to shorten. Only in the eastern region was it possible to note a decrease in the frequency of occurrence of winter days. In the central region, the durations of thermal winter periods determined using mean monthly air temperatures are indeed the same as the actual numbers of days with 24-hour air temperatures below 0°C in an average multi-annual period. In contrast, in the western region the true length of the thermal winter is underrepresented by 7 days (i.e. shorter), while in in the eastern region it is overrepresented by 6 days (i.e. longer). However, over the analysed 55-year period, almost every region reported instances of thermal winters being overrepresented as well as underrepresented in terms of duration, with the deviation in many seasons being in the 20-40–day range. In the western region, durations of thermal winters were seen to be underrepresented twice as frequently, when comparisons with actual numbers of winter days were made, while in the eastern region there was overrepresentation. Mean monthly air temperature, as the criterion adopted most typically in identifying thermal winters in Poland, does offer a best reflection of the durations of winters in the central region. In contrast, in the cases of the western and eastern region identified, mean 24-hour air temperatures would seem better suited to determining thermal winters.
The aim of the study was to analyze changes in the command and control functions of cities in 2006 and 2016 based on the method of gravity centers. The analysis was performed both for individual sectors of the economy as well as for the European economy as a whole. The shift in the center of gravity of the studied command and control functions of cities in the direction of Central Eastern Europe is examined in the paper. The fairly recent development of CEE and European integration increasing to the east and south has triggered the relocation of many companies from west to east and has also increased the importance of local companies. It may therefore be argued that the importance of the command and control functions of cities in developing countries has also increased (Poland, Russia). There is also a related decline in the importance of the so-called blue banana region and cities in Great Britain and Germany. This is especially visible in terms of the number of corporate headquarters in the western part of the continent. However, the shift in capital is not that clear – and both German and British corporations still remain the leaders in Europe.
The aim of the study was to assess the changes of population and settlement pattern, which occurred in the Kłodzko region in the post-war period. Particular attention was paid to villages that have been severely depopulated or vanished – the research question was whether the processes that are taking place in such places today can be described as rural revival. The analysis was based on statistical data from pre- and post-war censuses, pre-war and contemporary cartographic materials and data on annual permits issued for single-family housing development. Fieldwork has also been carried out, including inventory and interviews. In the post-war period polarization of population-settlement processes took place. In the periphery there was depopulation and degradation of buildings, while in the center of the region and around the cities an increase in new buildings was observed, which intensified after 1989. Repair and modernization of old buildings have also become common since that time. In most of the vanished and heavily depopulated villages, some social and economic movements have taken place in recent years. The article presents typology of processes currently observed in these areas. This allows to conclude that in the spatial-landscape dimension one may ascertain revival of some villages in the context of appearing new buildings and residents or renovations of old farmsteads. However, the type and function of the new developments and their layout often do not refer to the old structure and function of the village, thus they do not represent the literal revival of the previous functional-spatial system. Some depopulated villages also have important cultural and social functions.
The aim of the study was to identify the geography of companies offering Industry 4.0 technologies (digital entrepreneurs), and to determine the territorial potential to develop future clusters of these activities in Poland. The identification of spatial clusters was performed on the basis of a multistage procedure, using dispersed and big data sets, based on the prevailing classification codes of economic activities and location quotient. It was found that digital entrepreneurs of Industry 4.0 show a strong concentration in a small number of cities and counties, and first of all in the core cities of the largest Polish metropolises. Strong concentration is shown especially by software and engineering services, as well as companies distributing specialised machinery and equipment. The greatest prospects for development in non-metropolitan areas are displayed by suppliers of 4.0 technologies connected with production of machines and devices and dealing with their installation and integration. Heterogeneity of Industry 4.0 technologies enables individual cities and regions, on the basis of well-recognised own potential, explore different paths of local development connected with Industry 4.0 technologies.
The aim of the study was to present livelihood security of residents inhabiting Dołhobyczów commune located in the Lubelskie Voivodship. This is an example of a peripheral area experiencing a number of drastic changes in both social and economic spheres in the post-war period. In the municipality, development processes are taking place at slow rate due to peripheral location and consequences of ownership transformation in agriculture (liquidation of state-owned farms). The study implemented assumptions related to the concept of livelihood, which allowed to reveal the specificity of examined area and social issues their occurring.
The aim of the work described here has been to answer a question as to whether migration movements can counteract the depopulation of Polish cities. Against the background of the worsening demographic situation faced by Poland (with population decline and an ageing society) – as mainly due to negative natural population growth and a negative net migration rate – an assessment is made of the possible effects of immigration on the said depopulation of Polish cities. The term immigration as used in this paper covers selected elements of the inflow of population into cities, i.e. that involving foreigners, returnees and non-stationary students settling in cities after completing their education. Analysis of the relevant data indicates that these migrant streams can only improve the demographic situation of Polish cities slightly, due to the limited scale of the movements involved. The scale of immigration into Poland is indeed rather limited. According to official statistics, 234,000 foreigners were resident in Poland as of 2016, with the majority of these people residing in cities. The actual scale of immigration is greater, with the real number of Ukrainian immigrants (the largest group) for example estimated at 1 million. However, it should be noted that the latter do not take up permanent residence in Poland, but rather come on a rotation basis several times a year. In the longer term, other EU countries (those that waived visas for Ukrainians in 2017) can represent competition for Poland as a country of destination for our eastern neighbours. The United Kingdom is another potential source of population inflow back to Polish cities. After Brexit, Polish nationals who work there (about 1 million in number) may emerge as non-eligible for permanent residence in the UK. The potential remigration in this context is of an estimated 200,000 people. Those Polish cities that are academic centres can count on the permanent settlement of a certain number of students who reside in them temporarily, but declare that they will take up permanent residence having completed their studies. This may also be the case for foreign students, especially Ukrainians. However, considering that some resident students are planning to emigrate from their home cities, the difference between these two groups, though positive, is small.
The aim of the work described here has been to determine synoptic situations associated with intensive snowfalls in selected regions of Europe. Specifi cally, an analysis was carried out for three stations representing regions with different climatic conditions in winter. Synoptic conditions were characterized on the basis of atmospheric pressure at sea level, the height of the 500 hPa isobaric area and air temperature at the 850 hPa isobaric level. Typical features of synoptic situations leading to intensive snowfalls in Belgrade are negative SLP anomalies and a lowering height of the 500 hPa isobaric area over SouthernEurope, as indicating the presence of a low-pressure system. Heavy snowfalls in Suwałki, Poland, are in turn associated with the occurence of a low-pressure system centred on the south-eastern Baltic Sea. Finally, the occasional snowstorms characterising Ubachsberg in The Netherlands are associated with extensive low-pressure troughs that bring in humid and cold air masses from the north and north-west.
The aim of the work described here has been to determine the long-term impact of human activities on wetlands. Consideration has been given to such aspects as the development of the drainage network, peat extraction and restoration. The study selected two Nature Reserve wetlands, i.e. the Pobłockie Bog and Kurze Grzędy, both located in the Baltic Sea basin in northern Poland. Both areas were subject to a search for relevant literature and sources in the form of historical maps from the last century, as well as contemporary topographic and thematic maps. Supplementary fieldwork was also carried out (in 2013), as regards the verification of the existing hydrographic and hydraulic engineering network in the area under investigation. The greatest past impact on the analysed wetlands was exerted by a network of ditches and irrigation channels. This revision of the hydrographic network caused departures from the natural water cycle, as drainage became excessive in the face of the loss of the natural drainage system. The consequence was drying and rotting of bog surfaces, with the replacement of original plant species with those of differing requirements as regards hydrological regimes. Attempts to restore more natural water relations to the bogs have been made recently, with appropriate treatment raising the level of groundwater, in order to encourage improved functioning. A measurable effect of this is a reduced number of ditches and irrigation channels, for example from 13.3 to 1.48 km since 2000 in the case of Pobłockie Bog. Hydrographic change associated with drainage of peat deposits is considered the most important reason for changes in swamp habitats, and notably their vegetation. Some plant species have been replaced by others, with certain plant species requiring damp conditions (notably cross-leaved heath Erica tetralix) disappearing altogether with the lowering of the water table. Long-term drainage and the construction of new drainage ditches have led to the encroachment of bog woodland on the originally treeless bog. The effect is a loss of large bog areas, replaced by forest communities. The analysed bogs present clearly visible changes in the hydrographic network. Over the years the formerly waterlogged area has been transformed by human activity from a naturally treeless wetland to a desiccated region with only a small amount of water. The area was drained so that land for agriculture could be acquired, but the area was also used as a source of peat. With the passage of time, human overexploitation of the area ceased, and the approach taken to wetlands today is entirely different from that in place a few decades ago. The uniqueness of these kinds of wetlands has come to be appreciated, and an attempt has thus been made to restore a more natural appearance and function to the areas under study, among others. The first effects of the attempts to repair the environment in the area can now be seen in increasing soil moisture, a shallower water table, and an increased area with permanently visible standing water. Such a rapid pace of change in water conditions has been achieved, not only through human activity, but also by way of a natural factor that is the activity of beavers (Castor fiber).
The aim of the work described here was to assess the temporal variability and spatial differentiation characterising the outflow of a river, using integrated geoinformation methods and hydrological modelling. The study was conducted in the Parsęta drainage basin, whose internal structure is considered representative of young-glacial lowlands in the temperate climatic zone. The simulations of water balance were carried out using a hydrological and water quality model called the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), as integrated into a geographical information system. SWAT is a basin-scale, continuous-time model. It was designed to predict the impact of watershed management changes on outflows of water, sediment and chemical components. The spatial data analysis is based on concerns a digital elevation model, lithology, hydrography, soil, land cover and land use. The simulations included meteorological data for the period 1966-2010 from 4 meteorological stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Selected from among available methods were: the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method (SCS-CN) to estimate surface runoff, the Penman-Monteith method to estimate potential evapotranspiration, and the Muskingum river routing method for a channel network. Models required calibration, which was achieved using SWAT-CUP4 software. Within the SWAT-CUP4 framework, the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) calibration procedure was selected. Calibration and validation were performed on data collected at three water-gauge stations in Tychówko, Białogard and Bardy, for the years 1966-2010 (these measurement data were obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management). The results were assessed by reference to such statistics as the R2 determination coefficient, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and percentage bias coefficient (PBIAS). The results with an annual time step were characterised by high values for the statistical evaluation coefficients. The values for the percentage bias coefficient were in the 3-13% range for the calibration, and of 4-17% in the case of the validation period. Found to be most consistent with the observed data were modelling results obtained for the closing profile of the basin. A reduction in the area of catchment considered was associated with lower values being obtained for the statistical coefficients, in respect of the evaluation of the results. In comparing results in relation to the period of calibration and validation, only very small differences as regards assessment factors were to be found. Application of the SWAT model in the case of a lowland river flowing through a young-glacial landscape confirmed that model’s universal applicability to catchments characterised by widely different environmental conditions and river regimes.
The aim of the work described here was to determine the rate of frost weathering for selected types of rock, and the manner in which this proceeds. The authors attempts to answer questions regarding progress with the disintegration of a given type of rock over time; the size and shape of weathered grains; the role played by fissures in rock and rock texture; and further relevant properties like compressive and tensile strength, porosity and water absorption. The rock samples used in laboratory testing were collected in the catchment area of the Chochołowski Stream in the Western Tatra Mountains of Poland. The seven types of rock analysed were white and brown granite, organodetric limestone, fine-grained conglomerate, dolomite breccia, quartzite sandstone and amphibolite. Samples were subjected to simulated frost weathering via the impact of repeated thermal cycles across a temperature range of -5 to +10°C. The simulation was carried out at the Low Temperatures Laboratory of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Management of Kraków’s Jagiellonian University, using a CI/1400/LT/2D cooling device. As testing was in progress, changes in the states of samples were determined through the measurement of dry and saturated mass and water absorption, as well as the speed at which an ultrasonic wave passed through. By reference to results for these measures, it was possible to calculate the frost weathering index after Matsuoke, i.e.:Rf= (Vp0-Vpk)/(Vp0*k) [cykle -1],where Vp0 is wave speed at cycle 0 (in km/s), Vpk is wave speed at cycle k (km/s) and k is the number of cycles. Rock dissolution tests and measurements of the products of weathering were also carried out. Values obtained for the index were used to rank the rocks tested for their resistance to frost weathering, as was the percentage of material in the initial mass that became subject to rock weathering. The least-resistant rock proved to be dolomite breccia, and the most-resistant amphibolites and quartzite sandstones. The rankings of other rocks varied in line with the indicative parameter referred to. The testing of physical properties suggested several reasons for high resistance to frost weathering among the analysed types of rock from the Western Tatras, i.e. the limited (<5%) open porosity noted for all types, limited water absorption, high compressive and tensile strength, compactness and homogeneity, low densities of fissures in samples in their initial state, almost complete filling of pores with matrix (e.g. in sandstone and conglomerate), re-filling of cracks (e.g. in limestone), and a significant component of resistant quartz. No effect of rock texture on resistance to frost weathering could be observed, but the presence of carbon matrix and carbonate rock fragments is important. The latter dissolve steadily, creating more favourable conditions for physical weathering (e.g. of amphibolites and conglomerates). The occurrence of mineral veins within rocks determines disintegration routes (e.g. in conglomerates). Given that rocks were subjected to an average of 850 repeated thermal cycles in the laboratory, the simulation achieved was of approx. 50 years of frost weathering under natural conditions in the study area. Experiments of this kind thus offer insight into processes running very slowly under natural conditions.
The aim of the work detailed here has been to identify the most important premises upon which cross-border cooperation can be established, the conditions for its further continuation or lack of continuation; and the key barriers to and benefits from the cooperation in question. Also examined was the intensity of cooperation in the periods before, during and after the implementation of individual cross-border cooperation projects – the aim being to assess the extent to which joint projects generate mutual relations of greater intensity. Analysis drew on a questionnaire survey run among all organisations involved in the implementation of Poland’s EU-funded cross-border cooperation projects in the 2007–2020 period.
The aim of the work detailed here was to assess the suitability of the conceptual Santa Barbara Unit Hydrograph model for simulating a fl ow hydrograph in urbanised catchments exemplifi ed by that of the Służewiec Stream sub-catchment (A = 14.7 km2) in Warsaw, Poland. The area of the sub-catchment was characterised by a 40% share of impermeable surfaces, a large portion of which are equipped witha stormwater drainage system.The article presents the calculation procedure applied in a computer program developed by the author, which can be used to simulate flows on the basis of the SBUH model. The scope of the work included determination of parameters of the model (tc, Kr), using the iterative method for 13 selected rainfall-runoff events measured in the catchment during the 2006-2008 period. As parameters of the model were determined, no differences between measured and simulated maximal flows were noted, while parameters calculated for the individual analyzed rainfall-runoff events were found to vary markedly. The data obtained were used to devise a formula providing for calculation of the retention coeffi cient for the reservoir (Kr), as well as the time of concentration (tc) based on the coefficient, and calculated in relation to the maximum intensity of effective rainfall. Values for the time of concentration calculated using the formula ranged from 0.417 to 1.291 h, with a mean value of 0.707 h. Mean values for concentrations determined using the iterative method were found to be the same as those obtained through application of the formula described above.The times of concentration calculated using the formula were applied in simulating maximum flows using the SBUH model, with values found to range between 5.609 and 24.385 m3 s–1. The average value for the maximum flow of 10.343 m3 s–1 did not differ much from the average value of measured fl ows (9.847 m3 s–1).Maximum flows calculated using the model were compared with those measured in the fi eld, in this way making possible an assessment of the calculation procedure and the SBUH model. Relative error values established on the basis of these flows ranged from–28.3 to 87.6% (8.9% on average). Relative errors of flow simulations for the 9 eventsdid not exceed 15%. The results obtained confirm the suitability of the SBUH model forsimulating flow hydrographs in the urbanized Służewiecki Stream sub-catchment.
The aim of the work detailed in this article has been to indicate demographic and social categories to the greatest extent segregated in the three selected metropolitan areas of Warsaw, Berlin and Paris, by applying multidimensional analysis; as well as to answer a question as to whether these categories are similar or different, given the different circumstances underpinning the development of the areas under study. The metropolitan areas were selected from Central Europe (Warsaw), Western Europe (Paris), and from the area located in the borderland between these regions (Berlin). In the case of each area, typical categories were selected for analysis, and developed on the basis of accepted segregation indices (the dissimilarity index D, isolation index xPx, delta index DEL, absolute centralisation index ACE, spatial proximity index SP and modified location quotient LQp). The multidimensional and multifaceted analysis allowed the most segregated groups at municipality and district levels to be distinguished, and presented in the context of previous research.
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