Etnografia Polska 66 z. 1-2 (2022)
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Psychoactive substances are subject to legal control imposed through the system of medical prescription or legal prohibition, with legal penalties for their unauthorized use. Consumption of drugs in non-medical contexts is often labeled as “drug abuse”, and the substances used in this way as “narcotics”, a term connoting illegality (Goodman et al., 2017). While legal, medical, and popular discourses attempt to establish the distinction between “illicit drugs” and “medicines” by creating the presumptive ontologies of drugs, such an approach to psychoactive substances has been criticized by researchers associated with the “ontological turn”. They have discarded the assumption of drugs as fixed, ready-made, singular objects, postulating we think about substance use as a mutable system of relations intertwined in the broader assemblages and ecologies of drug use. In this article, by using ethnographic examples and through the analysis of research conducted within the “psychedelic turn”, I demonstrate the fluidity and multiplicity of psychoactive substances and examine diverse ways through which psychoactive substances are stabilized and destabilized in three different domains – legal drug regulation, psychedelic renaissance discourse, and at the level of the experiences of users.
Agin-Liebes Gabriel I., Malone Tara, Yalch Matthew M., Mennenga Sarah E., Ponté Linnae K., Guss Jeffrey, Bossis Anthony P., Grigsby Jim, Fischer Stacy, & Ross Stephen 2020, Long-term follow-up of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for psychiatric and existential distress in patients with life-threatening cancer, Journal of Psychopharmacology, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 155–166.
Alexander Bruce K. 2008, A globalization of addiction. A study in poverty of the spirit, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bartoszko Aleksandra 2019, Polluting pharmaceutical atmospheres: compulsion, resistance, and symbolism of buprenorphine in Norway, Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, vol. 36(3), pp. 267–285.
Cardeña Etzel, & Winkelman Michael (eds.) 2011, Altering consciousness: multidisciplinary perspectives: history, culture, and the humanities; biological and psychological perspectives, vol. 1-2, Praeger/ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara.
Courtwright David 2010, The NIDA Brain disease paradigm: history, resistance and spinoffs, BioSocieties, vol. 5, pp. 137–147.
DiVito Alec J. & Leger Robert F. 2020, Psychedelics as an emerging novel intervention in the treatment of substance use disorder: A review, Molecular Biology Reports, vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 9791–9799.
Duff Cameron 2013, The social life of drugs, The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 167–172.
Duff Cameron 2016, Assemblages, territories, contexts, The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 33, pp. 15–20.
Dwyer Robyn, & Moore David 2013, Enacting multiple methamphetamines: The ontological politics of public discourse and consumer accounts of a drug and its effects, International Journal of Drug Policy, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 203–211.
Fábregas Josep M., González Débora, Fondevila Sabela, Cutchet Marta, Fernández Xavier, BarbosaPaulo C.R., Alcázar-Córcoles Miguel Á., Barbanoj Manel J., Riba Jordi & Bouso José C. , Assessment of addiction severity among ritual users of ayahuasca, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, vol. 111, no. 3, pp. 257–261.
Feeney Kevin & Labate Beatriz 2016, Religious freedom and the expansion of ayahuasca ceremonies in Europe [in] B. Labate & E. MacRae (eds.), Ayahuasca, ritual and religion in Brasil, Routledge, New York, pp. 116–127.
Fraser Suzanne 2020, Doing ontopolitically-oriented research: synthesizing concepts from the ontological turn for alcohol and other drug research and other social sciences, The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 82, Article 102610.
Fraser Suzanne & Moore David 2011, Introduction: constructing drugs and addiction, [ in:] S. Fraser & D. Moore [eds.] The drug effect: health, crime and society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-16.
Fraser Suzanne, Valentine Kylie, & Roberts Celia 2009, Living drugs, Science as Culture, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 123–131.
Ghiabi Maziyar 2021, Ontological journeys: the lifeworld of opium across the Afghan-Iranian border in/out of the pharmacy. The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 89, Article 103116.
Gomart Emilie 2002, Methadone: Six effects in search of a substance, Social Studies of Science, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 93–135.
Goodman Jordan, Sherratt Andrew, & Lovejoy Paul E. (eds.) 2017, Consuming habits: drugs in history and anthropology, Routledge, London.
Griffin III Hayden O. 2014, Salvia divinorum, hallucinogens, and the determination of medical utility, [in:] C. Cavnar, Prohibition, religious freedom, and human rights: regulating traditional drug use, Springer, New York, pp. 149–164.
Griffiths Roland R., Johnson Matthew W., Carducci Michael A., Umbricht Annie, Richards William A., Richards Brian D., Cosimano Mary P., & Klinedinst Margaret A. 2016, Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized double-blind trial, Journal of Psychopharmacology, vol. 30, no. 12), pp. 1181–1197.
Griffiths Roland R., Richards William A., McCann Una, & Jesse Robert 2006, Psilocybin can occasion mystical type experiences having substantial and sustained personal meaning and spiritual significance, Psychopharmacology, vol. 187, no. 3, pp. 268–283.
Grob Charles S., Bossis Anthony P., & Griffiths Roland R. 2013, Use of the classic hallucinogen psilocybin for treatment of existential distress associated with cancer, [in:] B. I. Carr & J. Steel (eds.), Psychological Aspects of Cancer, Springer US, Boston, pp. 291–308.
Grob Charles S., Danforth Alicia L., Chopra Gurpreet S., Hagerty Marycie, McKay Charles R., Halberstadt Adam L., & Greer George R. 2011, Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 71–78.
Hardon Anita, & Sanabria Emilia 2017, Fluid drugs: revisiting the anthropology of pharmaceuticals, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 46, pp. 117–132.
Heywood Paolo 2017, The ontological turn. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology, https://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/entry/ontological-turn, access: 05.01.2021.
Joost Breeksema, Noorani Tehseen, Zelner Bennet, Hall Will, & Gillooly Liana 2020, Medicalizing psychedelics & closing ceremony, https://whova.com/portal/webapp/icpr1_202009/CommunityBoard/topic/350619/, access: November 2020.
Kuhlman James J., Lalani Shairose, Magluilo Joseph, Levine Barry, & Darwin WilliamD., Johnson Rolley E., Cone Edward J. 1996, Human pharmacokinetics of intravenous, sublingual, and buccal buprenorphine, Journal of Analytical Toxicology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 369–378.
Labate Beatriz, & Cavnar Clancy (eds.) 2013, The therapeutic use of ayahuasca, Springer, New York.
Labate Beatriz & Cavnar Clancy (eds.) 2014, Prohibition, religious freedom, and human rights: regulating traditional drug use, Springer, New York.
Lancaster Kari & Rhodes Tim 2020, Towards an ontological politics of drug policy: Intervening through policy, evidence and method, The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 86, article 102932.
Lebedev Alexander V., Lövdén Martin, Rosenthal Gidon, Feilding Amanda, Nutt David J., & Carhart-Harris Robin L. 2015, Finding the self by losing the self: neural correlates of ego-dissolution under psilocybin, Human Brain Mapping, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 3137–3153.
Lende Daniel H. 2005, Wanting and drug use: a biocultural approach to the analysis of addiction, Ethos, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 100–124.
Lovell Anne 2013, Elusive travelers: Russian narcology, transnational toxicomanias, and the great French ecological experiment, [in:] W. Garriott & E. Raikhel (eds.) Addiction trajectories, Duke University Press, London, pp. 126–159.
Mabit Jacques 2007, Ayahuasca in the treatment of addictions, [in:] M. Winkelman & T. B. Roberts (eds.), Psychedelic medicine: New evidence for hallucinogenic substances as treatments, CT: Praeger, Westport, pp. 87–105.
Meyers Todd 2013, A few ways to become unreasonable: pharmacotherapy inside and outside the clinic, [in:] E. Raikhel & W. Garriott (eds.), Addiction trajectories, Duke University Press, Durham and London, pp. 88–107.
Müller Christian P., & Schumann Gunter 2011, Drugs as instruments: a new framework for non-addictive psychoactive drug use, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 293–310.
Noorani Tehseen 2020, Making psychedelics into medicines: the politics and paradoxes of medicalization, Journal of Psychedelic Studies, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 34–39.
Nutt David, & Carhart-Harris Robin 2021, The current status of psychedelics in psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 121–122.
Palhano-Fontes Fernanda, Andrade Katia C., Tofoli Luis F., Santos Antonio C., Crippa Jose A. S., Hallak Jaime E. C., Ribeiro Sidarta, & Araujo Draulio B. 2015, The psychedelic state induced by ayahuasca modulates the activity and connectivity of the default mode network, Plos one, vol. 10, no. 2, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118143, access: 07.09.2021.
Pollan Michael 2018, How to change your mind: what the new science of psychedelics teaches us about consciousness, dying, addiction, depression, and transcendence, Penguin Group, New York.
Raikhel Eugene, & Garriott William (eds.) 2013, Addiction trajectories, Duke University Press, Durham and London.
Rhodes Tim, Azbel Lyuba., Lancaster Kari, & Meyer Jaimie 2019, The becoming-methadone-body: on the onto-politics of health intervention translations. Sociology of Health & Illness, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1618–1636.
Ross Stephen, Bossis Anthony , Guss Jeffrey, Agin-Liebes Gabrielle, Malone Tara, Cohen Barry, Mennenga Sarah E., Belser Alexander, Kalliontzi Krystallia, Babb James, Su Zhe, Corby Patricia, & Schmidt Brian L 2016, Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Psychopharmacology, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1165–1180.
Ruban Anastasia & Kołodziej Aleksandra A. 2019, Changes in default-mode network activity and functional connectivity as an indicator of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy effectiveness. Neuropsychiatry and Neuropsychology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 91–97.
Breger Bush Sasha 2020, Opioid ontopolitics: industrial capitalism, metabolic rift, and the power of things, The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 82, article 102794.
Schüll Natasha 2013, Balancing acts: gambling-machine addiction and the double bind of therapeutics, [in:] W. Garriott & E. Raikhel (eds.), Addiction trajectories, Duke University Press, Durham and London, pp. 61–87.
Sheline Yvette I., Barch Deanna M., Price Joseph L., Rundle Melissa M., Vaishnavi Neil S., Snyder Abraham Z., Mintun Mark A., Wang Suzhi, Coalson Rebecca S., & Raichle Marcus E. 2009, The default mode network and self-referential processes in depression, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 106, no. 6, pp. 1942–1947.
Smigielski Łukasz, Scheidegger Milan, Kometer Michael, & Vollenweider Franz X. 2019, Psilocybin-assisted mindfulness training modulates self-consciousness and brain default mode network connectivity with lasting effects, NeuroImage, vol. 196, pp. 207–215.
Talin Piera, & Sanabria Emilia 2017, Ayahuasca’s entwined efficacy: an ethnographic study of ritual healing from ‘addiction’, The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 44, pp. 23–30.
Theodoropoulou Lena 2020, Connections built and broken: the ontologies of relapse. The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 86, article 102739.
Thomas Gerald, Lucas Philippe, Capler, Rielle N., Tupper Kenneth W., & Martin Gina 2013, Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addiction: results from a preliminary observational study in Canada, Current Drug Abuse Reviews, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 30–42.
United Nations 1961, Single convention on narcotic drugs, New York.
United Nations 1971, Convention on psychotropic substances, Vienna.
United Nations 19988, Convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, New York.
Waldorf Dan, Reinarman Craig, & Murphy Sheigla 1992, Cocaine changes: the experience of using and quitting, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.
Weinberg Darin 2013, Post-humanism, addiction and the loss of self-control: reflections on the missing core in addiction science. The International Journal on Drug Policy, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 173–181.
oai:rcin.org.pl:238374 ; 0071-1861 ; e-ISSN: 2719-6534 ; doi:10.23858/EP66.2022.2834
IAiE PAN, sygn. P 325 ; IAiE PAN, sygn. P 326 ; IAiE PAN, sygn. P 327 ; click here to follow the link
Licencja Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0
Zasób chroniony prawem autorskim. [CC BY 4.0 Międzynarodowe] Korzystanie dozwolone zgodnie z licencją Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa 4.0, której pełne postanowienia dostępne są pod adresem: ; -
Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Biblioteka Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii PAN
Apr 25, 2023
Apr 25, 2023
70
https://rcin.org.pl/publication/274668
Edition name | Date |
---|---|
Sadowska, Zuzanna, 2022, In Becoming. The Relationality of Psychedelic Substances | Apr 25, 2023 |
Sadowska, Zuzanna
Sadowska, Zuzanna